GS Prelims 10 Years' Papers: Insights & Strategy POLITY

GS Prelims 10 Years’ Papers: Insights & Strategy

POLITY- Part 1

Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in] Subject, Topic & Expert

Subject, Topic & Expert Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]

Historical Background • Act based questions


Q. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the States in the Indian Constitution is based on the scheme provided in the (2012)

(a)Morley-Minto Reforms, 1909

(b)Montagu-Chelmsford Act, 1919

(c)Government of India Act, 1935

(d) Indian Independence Act, 1947






Salient Features of the Constitution

• 2 Factual questions – amendments, schedules, etc


Q.1 Which one of the following Schedules of the Constitution of India contains provisions regarding anti-defection ?(2014)

(a) Second Schedule

(b) Fifth Schedule

(c) Eighth Schedule

(d) Tenth Schedule

Q2. Under which one of the following Constitution Amendment Act, four languages were added to the languages under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, thereby raising their number to 22?(2008)

(a) Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act

(b) Constitution (Ninety-first Amendment) Act

(c) Constitution (Ninety-second Amendment) Act

(d) Constitution (Ninety-third Amendment) Act









8. Fundamental Rights, DPSP, Fundamental Duties

9. Secular State

10. Universal Adult Franchise

11. Single Citizenship

12. Independent bodies like CAG, Election Commission, UPSC, etc

13. Emergency Provisions

14. Three-tier government


• 9 Questions

• Mostly conceptual and tests basic understanding


SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

Q.1 The main advantage of the parliamentary form of

governments is that (2017)

(a) the executive and legislature work independently.

(b) it provides continuity of policy and is more efficient.

(c) the executive remains responsible to the legislature.

(d) the head of the government cannot be changed without

election.




Q. 2 Out of the following statements, choose the one that brings out the principle underlying the Cabinet form of Government(2017)

(a) An arrangement for minimizing the criticism against the Government whose responsibilities are complex and hard to carry out the satisfaction of all.

(b) A mechanism for speeding up the activities of the Government whose responsibilities are increasing day by day.

(c) A mechanism of parliamentary democracy for ensuring collective responsibility of the Government to the people.

(d) A device for strengthening the hands of the head of the Government whose hold over the people is in a state of decline.


Q.3 There is a Parliamentary System of Government in India because the (2015)

(a) Lok Sabha is elected directly by the people

(b) Parliament can amend the Constitution

(c) Rajya Sabha cannot be dissolved

(d) Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha

Q.4 In the context of India, which of the following principles is/are, implied institutionally in the parliamentary government? (2013)

1. Members of the Cabinet are Members of the Parliament.

2. Ministers hold the office till they enjoy confidence in the Parliament.

3. Cabinet is headed by the Head of the State.

Select

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3


Q.5 Consider the following statements : A Constitutional Government is one which – (2014)

1. Places effective restrictions on individual liberty in the interest of State Authority.

2. Places effective restrictions on the Authority of the State in the interest of individual liberty.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2


• A Constitutional government is that government, which is elected by public of the country through an election process

• Head of the State has limited powers i.e power and authorities provided by constitution, which will be limited.

• It has specific tenure or limit to rule and it is compulsory to be re-elect again for another term

• United States, Austria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, etc. are examples of constitutional government.

• Non-constitutional is a perfect type of monarchic, autocratic or dictatorial government.

• Ruler of the country has unlimited powers and authorities and he is not answerable to anyone.

• There is no ruling limit in case of non-constitutional government. It can remain in power as it wants.

• Brunei, Qatar, Swaziland and Vatican City are examples of non-constitutional government or absolute monarchical government.


Q.6 Democracy‘s superior virtue lies in the fact that it calls into

activity (2017)

(a) the intelligence and character of ordinary men and women.

(b) the methods for strengthening executive leadership.

(c) a superior individual with dynamism and vision.

(d) a band on dedicated party workers.


Q7. The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passed by the (2016)

(a) Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership

(b) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership

(c) Rajya Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership

(d) Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its members present and voting

Q.8 The Parliament can make any law for whole or any part of India for implementing International treaties(2013)

(a) with the consent of all the States

(b) with the consent of the majority of States

(c) with the consent of the States concerned

(d) without the consent of any State


Parliamentary legislation in state – 5 situations




Q. 9Which of the following are not necessarily the consequences of the proclamation of the President‘s rule in a State?

1. Dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly

2. Removal of the Council of Ministers in the State

3. Dissolution of the local bodies

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 1 and 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3






PREAMBLE


Q.1 The mind of the makers of the Constitution

of India is reflected in which of the following?

