Group Investigation Create a short lecture that will help summarize the key events/ideas in your particular VIP’s life. Create a short lecture that will.

Group InvestigationGroup Investigation

Create a short lecture that will help Create a short lecture that will help summarize the key events/ideas in your summarize the key events/ideas in your particular VIPparticular VIP’’s life.s life.– Focus on changes within lifetimeFocus on changes within lifetime– Focus on explaining core ideas and actionsFocus on explaining core ideas and actions

Visuals and more slides with brief notes Visuals and more slides with brief notes are better than less slides with lots of are better than less slides with lots of writing on them.writing on them.

Students will NOT be copying your notes.Students will NOT be copying your notes.

Tsar Alexander ITsar Nicholas ITsar Alexander IITsar Alexander IIITsar Nicholas II

Mikhail BakuninAlexander KerenskyVladimir Lenin

Do NowDo Now

Grab a Grab a ““Strive for a 5Strive for a 5””Open to p. 345Open to p. 345

Describe how Leninism revised Describe how Leninism revised Marxism, and analyze how that Marxism, and analyze how that helped the Bolsheviks to take power helped the Bolsheviks to take power in Russia.in Russia.

In-class FRQIn-class FRQ

Compare and contrast the Compare and contrast the extent to which the French extent to which the French Revolution (1789-1799) and Revolution (1789-1799) and the Russian Revolution (1917-the Russian Revolution (1917-1924) changed the status of 1924) changed the status of women.women.

The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution

The Petrograd SovietThe Petrograd Soviet leftists in St. leftists in St.

Petersburg formed Petersburg formed the Petrograd the Petrograd Soviet, which they Soviet, which they claimed to be the claimed to be the legit. gov’t legit. gov’t

Soviets were Soviets were workers councils workers councils that drew that drew democratic power democratic power and voted in order and voted in order to reach decisionsto reach decisions

– No political partiesNo political parties– No official ideologiesNo official ideologies– ““grassroots”grassroots”

Taken over by the Taken over by the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks eventuallyeventually

Lenin Steps into This VacuumLenin Steps into This Vacuum Amnesty granted to all Amnesty granted to all

political prisoners in March political prisoners in March of 1917of 1917

LeninLenin’’s arrival in Petrograds arrival in Petrograd A tremendously charismatic A tremendously charismatic

personalitypersonality ““Peace, Land, BreadPeace, Land, Bread”” ““All Power to the SovietsAll Power to the Soviets”” He preached that the war He preached that the war

was a capitalist/imperialist was a capitalist/imperialist war that offered no rewards war that offered no rewards for the peasants/workers; for the peasants/workers; he also felt the war was he also felt the war was over w/ the czar’s over w/ the czar’s abdicationabdication

Bolshevik party Bolshevik party membership exploded; their membership exploded; their power was consolidatedpower was consolidated

The October The October RevolutionRevolution

coup planned by coup planned by Leon Leon TrotskyTrotsky, who had , who had gained the confidence gained the confidence of the army (= the of the army (= the “Red Miracle”)“Red Miracle”)

October 26, the Bolsheviks, who controlled the Central Committee of the Congress of Soviets, officially took control of the government.

Lenin’s ReformsLenin’s Reforms Lenin consolidated power in Jan. 1918 by Lenin consolidated power in Jan. 1918 by

disbanding the disbanding the Constituent AssemblyConstituent Assembly (had (had replaced the Duma)replaced the Duma) – Russ. dem. thus terminated Russ. dem. thus terminated – a a CoCouncil of Peopleuncil of People’’s Commissarss Commissars was created was created

Lenin gave land to peasants (although peasants already had taken it, much like the “Great Fear” of the French Revolution)– This move was shrewd in that Lenin had no real control over

lands in the countryside but was now perceived as a friend of the peasantry

Lenin gave direct control of individual factories by local workers’ committees.

November RevolutionNovember Revolution Political Police Political Police

organized: organized: CHEKACHEKA

Revolutionary Revolutionary army created army created with Trotsky in with Trotsky in charge = charge = ““Red Red ArmyArmy””

Bolshevik Party Bolshevik Party renamed renamed Communist Communist Party in March Party in March of 1918of 1918

October Revolution (cont)October Revolution (cont) The The Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-

LitovskLitovsk – Huge chunk of Russian Huge chunk of Russian

land to Germanyland to Germany– Poland, Ukraine Poland, Ukraine

independentindependent Lenin: focus on internal Lenin: focus on internal

controlcontrol Civil War followed, Civil War followed,

1917-19201917-1920““RedsReds”” versus versus ““WhitesWhites””

Complete breakdown Complete breakdown of Russian economy of Russian economy and societyand society

Civil WarCivil War White Army received White Army received

limited help from the limited help from the western powers.western powers.DisorganizedDisorganized““White Terror”White Terror”

The Reds won the civil war.The Reds won the civil war.Appealed to Russian Appealed to Russian

nationalism after Western nationalism after Western invasioninvasion

ORGANIZEDORGANIZEDUsed “Red Terror” after to Used “Red Terror” after to

get rid of political enemiesget rid of political enemies

War CommunismWar Communism

Earliest form of socialism in the Soviet Union

Applied a "total war" concept to the civil war Declared that all land was nationalized

– State took control of heavy industries and ended private trade

Resulted in huge decline in production– Forced peasants to deliver food to towns– Cheka (secret police) hunted down and executed

thousands of opponents, such as the tsar and his family and other enemies of the proletariat

THE THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICYNEW ECONOMIC POLICY The USSR faced serious eco. The USSR faced serious eco.

