Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia Second Edition ●●●● Volume 4 Fishes I Dennis A. Thoney, Advisory Editor Paul V. Loiselle, Advisory Editor Neil Schlager, Editor Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator Michael Hutchins, Series Editor In association with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association
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Grzimek’sAnimal Life Encyclopedia
Second Edition
● ● ● ●
Volume 4Fishes I
Dennis A. Thoney, Advisory EditorPaul V. Loiselle, Advisory Editor
Neil Schlager, Editor
Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator
Michael Hutchins, Series EditorI n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n Z o o a n d A q u a r i u m A s s o c i a t i o n
Foreword ........................................................................... viiiHow to use this book ....................................................... xiAdvisory boards.................................................................. xivContributing writers .......................................................... xviContributing illustrators....................................................xviii
Volume 4: Fishes IWhat is a fish? ................................................................... 3Evolution and systematics ................................................. 9Structure and function....................................................... 14Life history and reproduction ........................................... 29Freshwater ecology ............................................................ 36Marine ecology .................................................................. 42Distribution and biogeography ......................................... 52Behavior.............................................................................. 60Fishes and humans............................................................. 72
Order MYXINIFORMESHagfishes ............................................................................ 77
Order PETROMYZONIFORMESLampreys ............................................................................ 83
Order CHIMAERIFORMESChimaeras........................................................................... 91
Order HETERODONTIFORMESHorn or bullhead sharks.................................................... 97
Order ORECTOLOBIFORMESCarpet sharks...................................................................... 105
Order CARCHARHINIFORMESGround sharks.................................................................... 113
Order LAMNIFORMESMackerel sharks.................................................................. 131
Order HEXANCHIFORMESSix- and sevengill sharks.................................................... 143
Order SQUALIFORMESDogfish sharks.................................................................... 151
Order SQUATINIFORMESAngelsharks ........................................................................ 161
Order PRISTIOPHORIFORMESSawsharks............................................................................ 167
Order RAJIFORMESSkates and rays ................................................................... 173
Order COELACANTHIFORMESCoelacanths ........................................................................ 189
Order CERATODONTIFORMESAustralian lungfish ............................................................. 197
Order LEPIDOSIRENIFORMESLungfishes .......................................................................... 201
Order POLYPTERIFORMESBichirs................................................................................. 209
Order ACIPENSERIFORMESSturgeons and paddlefishes ............................................... 213
Order LEPISOSTEIFORMESGars .................................................................................... 221
Order AMIIFORMESBowfins ............................................................................... 229
Order OSTEOGLOSSIFORMESBony tongues and relatives................................................ 231
Order ELOPIFORMESLadyfish and tarpon........................................................... 243
Order ALBULIFORMESBonefishes and relatives..................................................... 249
Order ANGUILLIFORMESEels and morays ................................................................. 255
Order SACCOPHARYNGIFORMESSwallowers and gulpers...................................................... 271
Order CLUPEIFORMESHerrings ............................................................................. 277
Order GONORYNCHIFORMESMilkfish and relatives......................................................... 289
Order CYPRINIFORMESI: Minnows and carps ........................................................ 297II: Loaches and relatives.................................................... 321
Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia v
• • • • •
Contents
Order CHARACIFORMESCharacins............................................................................ 335
Order SILURIFORMESCatfishes ............................................................................. 351
Order GYMNOTIFORMESSouth American knifefishes and electric eels ................... 369
Order ESOCIFORMESPikes and mudminnows ..................................................... 379
Order OSMERIFORMESSmelts, galaxiids, and relatives .......................................... 389
Order SALMONIFORMESSalmon................................................................................ 405
Order STOMIIFORMESDragonfishes and relatives................................................. 421
Order AULOPIFORMESLizardfishes and relatives................................................... 431
Order MYCTOPHIFORMESLanternfishes ...................................................................... 441
Order LAMPRIDIFORMESOpah and relatives ............................................................. 447
For further reading ............................................................ 457Organizations ..................................................................... 462Contributors to the first edition ....................................... 464Glossary .............................................................................. 471Fishes family list ................................................................ 476Geologic time scale............................................................ 480Index ................................................................................... 481