(2017)

(a)The Preamble

(b)The Fundamental Rights

(c)The Directive Principles of State Policy

(d) The Fundamental Duties




Q2. Which one of the following objectives is not

embodied in the Preamble to the Constitution of

India?(2017)

(a) Liberty of thought

(b) Economic liberty

(c) Liberty of expression

(d) Liberty of belief


PREAMBLE • What exactly is Preamble?

• Constituents/Components

• Key words in the Preamble

• Significance of Preamble

• Preamble Part of the Constitution- SC Judgments

• Amendability of Preamble


• The term ‘preamble’ refers to the introduction or preface to the Constitution. It contains the summary or essence of the Constitution.

• The Preamble is neither a source of power to legislature nor a prohibition upon the powers of legislature.

• It is non-justiciable, that is, its provisions are not enforceable in courts of law.

• The Preamble embodies the basic philosophy and fundamental values—political, moral and religious —on which the Constitution is based.

• It contains the grand and noble vision of the Constituent Assembly, and reflects the dreams and aspirations of the founding fathers of the Constitution.


• KEY WORDS IN THE PREAMBLE

1. Sovereign implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state. There is no authority above it, and it is free to conduct its own affairs (both internal and external).

2. Socialist in Indian context implies Democratic Socialism – mixed economy – coexistence of Public and Private sector unlike in Communist Socialism (nationalisation of all means of prodduction and abolition of private property)

3. Secularism - positive concept of secularism ie, all religions in our country (irrespective of their strength) have the same status and support from the state.


4. Democratic - in India based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, that is, possession of supreme power by the people. The term ‗democratic‘ is used in the Preamble in the broader sense embracing not only political democracy but also social and economic democracy.

5. Republic - the term ‗republic‘ in our Preamble indicates that India has an elected head called the president. He is elected indirectly for a fixed period of five years.

6. Justice - The term ‗justice‘ in the Preamble embraces three distinct forms—social, economic and political, secured through various provisions of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.


7. Liberty - means the absence of restraints on the activities of individuals, and at the same time, providing opportunities for the development of individual personalities.

8. Equality means the absence of special privileges to any section of the society, and the provision of adequate opportunities for all individuals without any discrimination; secures to all citizens of India equality of status and opportunity; three dimensions of equality—civic, political and economic.

9. Fraternity means sesnse of brotherhood; the Preamble declares that fraternity has to assure two things—the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation.


• As per Keshvananda Bharti Case, Preamble can be amended.

• The Preamble has been amended only once so far, in 1976, by

the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, which has added

three new words—Socialist, Secular and Integrity—to the

Preamble.


DPSPs Type of Questions - 11

• Nature based - 3

• Provisions based - 5

• Applied kind – 2

• Amendment - 1


Q.1 Consider the following statements: (2017)

With reference to the Constitution of India, the Directive

Principles of State Policy constitute limitations upon

1. legislative function

2. executive function.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2


Q2. According to the Constitution of India, which of the

following are fundamental for the governance of the country?

(2017)

(a) Fundamental Rights

(b) Fundamental Duties

(c) Directive Principles of State Policy

(d) Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties


Q.3 The ―Instrument of Instructions‖ contained in the

Government of India Act 1935 have been incorporated in the

Constitution of India in the year 1950 as (2010)

(a) Fundamental Rights

(b) Directive Principles of State Policy

(c) Extent of executive power of State

(d) Conduct of business of the Government of India


Q.4 The ideal of 'Welfare State' in the Indian Constitution is enshrined in its (2015)

(a) Preamble


(c) Fundamental Rights

(d) Seventh Schedule

Q. 5 In the Constitution of India, promotion of international peace and security is included in the (2014)

(a) Preamble to the constitution


(c) Fundamental Duties

(d) Ninth Schedule


Q.6 ‗Economic Justice‘ as one of the objectives of the Indian

Constitutional has been provided in (2013)

(a) the Preamble and the Fundamental Rights

(b) the Preamble and the Directive Principles of State Policy

(c) the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Rights and the

Directive Principles of State Policy

(d) None of the above


Q.7 Consider the following provisions under the Directive Principles of State Policy

as enshrined in the Constitution of India (2012)

1.Securing for citizens of India a uniform civil code

2.Organizing village Panchayats

3.Promoting cottage industries in rural areas

4.Securing for all the workers reasonable leisure and cultural opportunities

Which of the above are the Gandhian Principles that are reflected in the Directive

Principles of State Policy?