issues w/ the conclusion of the issues w/ the conclusion of the warswars

W. nations refused to trade w/ W. nations refused to trade w/ them, and Lenin was at 1st them, and Lenin was at 1st determined to apply his Marxist determined to apply his Marxist principles, which failedprinciples, which failed

In Mar. 1921 Lenin relented and In Mar. 1921 Lenin relented and introintro’’d the NEPd the NEP

attempt to rebuild agri. and attempt to rebuild agri. and industry thru a free market industry thru a free market system system

– many many dissidentsdissidents were shipped were shipped off to the gulagsoff to the gulags

The NEP did work; Lenin was The NEP did work; Lenin was presumably ready to return to presumably ready to return to Marxist principlesMarxist principles

But his health deteriorated after But his health deteriorated after a 1922 stroke, and Lenin died in a 1922 stroke, and Lenin died in 1924: this created a power 1924: this created a power vacuum and a struggle b/n vacuum and a struggle b/n Trotsky and StalinTrotsky and Stalin

Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky intellectual, head of intellectual, head of

the Red Armythe Red Army favoured the doctrine favoured the doctrine

of of World RevolutionWorld Revolution– felt that the USSR felt that the USSR

could not survive as could not survive as the sole comm. statethe sole comm. state

– the USSR must the USSR must therefore seek to therefore seek to export rev.export rev.

– as a doctrinaire comm., as a doctrinaire comm., he opposed the NEPhe opposed the NEP

Josef StalinJosef Stalin

favored favored ““Socialism in One Socialism in One CountryCountry””– the USSR should strengthen itself the USSR should strengthen itself

and lead the comm. world by ex.and lead the comm. world by ex. as a pragmatist, he supported as a pragmatist, he supported

the NEPthe NEP experienced as a bureaucrat, experienced as a bureaucrat,

he became the Partyhe became the Party’’s General s General Secretary in 1922: here he Secretary in 1922: here he appointed many appointed many apparatchiksapparatchiks (these allies were crucial to (these allies were crucial to StalinStalin’’s rise)s rise)

power struggle lasted until power struggle lasted until 1928, when Stalin1928, when Stalin’’s complex s complex system of alliances and ability system of alliances and ability w/ w/ realpolitik realpolitik allowed him to allowed him to succeedsucceed

STALIN AND THE FIVE YEAR STALIN AND THE FIVE YEAR PLANSPLANS the Dec. 1927 Party Congress the Dec. 1927 Party Congress

saw the end of the NEPsaw the end of the NEP the 5 Yr. Plans were Stalin’s the 5 Yr. Plans were Stalin’s

own vision – they were own vision – they were intended to re-org. Soviet intended to re-org. Soviet ind./agri. and to overhaul the ind./agri. and to overhaul the eco. and catch up w/ the Westeco. and catch up w/ the West– unrealistic production quotas unrealistic production quotas

were set, and tremendous were set, and tremendous sacrifices and ruthless sacrifices and ruthless methods were used to reach methods were used to reach themthem

– in agri., in agri., collectivizationcollectivization was was implemented – w/ the state implemented – w/ the state taking the proceeds from the taking the proceeds from the collective farmscollective farms peasant opposition was peasant opposition was

crushed/starvedcrushed/starved after some protest, the after some protest, the

kulakskulaks were liquidated, were liquidated, starved in order to feed starved in order to feed urban workers (the “urban workers (the “terror terror faminefamine”)”)

by WWII, the peasants by WWII, the peasants were largely regimentedwere largely regimented

– Significant industrial Significant industrial growthgrowth

– Decline in citizen Decline in citizen consumption & living consumption & living standardsstandards the plans did not the plans did not

emphasize consumer emphasize consumer goods; preference was goods; preference was given to given to megaprojectsmegaprojects

workers were praised as workers were praised as “heroes of Sov. labour”, “heroes of Sov. labour”, dealing w/ long hours dealing w/ long hours and horrid conditionsand horrid conditions

living conditions also living conditions also deteriorated: deteriorated: overcrowding, food and overcrowding, food and housing shortages (and housing shortages (and women who had gained women who had gained status following the rev. status following the rev. again lost their freedoms again lost their freedoms – the – the Zhenotdel Zhenotdel was was abolished)abolished)

Stalin was able to do Stalin was able to do this, unlike Lenin, b/c this, unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t was firmly in the gov’t was firmly in place and all threats place and all threats had been had been eliminated/reduced eliminated/reduced thru state thru state terror/propagandaterror/propaganda– Stalin combined Stalin combined

communism and communism and dictatorship in this dictatorship in this time, setting the tone time, setting the tone for future comm. for future comm. leaders leaders

– By 1941, the USSR was By 1941, the USSR was among the top 3 eco. among the top 3 eco. powerspowers

Stalin’s paranoia Stalin’s paranoia still wouldn’t still wouldn’t rest…The rest…The Great Great PurgesPurges

They began in 1934 They began in 1934 when Stalin’s deputy when Stalin’s deputy Sergei KirovSergei Kirov was was murderedmurdered

Stalin ordered the Stalin ordered the NKVDNKVD to crack down to crack down on potential on potential opposition – this opposition – this soon penetrated all soon penetrated all levels of Soviet levels of Soviet societysociety

Anyone perceived as Anyone perceived as a threat was forced a threat was forced to confess in public to confess in public trials and then trials and then executed/shipped to executed/shipped to a a gulaggulag

Millions disappeared Millions disappeared during this time; the during this time; the party leadership and party leadership and army officer corps army officer corps was esp. affectedwas esp. affected