Group dynamics

prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

click


GROUP DYNAMICS


DEFINITIONS

Group• A group may be defined as a number of individuals who join together to achieve a goal. People join groups to achieve goals that cannot be achieved by them alone.

-Johnson & Johnson (2006)


A field of social psychology concerned with the nature of human groups, their development, and their interactions with individuals, other groups, and larger organizations.

DEFINITION


Group dynamics

• Group dynamics refers to a system of behaviors

and psychological processes occurring within a

social group (intragroup dynamics), or between

social groups (intergroup dynamics).


OBJECTIVES

To identify and analyze the social processes.To acquire the skills to intervene and improve individual and group performance.

To build more successful organizations.


PURPOSES

Is to develop an effective team

1. Clear understanding of purposes and

goals

2. Effective communication

3. Effective decision making strategies


STAGES IN GROUP DEVELOPMENT

Mutual acceptance

Communication among members and decision making

Motivation and productivity

Control and organization


Stage 1 Mutual acceptance

Members become acquainted with one

another .

Test which interpersonal behaviors are

acceptable and which are unacceptable to the

group.

Basic group rules for the group are

established .


Stage 2 Communication among members and decision making

• Members may begin to assert themselves to

gain recognition and participate in shaping

the group's personality.

• Assertive group member encourages the

group to assess its situation and to work to

alleviate the problem.


Stage 3 Motivation and productivity

It occurs when members understand and

accept what the group is trying to accomplish.

Each person begins to recognize and accept

his or her role and to understand the roles of

others.


Stage 4 Control and organization

• A mechanism for accomplishing the

purpose of the group members control

their behaviors and direct their group

effort towards goal attainment.


CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP DYNAMICS:

• 1.Common goals

• 2.Similar behavior

• 3.Mutual obligation

• 4.Sense of oneness

• 5.Organized structure

• 6.Motivation

• 7.Leadership


termination

PHASES OF GROUP


Group task roles

• Each member of a group performs a role

related to the task of the group or

committee to arrive co-operatively with

other group members at a solution to a

common problem.


BENNE AND SHEAFS IDENTIFIED 12 GROUP TASK ROLES.

• 1. Initiator

• 2. Information seeker

• 3. Opinion seeker

• 4. Information giver

• 5. Elaborator


• 6. Opinion giver

• 7. Orientor

• 8. Coordinator

• 9. Evaluator

• 10. Energizer

• 11. Procedural technician

• 12. Records


GROUP BUILDING AND MAINTENANCE ROLES

• Individual members of the group work to build

and maintain group functioning. Each role

may be performed by a group functioning.


• Encourager: accepts, praises and contributes

viewpoints ideas and suggestions of all group members

• Harmonizer: mediates harmonizes and resolves

conflicts.

• Compromiser: yields his or her position with a

conflict.

• Gate keeper and expedites: promotes open

communication and facilitates participation to involve

all group members.


• Standard setter: A group member who expresses

or applies standards to evaluate group processes.

• Group-observer: A group member who records the

group process and uses it to provide a feedback to

the group.

• Follower: A group member who accepts the group

member's ideas and listens to their discussions and

decisions.


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Advantages

Able to combine individual strengths of the

group members and hence has a set of varied

skills sets applied in the decision making

processes.

collective understanding of the course of

action to be taken after the decision is taken.


Advantages cont.

Greater group commitment since everyone

has his /her share in the decision making

processes.

It imbibes a strong sense of team sprit

amongst the group members and helps the

group to think together in terms of success as

well as failure.


Disadvantages • Competition: generates behavior which is destructive of the group.

• Conformity: strong tendency for individuals in a group to want to conform to the consensus

• Lack of objective direction : Most traditional meetings and group discussions convened to solve problems are ineffective created.

• Time constraints: Group problem solving is a relatively slow process.


POWER AND POLITICS IN NURSING

IN NURSING


DEFINITION

Power Power is simply the exercise

of control or influence over

another person or over a

group.

Power is ones potential for

influencing another person-

Henry and Blanchard


TYPES OF

1.Reward Power 2.Punishment or Coercive

Power 3.Legitimate Power4.Expert Power5.Referent Power


NEED /AIMS OF POWER

To provide competent, humanistic and

affordable care to people.

To participate in health care policy

development.

To ensure that nursing is an attractive

career choice for all who want to

provide care, influence and improve

nursing, health care and health policy.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

POWER PRINCIPLES

Power is dynamics and elusive.

Power is obtained only through

active means.

Power oriented manager’s uses

any means of control.


Principles cont.

To win in the games of organizational

politics requires a person’s total

commitment to goals.

Restraint is needed to use power

appropriate.

Power relationship an organization

are situations. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

CARING TYPES OF POWER

Benner (1984). in her classic

work on clinical nursing

excellence, described SIX types

of power that nurses can use

when dealing with client and

significant others.


CARING TYPES OF POWER

Transformative power

Integrative Power

Advocacy Power

Healing Power

Participative Power

Problem-solvingprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

POWERS IN NURSING PROFESSION


POWER IN NURSING

DeanProfessorsAssociate professorsAssistance professorsInstructors

Director Associative directorAssistant directorSupervisorsHead nurseStaff nurse

InternationalNationalStateLocalIndividual

Policy MakingEducationService


STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING A POWERFUL IMAGE

Key factors contributing to one's

power image are:

Self-confidence

Self-image

Grooming and dressing

Good manners

Body languageprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Speech

Attitudes and beliefs

Career commitment: Make a commitment

to nursing as a career.

Continuing professional education

Networking

Mentoring

Goal setting: Goals help one to know if

what was planned was actually

accomplished.


POWER AND NURSES ROLES

1.Working together:

By understanding the political

realities and the way in which

decisions are by working

together to speak with a unified

voice, nurses can increase their

power in the systemprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

2.Nursing education programs Increasingly try to educate

nurses to out as client advocate

and agent of change. The higher

educations like M.Sc (N),

M.Phil(N), and Ph.D in nursing

and specialized courses will help

the nurses to gain power in

health system.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

3.Collective bargaining and shared governance

It helps the nurses with

mechanism for demanding

recognition of the importance of

their role for being participants

in decision-making process.


It is a process that allows employees who are member of the union to participate in management decisions with regard to terms of employment salaries, benefits, working conditions and similar issues.

Collective bargaining


Shared governance

Nursing staff and the nursing

management are both involved in

decision-making this allows the

nursing staff to make major decisions

within the organization and helps in

quality improvement and gaining

powerprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Power as a tool for leadership

Power is an increasingly important

form of influence of nursing leader.

Leaders are found throughout the

organization and have formal and

informal leadership responsibility

gain from respect and regard for the

knowledge and good judgment of the

person.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Politics

IN NURSING


DEFINITION

Politics is the art of influencing the

allocation of scarce resources.

[Mason & albott,

1985.]

Politics is a means to an end, a

means for influencing events and the

decisions of others

[Stevens, 1980]prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

PURPOSES OF POLITICS

1. Protection of the interests of the

whole group or a particular part of a

group against subordinates groups.

2. The preservation of order in the

interest of the group of power or of

the whole population.

3. It is important for Analysis and

planning.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Political action/participation.

Kalisch and Kalisch (1982) described four levels of participation:

1. Apathetic: who engage in little or no

political activity, may not even be registered

to vote, and if registered they are unlikely to

vote.

2. Spectators: who vote, may wear a political

button, or display a political bumper, sticker

and engage in political discussions with family

and friends. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

3. Transitional:

who attend meetings and rallies

and other political events, and

contribute to the political

campaigns and political action

committers.

4. Gladiators: who work in political

campaigns, become active within a

political party.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

THE FOUR SPHERES OF POLITICAL ACTION IN NURSING

WORKPLACE

NURSING ORGANIZATIONS

COMMUNITY

THE GOVERNMENT


1.Work place: The work place can have a profound

influence on a nurse's professional

life, and it is therefore important to

examine ways to influence those

policies. Nurses need certain

knowledge and skills to increase their

political activity(Staggs,

1994:EthsHartley. 1992)prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Keeping informed about health care issues:

Obtain Information from such as daily

newspapers, television and radio news

reports, professional journals, open

meetings of nursing organizations, or other

health related organizations.

Ability to analyze an issue: Identify all the

relevant facts about the issues, look at the

issues, and look at the issue from all the

angels. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Ability to speak out and voice an opinion: Obtain

knowledge of both the issue and the best person

whom to voice the opinion. After studying the

dynamics of the organization the nurse may

choose a head nurse or supervisor who is a good

listener and is concerned about the issue.

Ability to participate constructively: Be a team

player who encourages creative brain storming

and offers positive feasible alternative solutions

to an issue rather than offering only criticism.


Ability to use power bases:

Through discussion with

colleagues and other

professional experiences

identify people who influence

decision- making. Nursing


2.Nursing organization:

Powerful and influential professional

association provides a collective voice for

promoting nursing and quality healthcare.

Individual nurse can become politically active

in local, state or provincial and national by

participating in the activities of their

professional association by serving as

delegates at conventions, by becoming

members of commissions etc. clickprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

3.Community:

Many communities depend on

expert nurses to help with a

wide variety of healthy and

social policy decisions, such as

environmental pollution and

healthcare for homeless.


The government:

Ways to influence government is

registering to vote.


CAUSES OF POLITICAL APATHY IN NURSING:

1.Lack of political knowledge:

Lack of knowledge of the

legislative process causes them to

be overwhelmed by the complexity

of public policy. Nurses focus on

clinical care and mostly ignore

larger issues , partially due to

heavy work prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

2.Powerlessness in nursing:

woman who comprise a large percentage of

nursing profession have been oppressed.

Women can earn respect in political area only

by learning about the political process.

Society has long held certain images of

nurses that suffocate and repress growth

such as images of mother, sister, servant,

religious symbol or the images associated

with Florence Nightingale.


All these images affect public

opinion and nurses from

assuming the role of patient

advocate, and cloud the public

image as professionals. Nurses

become empowered through

education leadership and

collective action.


3.Perceived ethical conflict between professional values and political involvement:

Many nurses consider political

activity as a negative behavior.


Recommendations:

Nurses have the duty to increase their level of participation to broaden political focus and increase respect for the profession on all political levels.

Nurses need to understand the concepts,

approaches and strategies in policy making

and have basic skills in policy analysis.

Institution of nursing need to incorporate

political education in to their curriculum.


Trained Nurses Associations,

State Nurses Associations and

Specialty Nurses Associations

have the duty to inform nurses

about current legislative issues

and offer suggestions for

political action.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Nurses need to maintain professional

IPR skills, increase visibility to nurses

role, and empower themselves with

all the knowledge within their grasp.

Collaboration with other professions

and organizations can result in

making connections with influential

people and organizations. prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Supporting other health workers

professionally in the workplace

and through a unified voice on

large social issues can increase

strength and self-esteem among

nurses.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

ADVANTAGES OF POLITICS

To obtain ends not sanctioned by

the organization.

To deal MLC cases.

For accountability.

For consumer protection.

To deal ethical and legal issues.


DISADVANTAGES OF POLITICS

Ambiguous decisions – leads to more

politics than routine decisions

Goals – the more ambiguous and complex

the goals become the more politics there

will be.

Technology and external environment – the

more complex the internal technology of

the organization the more politics there

will be.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Strategies to influence political decisions

1.Networking :

Networking refers to a process in which

people with similar interests and goals

communicate, share ideas and information,

and offer support and direction to each

other. Network development builds linkages

with people throughout the profession, both

within and outside the environment.

clickprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Nurses can develop networks by:

Attending local, regional and national

conferences. Taking classes for continuing education

or towards an academic degree. Joining alumni associations and

attending alumni meetings. Joining and participating in professional

organizations. Keeping in touch with former leaders

and workers. Socializing with professional

colleagues.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Political networks have three

functions:

1. To provide information about

legislative activities on

particular issues.

2. To increase political action and

awareness.

3. To promote issues through

legislative process.


2. Negotiating:

Negotiation is a give and take process

between individuals and groups to work out

differences of opinion regarding best solution

to an issue.

Two basic forms of negotiation

Problem solving negotiations: here both

parties confer to resolve a complex situation

together.

Trade off negotiations. Here one party gives

some concessions or points to other party in

exchange of other concessions or points.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

3. Establishing political action committees:

Political action committees endorse candidates

for public office such as the senate and the

means of representatives. PACs provide an

avenue for professional political action

activities groups such as nursing

organizations, women's groups, and civil

groups. For example, ANA political action

committee is a political organization formed by

the ANA.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

4. Communicating with legislators:

Nurses can communicate with

legislators through telephone calls,

telegrams, face to face meetings, e-

mails and written letters. For each

method the nurse needs to identify,

clarify the issue and provide

constructive information and ideas.


5. Building coalitions: Coalitions are alliances that are distinct bodies,

person or states formed in order to achieve a

common purpose. Coalitions are like networks in

function but differ in that the numbers of the

coalitions represent groups with numerous

purposes and issues.

Example- the American Association of Critical Care

Nurses is building coalitions with the American

Nurses Association, the emergency Nurses

Association, and the American Hospital Association.


6. Lobbying:

Lobbying is a process in which

individuals or groups attempt to

influence legislators to support

or oppose particular legislation.

Lobbying techniques include

negotiating, media and letter

writing campaigns, testifying,

endorsements and donations.prepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Testifying:

Decision related to health care and nursing are

often made by committees and commissions of

various levels of government. These committees

frequently conduct hearing s to obtain

information before making a decision. Hearings

generally include people or groups with opposite

views. Testifying refers to the presentation of

information at a committee hearing usually

about controversial aspects of a proposed bill.


EMPOWERMENTAmong nursesprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore

Empowerment is a sense of having both the ability and the opportunity to act effectively.

Definition


DEFINITION

Empowerment is a process or strategy the goal of which is to change the nature and distribution of power in a specific context.

it is a group activity that increases political and social consciousness is based on the need for autonomy and is accomplished with continuity cycles of assessment and action.


Empowerment ladder

Self confidenceAbility to control life situationsRefuse to be a victimValue self and othersBe a risk-takerBe creativeResolve conflictsShow initiativeBecome empowerment


Tools for improving power image

Communication skillsNetworking MentoringGoal settingDeveloping expertiseHigh visibility


CLICKprepared by Mr.Matin Varkey FMCON Mangalore


Group dynamics

Documents

group dynamics group

group processes

matin varkey fmcon mangalore

group work

group functioning

group building

group effort

group performance