(a)1, 2 and 4 only

(b)2 and 3 only

(c)1, 3 and 4 only

(d)1, 2, 3 and 4





Q. 8Which of the following is/are included in the Directive Principles of State Policy?(20018)

1. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

2. Prohibition of consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of other drugs which are injurious to health


(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2


Q. 9Which principle among the following was added to the

Directive Principles of State Policy by the 42nd Amendment to

the Constitution? (2017)

(a) Equal pay for equal work for both men and women

(b) Participation of workers in the management of industries

(c) Right to work, education and public assistance

(d) Securing living wage and human conditions of work to

workers



Q.10 Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India have a bearing on

Education?

1.Directive Principles of State Policy

2.Rural and Urban Local Bodies

3.Fifth Schedule

4.Sixth Schedule

5.Seventh Schedule

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

(a)1 and 2 only

(b)3, 4 and 5 only

(c)1, 2 and 5 only

(d)1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Subject, Topic & Expert Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [www.visionias.in]

• To provide early childhood care and education for all children

until they complete the age of six years9 (Article 45).

• Fifth Schedule – It is aimed towards making the State

responsible towards the promotion of educational and

economic interests of Tribals

• Sixth schedule - deals with the constitution, powers and

functions of District Councils and Regional Councils in these

autonomous districts. These councils also have the powers to

set up and administer their system of justice and maintain

administrative and welfare services in respect of land,

revenue, forests, education, public health etc.


Q.11 Which reference to the Constitution of India, consider the following (2010)

1. Fundamental Rights

2. Fundamental Duties

3. Directive Principles of State Policy

Which of the above provisions of the Constitution of India is/are fulfilled by the National Social Assistance Programme launched by the Government of India?

(a) 1 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3



• Dr B R Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution.

• The Directive Principles along with the Fundamental Rights contain the philosophy of the Constitution and is the soul of the Constitution.

• Granville Austin has described the Directive Principles and the Fundamental Rights as the ‘Conscience of the Constitution’

• ‗Directive Principles of State Policy‘ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind while formulating policies and enacting laws.

• The Directive Principles resemble the ‘Instrument of Instructions’ enumerated in the Government of India Act of 1935


• They embody the concept of ‗Welfare State‘.

• They seek to establish economic and social democracy in the country.

• The Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature, that is, they are not legally enforceable by the courts for their violation. Therefore, the government (Central, state and local) cannot be compelled to implement them.

• The Constitution (Article 37) itself says that these principles are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws.

• They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. If a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a Directive Principle, it may consider such law to be ‗reasonable‘ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.



FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

• Only 5 questions have been asked

• Mostly nature and provisions based


Q.1 In the context of India, which one of the following is the

correct relationship between Rights and Duties? (2017)

(a) Rights are correlative with Duties.

(b) Rights are personal and hence independent of society and

Duties.

(c)Rights, not Duties, are important for the advancement of the

personality of the citizen.

(d) Duties, not Rights, are important for the stability of the

State.



Q. 2 Which of the following statements is/are true of the

Fundamental Duties of an Indian citizen?(2017)

1. A legislative process has been provided to enforce these

duties.

2. They are correlative to legal duties.


(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2


Q.3 To uphold and protect the Sovereignty, Unity and Integrity

of India" is a provision made in the(2015)

(a) Preamble of the Constitution


(c) Fundamental Rights

(d) Fundamental Duties


Q.4 Which of the following is/are among the Fundamental Duties of citizens laid down in the Indian Constitution?(2012)

1.To preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture

2.To protect the weaker sections from social injustice

3.To develop the scientific temper and spirit of inquiry

4.To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity

Select the correct answer using the codes given below :

(a)1 and 2 only

(b)2 only

(c)1, 3 and 4 only

(d)1, 2, 3 and 4


Q. 5 Under the constitution of India, which one of the following

is not a fundamental duty?(2011)

(a) To vote in public elections

(b) To develop the scientific temper

(c) To safeguard public property

(d) To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals



• In 1976, the Govt. set up the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee to make recommendations about fundamental duties.

• Government at Centre accepted these recommendations and enacted the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.

• This amendment added a new part, namely, Part IVA to the Constitution.

