Tungus k a V o lga D a n u b e Lake Volta W hi t e V o l ta Lake Albert Lake Victoria Lake Tanganyika Lake Tana Ni l e Lake Nasser Lake Edward Lake Kivu Lake Turkana Lake Mweru Lake Malawi Lake Kariba O k a va n g o Lake Chad T a j o Vänern Vättern Lake Ladoga Lake Onega Lake Rybinsk Lake Peipus Lake Kuybyshev Aral Sea Lake Balqash Issyk Kul Lake Titicaca Co c o Lake Erie Lake Ontario Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Superior Lake Nipigon Lake Winnipeg Lake Althabasca Great Slave Lake Great Bear Lake Lomé A r a z G a ng e s Irt y sh Lake Baikal Lake Taymyr S an a ga K a s a i T u l o m a A n g a r a K e m i j o k i M aa s Great Salt Lake Se v. Ayeyarwady C h ao P h ra ya C ha ng J i a n g J i a n g C han g C h ang J i a ng Pilcomayo Desaguadero Orange Orange Webi Shabeelle Dnipro Xiliao He Chisinau Riga Tallinn Vilnius Astana Bishkek K a p u as H a r i Ufa Leon Agra Zibo Wuxi Lima Suva Dili Cali Kano Aden Sana Pune Doha Xian Baku Rome Lyon Kyiv Omsk Perm Oslo Nome Ulsan Karaj Surat Taian Linyi Taegu Seoul Pusan Perth Natal Belem Quito Medan Accra Lagos Davao Dakar Hanoi Mecca Dhaka Aswan Dubai Patna Miami Tampa Delhi Lhasa Cairo Wuhan Amman Rabat Kabul Osaka Kyoto Tokyo Jinan Tunis Adana Bursa Jilin Turin Milan Odesa Paris Lille Minsk Kazan Thule Putian Fuyang Suzhou Yantai Athens Samara Noumea Taipei Multan Meerut Indore Xuzhou Suzhou Ningbo Anadyr Jeddah Baotou Tehran Vienna Bogota Sofiya Hobart Sydney Durban Maseru Maputo Harare Cairns La Paz Cuiaba Lusaka Darwin Maceio Luanda Recife Manaus Kigali Douala Bangui Kumasi Ibadan Panama City Kaduna Bamako Chennai Niamey Manila Asmara Puebla Mumbai Toluca Merida Nagpur Khulna Havana Muscat Riyadh Murzuq Fuzhou Kanpur Jaipur Kuwait Shiraz Austin Lahore Dallas Beirut Aleppo Taejon Tabriz Sendai Lisbon Dalian Denver Ankara Madrid Naples Boston Almaty Urumqi Ottawa Harbin Quebec Munich Prague London Warsaw Berlin Dublin Moscow Juneau Huainan Torreon Tijuana Dhanbad Asansol Wenzhou Shantou Huludao Kwangju Ushuaia Rosario Cordoba Vitoria Goiania Honiara Bandung Jakarta Kananga Iquitos Nairobi Kampala Yaounde Cayenne Abidjan Colombo Conakry Madurai Maracay Caracas Managua Bangkok Yangon Nanning Karachi Kunming Guiyang Thimphu Tindouf Houston Chengdu Nanjing Esfahan Tripoli Baghdad Phoenix Fukuoka Atlanta Memphis Lanzhou Qingdao Mashhad Algiers Inch'on Taiyuan Smyrana Tianjin Beijing Yerevan Chicago Detroit Sapporo Toronto Halifax Seattle Kharkiv Calgary Irkutsk Hamburg Magadan Yakutsk Godthab Norilsk Makassar Vadodara Ludhiana Jabalpur Dongguan Campinas Kinshasa Monrovia Brussels Auckland Canberra Adelaide Santiago Brisbane Pretoria Curitiba Asuncion Gaborone Windhoek Brasilia Lilongwe Salvador Surabaya Medellin San Jose Valencia N'Djamena Khartoum Timbuktu Belmopan San Juan Haiphong Honolulu Kolkata Varanasi Changsha Nanchang Hangzhou Amritsar Benghazi Damascus Peshawar Srinagar San Jose Ashgabat Dushanbe Columbus New York Istanbul Tashkent T'bilisi Shenyang Belgrade Portland Montreal Budapest Winnipeg Edmonton Helsinki Murmansk Changzhou Las Vegas Faridabad Allahabad Zaozhuang Hong Kong Goose Bay Stockholm Anchorage Reykjavik Jerusalem Singapore Melbourne Cape Town Sao Paulo Fortaleza Palembang Guayaquil Kisangani Mogadishu Maracaibo Bangalore Guatemala Hyderabad Vientiane Ahmadabad Guangzhou T'aichung Abu Dhabi Monterrey Kathmandu Chongqing San Diego Hiroshima Zhengzhou Al Mawsil St. Louis Pyongyang Baltimore Barcelona Cleveland Milwaukee Marseille Changchun Bucharest Astrakhan Volgograd Vancouver Rotterdam Churchill Gujranwala Vijayawada Jamshedpur Coimbatore Aurangabad Libreville Nouakchott Copenhagen Montevideo Lubumbashi Paramaribo Benin City Georgetown Phnom Penh Chittagong Kaoshsiung Alexandria Faisalabad Casablanca Rawalpindi Sacramento Cincinnati Pittsburgh Providence Khabarovsk Birmingham Arkangelsk Antofagasta Livingstone Brazzaville Bucaramanga Addis Ababa Ouagadougou Tegucigalpa Mexico City Guadalajara Tamanrasset San Antonio New Orleans Los Angeles Kansas City Vladivostok Minneapolis Ulaanbaatar Novosibirsk Chelyabinsk Buenos Aires Port Moresby Christchurch Porto Alegre Johannesburg Antananarivo Kuala Lumpur Barquisimeto Barranquilla San Salvador Shijiazhuang Indianapolis Philadelphia Yekaterinburg Ciudad Juarez Alice Springs Dar es Salaam Santo Domingo Tel Aviv-Yafo San Francisco Rostov-na-Donu Rio de Janeiro Belo Horizonte Vishakhapatnam Port-au-Prince Nizhniy Novgorod Washington D.C. Dnipropetrovs'k Ho Chi Minh City Saint Petersburg Santa Cruz de La Sierra Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy Bhopal Nagoya Lucknow Shanghai Tangshan Hyderabad Amsterdam Cop p er Cr e e k Ju rue n da W a rrego Wh ite N ile A m a z o n a s K u s k ok w i m Y e n is e y G as c o y n e D u lc e Mur chiso n G e o r g i n a K o lym a Y u k o n M am o re P a r an a V i l y u y As h b ur t on B l ue P o d k am e n n a y a Y e n i se y Iriri M a d eir a S t. La w r en c e K u r a S a o F ra nc i sc o V i ctoria Aragu ai a Marano n Ri o Caro ni A na d yr M is s i s s ip p i Mis s o ur i S h il k a P e c h o ra O r i n o c o Bra n co Y u k o n K o t u y O b Mi t c h e l l N i le C h ari O k a G u a v i a r e Y e ni s ey P u t u m ay o S yr Da r ya N e g r o Co ng o T ob ol G r e e n Para guay F ra s e r P ar n a i b a L uge nd a L om am i S al w een V o l g a In dus Ca q ue t a Ohi o J u ru a Diaman tina Rho n e Snak e S u n g a i B ay kal L a ke Chin dw in Dallo l Boss o Pla t t e D a r lin g Gl om a R h in e Tocantins X i ngu C olo ra do O m o lo n D n i s t er D aug ava I r t y s h S ep i k O b Ili E up h r a t e s Sacram ent o T a p ajos K a rk h e h S e v er n P o r cu p i n e Con go T h e l o n S a v a Uss uri M u r ra y A r k a n sa s T h l e w i a z a A m u r T i s z a D n i p ro G o d a v a r i A lbany A ng ar a Neg r o K a l i x a e l v en A r g u n C o n c h os C h u r c h i l l V a a l P ar a n a ib a H u allaga F o rt e s cu e P u r us U rugu ay Y al o ng J i a ng C hu bu t H an Sh u i K a f ue Al a b a ma K a m a C h u l y m O non C u n e n e W u C ol o r a do S h u W is la P a r a n a G r i s a lv a K a sa i Ma r a n o n A m u D ar ya Ni z h n y a ya T u n g u s k a O d r a T oc an t in s Ba c k X i n g u C a u v e r y M a h a n adi Hu an g H e Le n a Ba nd am a W h i te Nile Com o e C ol ora d o Red P y a s in a F i tzr o y Vitim I n d ig i rka V o l ga O g o o u e Hon g shu i B en u e N e v a T o n e Bravo A n g e r ma n Magd a le na T ele s P ires C ol u m b i a A m u r O l e n e k In d u s N il e M i s s ou r i A t b ara N e m a n L e n a G ua p o r e L oi r e B him a S ei n e S ask atc h e w a n L ia r d E u p h ra tes S t e w a r t C o lu m b i a G a ng a K r i s h n a T r e n t M e k on g S ut l ej Z a m b e z i S h i r e C lut h a T e n n e ss e e C on go M a cke n zie A m u r C h e n a b Mississ ippi Beni Ni g er U r a l S eleng a O k a O e l f us a Do u r o P o L ule N ar m a d a G uadi a n a O ti C u a n z a Nels on O b M e t a E a s t m a i n Batan g Eb ro Nig er Ka z a n Kw ang o P e ace M e k o n g Y a qu i K i z i l i m a k Y u k o n O lekma U e l e Gh a gh a r a K ub a n E l b e Pr ut B r a h m a p u t r a S e n e g al I s h i m Brazo s B u g A l d a n Li m p o po D vin a R h in e K r i s hn a Fl i n d e r s E sse qu ib o Yan a U c aya li T az Bla ck Volta Athaba sca S ao Fra nci sco V o l g a Z e y a Web i Ju bb a D a nub e O r in o c o D o n O ub angu i T ig ri s R ed Cham b a l S a sk at c h e w a n Y ar ka nt D r av a K a m c h a t k a Y e ll ow s t o ne Z a mbezi G r a n d e R i v i e r e Cu a ndo L e n a H uang He H ong G a m b i a T i g ri s G r e a t Ru aha L a c h l a n Salado major river basin land area with minor or inactive river basins Sources: Basins selected, derived and adjusted by Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), Koblenz 2007, based on HYDRO1K by USGS; Mean river discharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1, Universities of Frankfurt/Main and Kassel 2007; Rivers and lakes by GRDC & WHYMAP 2007 Scale 1 : 120 000 000 Mean Annual Precipitation (1961 - 1990) River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge (1961 - 1990) Scale 1 : 120 000 000 Source: Gridded Precipitation Normals Data Set, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), Offenbach 2007 Scale 1 : 120 000 000 Sources: Gridded Population of the World (GPW), Version 3 Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University; United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO) & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) 2005 Scale 1 : 120 000 000 Sources: Mean groundwater recharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1, Universities of