Growth and development

GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT

Objectives:Students are able to: Distinguish growth and development Explain factors that influence growth

and development in plants Explain factors that influence growth

and development in animals Compare metamorphosis and

metagenesis

Growth and development are process in which the both simultaneously.Growth and development are inseparable

Growth is the process of size increase which is irreversible (cannot back to the origin).It is caused by number of cells increment and cells size incrementGrowth has quantitative property (can be measured)Example: Height, weight.

Development is process of becoming matureDevelopment has qualitative property (cannot be measured) Example: • production of flowers in plant• The change of seed to a sprout • Hen lay eggs

Growth and development in plants

Growth in plants happen in meristematic region, that is in the tip of stem, the tip of root and cambium.

Growth in the plant can be measured by using AUKSANOMETER

Tip of root anatomy

Tip of stem anatomy

cambium

There are two kinds of growth in plants, primary growth and secondary growth.

Primary growth is the increment of length size in the part of plant’s stem.

The Primary growth is caused by the presence of activity of primary meristem tissue (apical meristem) that found in the edge of stem and the edge of root.

The Primary growth makes stem and root higher and longer

Secondary growth is the increment of size or thickness of a plant body.

It is caused by the activity of secondary meristem tissue, that is fellogen in stem cambium and root.

The Secondary growth causes the enlargement of stem diameter.

Factors that influence growth and development in plantsGrowth and development in plants are influenced by internal factors and external factors.

1. Internal factorsInternal factors are factors that come from

inside of the body of organisms themselves. They are gene and hormone.

a. GeneGene is a carrier of genetic factors that will be derived to its descendant. It doesn’t appear from outside.

b. HormonePlant hormone is an organic compound which is

made in a part of plant, then bring to other part of plant.

Plant hormone is called phytohormone.

For example: Auxin (IAA)

Auxin causes the increases the number and size of the cells and causes the tree to become taller

GiberelinGiberelin race growth of sprout.

Sitokinin Absisat acid Etilen

2. External factorsExternal factors are factors that come from

outside of the body of organisms.

Some external factors are: Food (nutrition)Food is main factor for growth and development of

the organisms. Foods change to be energy for growth and development

Water The body of organisms consists mostly of

water.

Water is the solvent (the substance that dissolves various other substances).

Water is raw material for photosynthesis.

LightGreen plants need sunlight to support photosynthesis process. Light also stimulate the chlorophyl formation.

Temperature All organisms need certain temperature for their life. The temperature change can influences growth, photosynthesis, reproduction, respiration, and transpiration in plants.

OxygenOxygen need for respiration in plants

HumidityThe humidity influences vaporization process in plants

Growth and development in animals

The growth and development of animals happens in all parts of its body.The growth and development of animal commonly begun from fertilization process.Growth and development of animal can be seen from three phases, those are: Fission (cleavage) Gastrulation Organogenesis

Fission is a fission process of zygote to be cell descendant which happens by mitosis. The first fission begun from one to be two, two to be four, four to be eight, eight to be sixteen, sixteen to be thirty-two, and so on. Then cells fission continue forming morula and blastula.

Cleavage in frog and human

Gastrulation is the process of arranging and regulating of cells into different layers. In gastrulation, it happens the formation of gastrosol (arkenteron) then which will be form intestine. In gastrulation phase formed three layer, ectoderm (external layer), mesoderm (middle layer), and endoderm (inner layer). Organogenesis is the process of formation of organs and organs system.

Ectoderm layer forms nerves system, skin, eyes, nose, ears, hair, nail, and medula adrenal.Mesoderm layer forms muscle, bone, blood vessel, kidney, connective tissue, ureter, testis, ovarium, uterus and limfe system.Endoderm layer forms faring, esophagus, stomach, intestine, lever, pancreas, trachea, and lung.

Factors that influence growth and development in animalsGrowth and development in animals are also influenced by internal factors and external factors.

1. Internal factorsa. Gene

Gene is a carrier of genetic factors that will be derived to its descendant.

It doesn’t appear from outside.

b. HormoneHormones are made in endocrine glands.

Some hormones which influence growth and development are somatotrophin, tiroxin, and gonadotrophin, testosterone, and estrogen.

2. External factorsSome external factors are:

Food (nutrition) Water Light Temperature Oxygen

.

Imperfect metamorphosis in

grasshopper

The size of grasshopper nymphs is smaller than adult grasshoppers and they are wingless; but on the whole they are the same as adult grasshoppers in shape

The phases of perfect metamorphosis are:egg larva pupa imagoSome animals that experience perfect metamorphosis are: butterfly, bee, house fly, ant, beetle.

egg

At a certain moment a larva becomes inactive and changes into a pupa. In this phase there appears a soft skin that forms a completely wrapping tissue. Then, the pupa hanges into an adult butterfly, in a completely different shape.

b. Metamorphosis in frogA frog starts its life cycle as a zygote in a fertilized egg. The egg then hatches and a tadpole comes out. A tadpole is able to swim to small plants to find food. It continues to grow and then change in shape. The growth starts with limbs (or legs), lungs, and teeth that grow inside the mouth. Changes that will support the tadpole’s life on land begin at this time. After a few months the body of the young frog has completed its metamorphosis process.

Metamorphosis in frog

Metamorphosis is the change in an organism in one life cycle. When the

metamorphosis is completed, the animal gains its adult shape. The pattern of

change is complete and the cycle may occur in any new individual of the

species.

METAGENESISMetagenesis is rotating descendant (life cycle) between sexual phase and asexual phase.

In one life cycle of organisms which experience metagenesis, there are two different phases.

In plants, one phase, spores are produced. In the other phase, sexual cells or gametes are produced. The spore-producing phase is called the sporophyte phase, and the gamete-producing phase is called the gametophyte phase.

Some organism that experience metagenesis are Moss, Fern and Jelly fish (Aurelia).

Metagenesis in Moss

Metagenesis in Moss

Spore

Protonema

Moss plant Gametophyte generation

Antheridium Arkegonium

Zygote

Sporangium Sporophytegeneration

The moss plants you are observing are members of a gamethophyte generation.Sporangium is members of a sporophyte generation

Metagenesis in Fern

Metagenesis in Fern Spore

Prothallium Gametophyte generation Antheridium Arkegonium

Zygote

Fern plant SporophyteSporangium generation

When you observe fern plants, you will see that there are groups of sporangia on the lower surface of the leaves. It means that the plant is in the sporophyte stage. The fern plants you are observing are members of a sporophyte generation. If the spores in the sporangia fall on a moist place, each will grow and flatten into a heart-shaped structure with ribbon-like roots called prothallium, which will produce male and female gametes. Prothallium are members of a gamethophyte generation.

Metagenesis in jelly fish

Jelly fish is one of invertebrate which is live in the sea. In their life, cycle jelly fish experience descendant rotation, polyp phase when they live in the ground sea and medusa phase when they swim.

Polyp is member of a vegetative generation, which reproduce by budding.

Medusa is member of generative generation, which reproduce by produce gametes.