• This new part consists of only one Article, that is, Article 51A which for the first time specified a code of ten fundamental duties of the citizens.



About Fundamental Duties

• They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity of a law. In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that in determining the constitutionality of any law, if a court finds that the law in question seeks to give effect to a fundamental duty, it may consider such law to be ‗reasonable‘ in relation to Article 14 (equality before law) or Article 19 (six freedoms) and thus save such law from unconstitutionality.


FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS • Only 6 questions have been asked.

• Mostly conceptual


Q.1 Which one of the following statements is correct?

(2017)

(a) Rights are claims of the State against the citizens.

(b) Rights are privileges which are incorporated in the

Constitution of a State.

(c) Rights are claims of the citizens against the State.

(d) Rights are privileges of a few citizens against the

many.


Q.2 One of the implications of equality in society is the absence

of (2017)

(a) Privileges

(b) Restraints

(c) Competition

(d) Ideology


Q.3 Which of the following are envisaged by the Right against Exploitation in the Constitution of India? (2017)

1. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

2. Abolition of untouchability

3. Protection of the interests of minorities

4. Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c) 1 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4






Q.4 Right to vote and to be elected in India is a (2017)

(a) Fundamental Right

(b) Natural Right

(c) Constitutional Right

(d) Legal Right


Q.5 In India, if a religious sect/community is given the status of a national minority, what special advantages it is entitled to? (2011)

1. It can establish and administer exclusive educational institutions.

2. The President of India automatically nominates a representative of the community to Lok Sabha.

3. It can derive benefits from the Prime Minister‘s 15-Point Programme.


(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3




• The Prime Minister's New 15 point Programme for minorities is a programme launched by Indian government in 2006 for welfare of religious minorities in furtherance of reports by committees such as the Sachar Committee Report.

• It covers various schemes/ initiatives of different Ministries / Departments implemented throughout the country.

These 15 points are as follows;

1. Equitable availability of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)

2. Improving access to School Education

3. Greater resources for teaching Urdu

4. Modernizing Madarsa Education


5. Scholarships for meritorious students from minority communities.

6. Improving educational infrastructure through the Maulana Azad Education Foundation.

7. Self-Employment and Wage Employment for the poor

8. Upgradation of skill through technical training

9. Enhanced credit support for economic activities

10. Recruitment to State and Central Services

11. Equitable share in rural housing scheme

12. Improvement in condition of slums inhabited by minority communities.

13. Prevention of communal incidents

14. Prosecution for communal offenses

15. Rehabilitation of victims of communal riots.


Q. 6Consider the following(2011)

1. Right to education.

2. Right to equal access to public service.

3. Right to food.

Which of the above is/are Human Right/Human Rights under

―Universal Declaration of Human Rishts‖?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 2 only

(c) 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3


•The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. •This declaration represents the first international expression of human rights to which all human beings are entitled. •It is described as the “International Magna Carta”. •The declaration consists of 30 articles. •Some of them are Right to life, liberty and security, Right to judicial remedy, Right to a fair trial and public hearing, Right to seek asylum, Right to privacy and reputation, Right to a nationality, Right to adequate standard of living for health and well-being including food, clothing, housing, medical care, social services and security, Right to marriage and family protection, Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.Right to participate in government and equal access to public service, Right to social security etc.


Amendments • Important amendments need to be focused like 42nd , 44th ,

91st, 92nd, etc.

• Questions either directly on the changes done by the

amendments or conceptual.


Q1. Consider the following statements:

1. An amendment to the Constitution of India can be initiated by an introduction of a bill in the Lok Sabha only.

2. If such an amendment seeks to make changes in the federal character of the Constitution, the amendment also requires to be ratified by the legislature of all the States of India.


(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2


About Art. 368 in Part XX

• Parliament may, in exercise of its constituent power, amend by way of addition, variation or repeal any provision of the Constitution which does not form part of the ‘basic structure’ ( Keshvananda Bharti Case)

• Introduction of Bill-

Either house of Parl. But NOT in State Legislatures

Either by a minister or by a private member

Does NOT require prior permission of the President

• Passage of the Bill-

in each House by a special majority, that is, a majority (that is, more than 50 per cent) of the total membership of the House and a majority of two-thirds of the members of the House present and voting.

If the bill seeks to amend the federal provisions of the Constitution, it must also be ratified by the legislatures of half of the states by a simple majority, that is, a majority of the members of the House present and voting.

Each House must pass the bill separately.

NO JOINT SITTING in case of a disagreement between the two Houses,


• When it goes to the President

The President must give his assent to the bill.

He can neither withhold his assent to the bill nor return the bill for

reconsideration of the Parliament

• Types of Majorities

Simple Majority - majority of more than 50% of the members present

and voting.

Absolute majority - It refers to a majority of more than 50% of

the total membership of the house.

Effective Majority - means more than 50% of the effective strength of

the house ( excluding vacant seats)


Special Majorities – generally 2/3rd p+v in the house or 2/3rd of the total strength

a) Under Art 249 & 312 - The resolution must be passed by Rajya Sabha supported by not less than 2/3 of the members present and voting.

a) Under Art.61 - A resolution under this is passed by not less than 2/3rd of the total strength of the House, including the number of vacancies.

a) Under Art. 368 - Absolute + Special Majority - majority of 2/3rd members present and voting supported by more than 50% of the total strength of the house.

a) Art 368 (with state ratification) - 2/3rd members present and voting supported by more than 50% of the state legislatures by a simple majority.


By SIMPLE MAJORITY

• Admission or establishment of new states.

• Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states.

• Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states.

• Second Schedule-emoluments, Allowances, privileges and so on of the president, the governors, the

Speakers, judges, etc. ;Quorum in Parliament.

• Salaries and allowances of the members of Parliament.

• Rules of procedure in Parliament.

• Privileges of the Parliament, its members and its committees.

• Use of English language in Parliament.

• Number of judges in the Supreme Court.

• Conferment of more jurisdiction on the Supreme Court.

• Citizenship-acquisition and termination.

• Elections to Parliament and state legislatures

• Delimitation of constituencies

• Union territories

• Fifth Schedule—administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes

• Sixth Schedule—administration of tribal areas


• By Special Majority of Parliament and Consent of States

Election of the President and its manner.

Extent of the executive power of the Union and the states.

Supreme Court and high courts.

Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the states.

Any of the lists in the Seventh Schedule.

Representation of states in Parliament.

Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and its procedure (Article 368 itself).

• By Special Majority of Parliament

Fundamental Rights

Directive Principles of State Policy; and

All other provisions which are not covered by the first and third categories.



Constitutional/Non-Constitutional Bodies

• 6 questions so far

• Easy to moderate difficulty level

• Basic and fundamental questions



1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.

2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for

the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections.

3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to

splits/mergers of recognized political parties.


(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 3 only











Q.2 Which of the following bodies does not/do not find mention

in the Constitution?(2013)

1. National Development Council

2. Planning Commission

3. Zonal Councils

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3


Q.3 Who among the following constitute the National Development Council?

1. The Prime Minister

2. The Chairman, Finance Commission

3. Ministers of the Union Cabinet

4. Chief Ministers of the States

Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(c) 2 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4



Attorney General of India can

1. take part in the proceedings of the Lok Sabha

2. be a member of a committee of the Lok Sabha

3. speak in the Lok Sabha

4. vote in the Lok Sabha


(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 4

(c) 1, 2 and 3

(d) 1 and 3 only






Q5. In India, other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for intended purpose, what is the importance of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)?

1.CAG exercises exchequer control on behalf of the Parliament when the President of India declares national emergency/financial emergency.

2.CAG reports on the execution of projects or programmes by the ministries are discussed by the Public Accounts Committee.

3.Information from CAG reports can be used by investigating agencies to press charges against those who have violated the law while managing public finances.

4.While dealing with the audit and accounting of government companies, CAG has certain judicial powers for prosecuting those who violate the law.


(a)1, 3 and 4 only

(b)2 only

(c)2 and 3 only

(d)1, 2, 3 and 4


CAG

• He is the head of the Indian Audit and Accounts Department.

• He is appointed by the President of India by a warrant under his hand and seal.

• He holds office for a period of six years or upto the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.

• He can resign any time from his office by addressing the resignation letter to the president.

• He can also be removed by the president on same grounds and in the same manner as a judge of the Supreme Court




Q7. With reference to the Finance Commission of India, which

of the following statements is correct?

(a) It encourages the inflow of foreign capital for infrastructure

development

(b) It facilitates the proper distribution of finances among the

Public Sector Undertakings

(c) It ensures transparency in financial administration

(d) None of the statements (a), (b) and (c) given above is correct

in this context





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GS Prelims 10 Years' Papers: Insights & Strategy POLITY

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