Growth and Expansion

GROWTH AND EXPANSION1790-1825

Economic Growth

Essential Question: What effects did the Industrial

Revolution have on the U.S. economy?

The Growth of Industry

Mid 1700s – the way goods were made in Great Britain began to change

Goods began to be made in mills and factories

People left home to earn money ***Industrial Revolution***

The Growth of Industry

Characteristics of New England that led to the Industrial Revolution Poor soil made farming difficult Had plenty of streams and rivers for

water power Close to natural resources (coal and iron

in Pennsylvania) Many ports for raw materials to be

shipped into

Water Power

New Technology Leads to Industrial Revolution Individual

Eli Whitney Contribution

Cotton Gin (1793) Characteristics

Removed seeds from cotton quickly and efficiently Used interchangeable parts

Effects Interchangeable parts allowed for production on a

large scale Reduced the price of goods

New Technology Leads to Industrial Revolution Individual

Samuel Slater Contribution

Duplicated British machines that made cotton thread

Characteristics Pawtuckett, RI Company made cotton thread that women in their

homes then sewed into cloth Effects

Marked an important step in the Industrial Revolution in the United States

New Technology Leads to Industrial Revolution Individual

Francis Cabot Lowell Contribution

Factory System (1814) Characteristics

All stages of cloth making were performed under one roof

Effects Increases efficiency Lowers cost

Free Enterprise

Industrial growth requires an economic system that allows competition to flourish with little government interference Capitalism: Individuals put their capital

(money) into a business hoping the business will make a profit

Free enterprise: People are free to buy, sell and produce whatever they want Competition Profit Private Property Economic Freedom

Agriculture Expands

Agriculture is still the country’s leading economic activity

Small farms in the North, large plantations using slave labor in the South

Agriculture in west is expanding as well

Economic Independence

Growth of factories and trade led to development of corporations (large businesses)

Cities sprung up near waterways for easy transportation of goods Buildings made of wood or brick Unpaved streets with animals wandering No sewers = high risk of disease Fire Jobs and attractions outweigh risks of living in

the city

Reading in Text Book Page 310-311

Making Connections

How did inventions like the cotton gin and interchangeable parts revolutionize the textile industry?

Answer the Essential Question: What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on the United States economy?

Personal Writing

It is 1830, and you have just moved to New York City. Write a letter to your friends back on the farm describing what your new life is like. Be sure to make comparisons about the two different life styles within your letter. (Use at least 12 sentences).

Westward Bound

Essential Question: How did land and water transportation

affect Westward Expansion?

Moving West

Population explodes and people move west

Transportation routes such as roads improved as settlers moved west

Difficult journey – 363 mile trip from NYC to Buffalo could take three weeks

Road Travel

Turnpikes (toll roads) Base of crushed stone Muddy! One national road built from

Maryland to Illinois as a military necessity

River Travel

Boats could carry larger loads than wagons

Obstacles Needed goods to travel east to west

while most rivers run north to south Difficult to travel upstream

Steamboat developed: Powerful engine that could move goods upstream

Canal Travel (Erie Canal)

Wanted to link Albany to Buffalo, NY DeWitt Clinton 363 miles long Thousands of laborers (mainly Irish

immigrants) faced harsh conditions while building

Lock system provided a way to raise and lower boats at places where canal levels changed

The Erie Canal

***The success of the Erie Canal led to an explosion in canal building. By 1850, the United States had more than 3,600 miles of canals. Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods and brought prosperity to the towns along their routes. Perhaps most important, they linked regions of a growing country.***

The Erie Canal

Western Settlement

Americans continued to move westward, settling near rivers so they could ship their goods to markets

As population grew, new states were created 1791-1803 (Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee,

Ohio) 1816-1821 (Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi,

Alabama, Missouri) Life in the west did not include

conveniences of Eastern town life

Making Connections

What were the benefits of canal travel?

Answer the Essential Question: How did land and water transportation affect westward expansion?

Unity and Sectionalism

Essential Question: What issues divided the country at the

end of the Era of Good Feelings?

The Era of Good Feelings

After the War of 1812, a new spirit of nationalism spread throughout the US

Federalist Party faded out Republican James Monroe wins

election of 1816 Extremely dignified and well liked

Nation was united and free of political strife

Sectionalism

Regional differences brought an end to the Era of Good Feelings

Americans thought of themselves as Northerners, Southerners and Westerners

Disagreed over issues of Slavery Tariffs National bank Internal improvements (roads and canals)

Sectionalism

John C. Calhoun Planter from South Carolina Opposed national programs Supported state sovereignty Opposed high tariffs (raised prices on

manufactured goods the South could not produce themselves)

Sectionalism

Daniel Webster Massachusetts Senator Favored Tariff of 1816 (Protected

American industry from foreign competition)

Defended the nation as a whole against sectional interests

Sectionalism

Henry Clay War Hawk during War of 1812 Speaker of the House of Representatives Represented interests of Western States Tried to resolve sectional disputes

The Missouri Compromise

Issue: Whether or not to allow slavery in new states that joined the union

Henry Clay’s Missouri Compromise: States admitted to the Union north of the

36 30’ N parallel would be free states Also included the American System

Protective tariff A program of internal improvements National bank (Second National Bank of the United

States) Many Southerners did not approve of Clay’s

system

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) State of Maryland imposed a tax on

the Second National Bank of the US Issue goes to the Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that

Maryland had no right to tax the bank

***Strengthened the power of the federal government***

Gibbons vs. Ogden

Established that states could not make laws that would interfere with Congressional power over interstate commerce (between states)

Increased federal power at the expense of state power

Making Connections

Describe the overall feeling in the U.S. after the War of 1812.

Essential Question: What issues divided the country at the end of the Era of Good Feelings?

Foreign Affairs

Essential Question: How did the United States define its role

in foreign affairs in the early 1800s?

Relations with Britain

1818 – Set the boundary of the Louisiana Territory between U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel

Each country agreed to maintain its border without armed forces

Relations with Spain

US claimed West Florida as part of the Louisiana Purchase Spain objected but took no actions

Andrew Jackson took two Spanish forts in East Florida to stop Seminole raids in America

Adams – Onis Treaty: US gains East Florida in 1819

Monroe Doctrine

Facing threat from European countries helping Spain to regain its North and South American holdings, James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine (1823) US would not interfere with any

existing European colonies in the Americas

Stated North and South American would not be considered as subjects for future colonization

Making Connections

Why was the Monroe Doctrine issued?

Answer the Essential Question: How did the US define its role in foreign affairs in the early 1800s?