Volume 5: Fishes IIForeword ............................................................................ viiiHow to use this book ........................................................ xiAdvisory boards.................................................................. xivContributing writers .......................................................... xviContributing illustrators....................................................xviii
Order POLYMIXIIFORMESBeardfishes.......................................................................... 1
Order PERCOPSIFORMESTroutperches and relatives ................................................ 5
Order OPHIDIIFORMESCusk-eels and relatives ...................................................... 15
Order GADIFORMESGrenadiers, hakes, cods, and relatives .............................. 25
Order BATRACHOIDIFORMESToadfishes .......................................................................... 41
Order LOPHIIFORMESAnglerfishes ........................................................................ 47
Order MUGILIFORMESMullets................................................................................ 59
Order ATHERINIFORMESRainbowfishes and silversides............................................ 67
Order BELONIFORMESNeedlefishes and relatives ................................................. 79
Order CYPRINODONTIFORMESKillifishes and live-bearers ................................................ 89
Order STEPHANOBERYCIFORMESWhalefishes and relatives .................................................. 105
Order BERYCIFORMESRoughies, flashlightfishes, and squirrelfishes ................... 113
Order ZEIFORMESDories ................................................................................. 123
Order GASTEROSTEIFORMESSticklebacks, seahorses, and relatives ................................ 131
Order SYNBRANCHIFORMESSwamp and spiny eels ........................................................ 151
Order SCORPAENIFORMESI: Gurnards and flatheads............................................... 157
II: Scorpionfishes and relatives........................................ 163III: Greenlings, sculpins, and relatives ............................. 179
Order PERCIFORMES
Suborder PERCOIDEII: Perches and darters, North American basses
and sunfishes, pygmy sunfishes, and temperate basses................................................... 195
II: Bluefishes, dolphinfishes, roosterfishes, and remoras ................................................................. 211
III: Grunters, temperate basses and perches, snooks and giant perches, and relatives .............. 219
IV: Goatfishes, butterflyfishes, angelfishes, chubs, and relatives .............................................. 235
1. Cuban gar (Atractosteus tristoechus); 2. Tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus); 3. Longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus); 4. Shortnose gar (Lep-isosteus platostomus); 5. Spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus); 6. Florida gar (Lepisosteus platyrhincus); 7. Alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula).(Illustration by Emily Damstra)
Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 235
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1. Arapaima (Arapaima gigas); 2. Arawana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum); 3. Clown knifefish (Chitala chitala); 4. Aba-aba (Gymnarchus niloticus).(Illustration by Bruce Worden)
236 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia
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1. Elephantnose fish (Gnathonemus petersii); 2. Freshwater butterflyfish (Pantodon buchholzi); 3. Mooneye (Hiodon tergisus); 4. Mormyrus rumeproboscirostris; 5. Elephantfish (Pollimyrus isidori). (Illustration by Bruce Worden)
1. Marine spiny eel (Polyacanthonotus merretti); 2. Halosaur (Halosauropsis macrochir). (Illustration by Emily Damstra)
Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 259
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1. Splendid garden eel (Gorgasia preclara); 2. American conger (Conger oceanicus); 3. Tiger snake eel (Myrichthys maculosus); 4. Slender snipe eel (Nemichthys scolopaceus); 5. Froghead eel (Coloconger raniceps); 6. Snubnosed eel (Simenchelys parasitica). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)
260 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia
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1. European eel (Anguilla anguilla); 2. American eel (Anguilla rostrata); 3. Green moray (Gymnothorax funebris); 4. Rusty spaghetti eel (Moringuaferruginea); 5. Pignosed arrowtooth eel (Dysomma brevirostre); 6. Slender giant moray (Strophidon sathete); 7. Ribbon moray (Rhinomuraenaquaesita). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)
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Saccopharyngiformes(Swallowers and gulpers)
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1. Bobtail snipe eel (Cyema atrum); 2. Pelican eel (Eurypharynx pelecanoides); 3. Monognathus rosenblatti; 4. Gulper eel (Saccopharynx ampul-laceus). (Illustration by Jacqueline Mahannah)
280 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia
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1. Dorab wolf herring (Chirocentrus dorab); 2. Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum); 3. European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus); 4. South Ameri-can pilchard (Sardinops sagax); 5. Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii); 6. Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus); 7. American shad (Alosa sapidis-sima); 8. Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli); 9. Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax); 10. Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus); 11. Alewife (Alosapseudoharengus); 12. Anchoveta (Engraulis ringens). (Illustration by Jonathan Higgins)
1. Blue-spotted cornetfish (Fistularia tabacaria); 2. Armored stickleback (Indostomus paradoxus); 3. Longspine snipefish (Macroramphosusscolopax); 4. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus); 5. Sculptured seamoth (Pegasus lancifer); 6. West Atlantic trumpetfish (Aulosto-mus maculatus); 7. Common shrimpfish (Aeoliscus strigatus). (Illustration by Joseph E. Trumpey)
Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia 153
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1. Fire eel (Mastacembelus erythrotaenia); 2. Swamp eel (Monopterus albus); 3. Marbled swamp eel (Synbranchus marmoratus); 4. Blind caveeel (Ophisternon candidum). (Illustration by John Megahan)
160 Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia
Vol. 5: Fishes IIOrder: Scorpaeniformes I
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1. Indian flathead (Platycephalus indicus); 2. Oriental helmet gurnard (Dactyloptena orientalis). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron)