Group 2 Anthony Menicucci Bill Fan Nathan Burns Keith Jansen Chris King February 1, 2006 Design Theory.

Group 2Group 2

Anthony MenicucciAnthony Menicucci Bill FanBill Fan Nathan BurnsNathan Burns

Keith JansenKeith Jansen Chris KingChris King

February 1, 2006

Design TheoryDesign Theory

Design TheoryDesign Theory

Design definedDesign defined Guiding the design processGuiding the design process Design ElementsDesign Elements Industrial, Engineering and Craft designIndustrial, Engineering and Craft design The design process and benchmarking The design process and benchmarking

Design must first be Design must first be defined in order to create defined in order to create

astatically pleasing astatically pleasing objects to the eye.objects to the eye.

How is design defined?How is design defined?

Design is the quest for simplicity Design is the quest for simplicity and order.and order.

Though this is art, how does this Zen Though this is art, how does this Zen Buddhist picture create simplicity?Buddhist picture create simplicity?

This Japanese room exhibits This Japanese room exhibits qualities of simplicity and order.qualities of simplicity and order.

Design is the process of inventing Design is the process of inventing artifacts that display a new physical artifacts that display a new physical

order , organization and form in order , organization and form in response to function.response to function.

More so, design is creative More so, design is creative problem solving.problem solving.

In application to this class, In application to this class, design is the ability to market design is the ability to market

what you have made.what you have made.

What design What design elements help elements help make the “iPodmake the “iPod

nano” superior nano” superior visually, to its visually, to its competitor the competitor the “Zen micro”.“Zen micro”.

IPod advertisement

IPod advertisement

ZEN MICRO sample Advertisement

ZEN MICRO sample Advertisement

Technology alters as time passes, Technology alters as time passes, and so seemingly would design. and so seemingly would design.

However, design elements can be However, design elements can be seen reappearing throughout history.seen reappearing throughout history.

Sample 80’s technology




Compilation of technology

Guiding The Design ProcessGuiding The Design Process

Primary considerationPrimary consideration Functional RequirementsFunctional Requirements Material RequirementsMaterial Requirements Visual RequirementsVisual Requirements

Albert Einstein

Functional RequirementsFunctional Requirements

A product must fit the purpose or need for A product must fit the purpose or need for which it is intended.which it is intended.

You don’t want a appliance that is difficult You don’t want a appliance that is difficult and awkward to use, the tool that fails to and awkward to use, the tool that fails to perform as intended.perform as intended.

Example:Bottle Opener


Make it easy to use!Make it easy to use! Tools must be usable. Example: HacksawTools must be usable. Example: Hacksaw The blade is positioned so that cuts can be made The blade is positioned so that cuts can be made

flush to the surfaceflush to the surface Handle provides a safe, comfortable, and convenient Handle provides a safe, comfortable, and convenient

shape for holding the tool in use.shape for holding the tool in use.

Hacksaw


Considerable attention must be given to Considerable attention must be given to the matter of functionality.the matter of functionality.

When designing the specifications of a When designing the specifications of a desk chair, the bodily dimensions of the desk chair, the bodily dimensions of the consumer must be taken into account.consumer must be taken into account.


For Whom?For Whom? Other chairs have other functions and must Other chairs have other functions and must

be designed for their special uses, such as be designed for their special uses, such as those for typists, dentists and drafters.those for typists, dentists and drafters.

The Ultimate Computer Chair by Roger Arrick


Let function guide the design effortLet function guide the design effort Designers can be guilty of allowing artistic Designers can be guilty of allowing artistic

views to interfere with the function of the views to interfere with the function of the product.product.

However, there lies a certain danger in However, there lies a certain danger in oversimplifying the role of function in design.oversimplifying the role of function in design.

Material RequirementsMaterial Requirements

The project or product should reflect a simple, The project or product should reflect a simple, direct, and practical use of the substance of direct, and practical use of the substance of which it is made.which it is made.

The designer should achieve maximum benefit The designer should achieve maximum benefit from a minimum amount of wisely selected from a minimum amount of wisely selected materials.materials.

The structure of the product will be sound and The structure of the product will be sound and will be as strong as necessary without any waste will be as strong as necessary without any waste of materials or excess bulk.of materials or excess bulk.


WoodsWoods Wood is warm, pleasing, soft,insulating, easily Wood is warm, pleasing, soft,insulating, easily

worked, but not as strong as most metals and worked, but not as strong as most metals and plastics.plastics.

Types of wood include Cedar, Maple, Oak, Poplar, Types of wood include Cedar, Maple, Oak, Poplar, and Balsa.and Balsa.


MetalsMetals Metals are durable, fire proof, tough, harder to work with than Metals are durable, fire proof, tough, harder to work with than

wood, and can be fabricated by a broad range of processes, but wood, and can be fabricated by a broad range of processes, but they rust and corrode and can be noisy.they rust and corrode and can be noisy.

Metals can be bent, folded, and formed.Metals can be bent, folded, and formed. Types of metals include Aluminum, Brass, Copper, Steel, Lead, Types of metals include Aluminum, Brass, Copper, Steel, Lead,

and Tin.and Tin.


PlasticsPlastics Plastic is easily formed, insulating, subject to Plastic is easily formed, insulating, subject to

temperature limitations, quiet, break resistant, and temperature limitations, quiet, break resistant, and can be compounded to meet almost any product can be compounded to meet almost any product requirement.requirement.

Types include Nylon, fiberglass, Polycarbonate, and Types include Nylon, fiberglass, Polycarbonate, and HDPE.HDPE.

O-Rings


CeramicsCeramics Are noisy, brittle, good insulators, easy to Are noisy, brittle, good insulators, easy to

form while in a plastic state, and can form while in a plastic state, and can withstand high temperatures, but difficult to withstand high temperatures, but difficult to form or modify after they have been fired or form or modify after they have been fired or set.set.

Fong Choo


Factors in choosing material.Factors in choosing material. CostCost Knowledge of materialsKnowledge of materials Knowledge of material limitationsKnowledge of material limitations Applications- material that can be used for soldering, Applications- material that can be used for soldering,

welding, and gluing.welding, and gluing. PurposePurpose Machine Process Machine Process

Mill

Example: Industrial CastersExample: Industrial Casters

Used for rolling supports for furniture or Used for rolling supports for furniture or equipment that is frequently moved from equipment that is frequently moved from place to place.place to place.

Industrial CasterIndustrial Caster

Functional RequirementsFunctional Requirements Some are slick and slippery so they can slide Some are slick and slippery so they can slide

aimlessly rather than rolling smoothly and aimlessly rather than rolling smoothly and providing convenient movement without providing convenient movement without scratching the floor.scratching the floor.


Material RequirementsMaterial Requirements Wheel material so often is wood, brittle Wheel material so often is wood, brittle

plastic, or hard rubber, which wears and plastic, or hard rubber, which wears and flattens in time so that the caster is flattens in time so that the caster is permanent.permanent.


Visual RequirementsVisual Requirements This caster also is a classic formal display of This caster also is a classic formal display of

unity and variety, with a smooth transition unity and variety, with a smooth transition from one visual element to another.from one visual element to another.

Visual RequirementsVisual Requirements

A project or product should have a pleasing A project or product should have a pleasing appearance to the consumer. appearance to the consumer.

A project or product should have beauty, good A project or product should have beauty, good taste, and a sensitivity to appearance.taste, and a sensitivity to appearance.

Humans respond more positively to pleasing Humans respond more positively to pleasing objects rather than ugly objects.objects rather than ugly objects.


It should be noted that engineering designers It should be noted that engineering designers generally are less concerned with appearance generally are less concerned with appearance than are industrial designers.than are industrial designers.

A technical person designing an automotive disc A technical person designing an automotive disc brake does not really care what it looks like.brake does not really care what it looks like.

Brake Rotor


The Elements and Principles of Design.The Elements and Principles of Design. BalanceBalance ProportionProportion ColorsColors TexturesTextures StructureStructure

Elements of DesignElements of Design

The 4 Basic symbolsThe 4 Basic symbols Lines, Planes, Forms, and Surface QualitiesLines, Planes, Forms, and Surface Qualities

Separated into 2 Classes of Design Elements Separated into 2 Classes of Design Elements First class: LinesFirst class: Lines Second Class: Planes, Forms, and Surface QualitiesSecond Class: Planes, Forms, and Surface Qualities

Line Elements Line Elements

Curve lines-

express a feeling that is not of strength, but rather of elegances and beauty.

Straight lines-

express aggressive, strength, and passive emotions.

Forms, and Surface Qualities Forms, and Surface Qualities

Forms- three-dimensional constructions comprised of combinations of lines and planes.

Surface Qualities-

faces of planes enhanced, embellished, or modified by color and texture to add interest or emphasis to a design.

The qualities of a surfaceThe qualities of a surface

2 Reflective qualities of a surface2 Reflective qualities of a surface Color Color TextureTexture

A design of lines, planes, forms, and A design of lines, planes, forms, and surface qualities working together in surface qualities working together in harmony.harmony.

Design PrinciplesDesign Principles

Unity and Variety-Unity and Variety- within a design there within a design there must be a sense of belonging or similarity among must be a sense of belonging or similarity among the components parts to the order and wholeness. the components parts to the order and wholeness.

Design PrinciplesDesign Principles

Balance and ProportionBalance and Proportion Golden Section-Golden Section- a formula developed in 600 BC, by the a formula developed in 600 BC, by the

Greek philosopher and mathematician Greek philosopher and mathematician PythagorasPythagoras to define the to define the concept of natural harmony.concept of natural harmony.

Optical balance- Optical balancebalance that can be visually seen.balance that can be visually seen. Formal symmetryFormal symmetry Informal symmetry Informal symmetry

Industrial and Engineering DesignIndustrial and Engineering Design

Industrial DesignIndustrial Design Defining industrial designDefining industrial design Visual aspects of designVisual aspects of design ErgonomicsErgonomics

Engineering DesignEngineering Design Defining engineering designDefining engineering design Steps for design problem solvingSteps for design problem solving Form vs. FunctionForm vs. Function

Industrial DesignIndustrial Design

Industrial DesignIndustrial Design: : The Professional service of creating The Professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value, and appearance of products and the function, value, and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.manufacturer.

Visual aspects of designVisual aspects of design

One aspect of Industrial design is to make a One aspect of Industrial design is to make a product more visually appealing to the product more visually appealing to the consumer. Product shell and machine covering consumer. Product shell and machine covering designs are one way this is achieved. The other designs are one way this is achieved. The other is through the total design of artifacts.is through the total design of artifacts.

ErgonomicsErgonomics

ErgonomicsErgonomics: The applied : The applied science of equipment science of equipment design, as for the design, as for the workplace, intended to workplace, intended to maximize productivity by maximize productivity by reducing operator fatigue reducing operator fatigue and discomfort.and discomfort.

Ergonomics is another Ergonomics is another aspect of Industrial aspect of Industrial design that deals directly design that deals directly with the consumer.with the consumer.

Engineering designEngineering design

Engineering designEngineering design: The process by which : The process by which a need is transformed into an actuality.a need is transformed into an actuality.

Steps for design problem solvingSteps for design problem solving

Defining the need clearlyDefining the need clearly Examining strategies used by othersExamining strategies used by others Defining constraintsDefining constraints

WeightWeight SizeSize CostCost

Weighting alternativesWeighting alternatives Considering how to synthesize available Considering how to synthesize available

technology to meet the product needstechnology to meet the product needs

Form vs. FunctionForm vs. Function

Engineering design is the technical side of Engineering design is the technical side of design which is more concerned with the design which is more concerned with the function of the product rather than the function of the product rather than the form.form.

Craft DesignCraft Design

Many items are not mass produced.Many items are not mass produced. The uniqueness of these products improve their value.The uniqueness of these products improve their value.

A picture of a rare, non mass-produced Greek vase.

Craft DesignCraft Design

When a company designs a unique product, they may try to When a company designs a unique product, they may try to alter some aspects of it to allow for its mass production.alter some aspects of it to allow for its mass production.

This will only be done if the functionality and purpose of the This will only be done if the functionality and purpose of the object is not neglected.object is not neglected.

The Manufacturing Engineers typically are responsible for The Manufacturing Engineers typically are responsible for determining the product’s producibility and will recommend determining the product’s producibility and will recommend any changes needed to make it more producible.any changes needed to make it more producible.

A picture of a simple, cheap and mass produced vase.

The Design ProcessThe Design Process

Phase 1: Identify the ProblemPhase 1: Identify the Problem Determine what the product is designed to do. Determine what the product is designed to do. Ask the question: What could make the product Ask the question: What could make the product

better?better? Determine how to present a commodity that will Determine how to present a commodity that will

render a service or meet a need in a manner that is render a service or meet a need in a manner that is superior to all other company’s products.superior to all other company’s products.

One of the problems tire companies run into is making tires which have long-lasting tread.


Phase 2: Collect DataPhase 2: Collect Data The designer must research:The designer must research:

Cost analysisCost analysis Benchmarks examinedBenchmarks examined Market assessments madeMarket assessments made

The product may be altered in some aspects to The product may be altered in some aspects to improve the feasibility of manufacturing the product improve the feasibility of manufacturing the product and the overall marketability of the product.and the overall marketability of the product.

Companies often use graphs when collecting data.


Phase 3: HypothesizePhase 3: Hypothesize Known as the “concept-development stage”.Known as the “concept-development stage”. The designer must consider alternative design styles The designer must consider alternative design styles

and alternative materials.and alternative materials. Any suggestions by a member of the design team will Any suggestions by a member of the design team will

be discussed and evaluated.be discussed and evaluated.

Here are pictures of two different styles of rocking chairs.


Phase 4: ExperimentPhase 4: Experiment Any modifications are compared and contrasted with Any modifications are compared and contrasted with

the original product.the original product. The designers will simulate the use of a product.The designers will simulate the use of a product. Any malfunctions are corrected/removed before the Any malfunctions are corrected/removed before the

product is put into production. product is put into production.

Crash test pictures of a Ford F-150 and a MINI Cooper.


Phase 5: The Final SolutionPhase 5: The Final Solution Refinements are made to avoid unneeded special Refinements are made to avoid unneeded special

methods of manufacture.methods of manufacture. If possible, use standard components.If possible, use standard components.

Improve the product’s appearance.Improve the product’s appearance. The entire design-for-manufacturing group may meet The entire design-for-manufacturing group may meet

and celebrate the final product.and celebrate the final product.

A Ford Victoria with before and after pictures of its paint job.

BenchmarkingBenchmarking

-“the study of a competitor’s -“the study of a competitor’s product or business product or business practices in order to practices in order to improve the performance of improve the performance of one’s own company”one’s own company”

Has become popular since Has become popular since its arrival in the early its arrival in the early 1980’s.1980’s.

BenchmarkingBenchmarking

Robert C. CampRobert C. Camp Know your operationKnow your operation Know your leading Know your leading

competitorscompetitors Incorporate the bestIncorporate the best Gain superiority Gain superiority

ReferencesReferences

www.merriam-webster.comwww.merriam-webster.com http://www.integrus.net/golden/index.html?/golden/http://www.integrus.net/golden/index.html?/golden/

section.htmlsection.html

Group 2 Anthony Menicucci Bill Fan Nathan Burns Keith Jansen Chris King February 1, 2006 Design Theory.

Documents

design effortdesigners

benchmarking design

craft designthe design

s technologysample

role of function

practical use

material requirementswoodswood

qualities of simplicity