Frankfurt/Main & Kassel 2007; Population data based on GPW - Version 3, Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) 2005 Groundwater Recharge (1961 - 1990) per Capita (2000) Population Density (2000) Groundwater Resources of the World Legend Special groundwater features GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE WORLD 1 : 25 000 000 www.whymap.org selected wetland, mostly groundwater related Geography and Climate selected city country boundary boundary of continuous permafrost selected city, partly dependent on groundwater area of saline groundwater (> 5 g/l total dissolved solids (TDS)) natural groundwater discharge area in arid regions area of heavy groundwater abstraction with over-exploitation area of groundwater mining Surface water continuous ice sheet large freshwater lake large saltwater lake major river 180° 160° e. G. 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° w. G. Tropic of Cancer 80° 60° 20° Tropic of Capricorn 0° 20° Equator 40° 60° 80° OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN INDI AN OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC 40° Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle © BGR Hannover / UNESCO Paris 2008. All rights reserved. Printed by: Oeding Druck GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany Scale 1 : 25 000 000 80° 60° 40° 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Equator Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations or the WHYMAP Consortium concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map was derived and compiled from disparate sources of information. The WHYMAP Consortium gives no warranty, expressed or implied, to the quality or accuracy of the information supplied and accepts no liability whatsoever in respect of loss, damage, injury or other occurrences however caused. The data and information on this map are protected under the copyright of Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) and UNESCO. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever or stored in a retrieval system of any nature without the prior written permission of BGR and UNESCO. extracted from: World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP) Gulf of Guinea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Red Sea South China Sea East China Sea Yellow Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Bering Sea East Siberian Sea Laptev Sea Kara Sea Barents Sea Baltic North Sea Sea Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Baffin Bay Hudson Bay Bering Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea Scotia Sea Weddell Sea Tasman Sea Population in persons/km 2 0 5 25 250 1000 no data Caspian Sea country boundary Within the past decades the interest in groundwater has increased considerably due to water shortage problems on local, regional and even global levels. In order to support the sustainable management of groundwater resources, it is necessary to map, model and quantify the stored volume and the average annual replenishment, and to determine the chemical quality of groundwater. Therefore, the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP) was created in 1999 as a contribution to the world-wide efforts to improve the management of the earth's water resources including groundwater. WHYMAP is a joint programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR). It aims at collecting, compiling and visualising hydrogeological information at a global scale, to convey groundwater related information in an appropriate way for the global discussion on water issues and to give recognition to invisible underground water resources. WHYMAP brings together the huge efforts in hydrogeological mapping, at regional, national and continental levels. BGR, together with the partners above, is gradually building up a geographic information system (WHYMAP GIS) in which the groundwater data are managed and visualised. This Groundwater Resources Map of the World at the scale of 1 : 25 000 000 is a result of WHYMAP and combines the related data known or published so far. It shows various characteristic groundwater environments in their areal extent: blue colour is used for large and rather uniform groundwater basins (aquifers and aquifer systems usually in large sedimentary basins that may offer good conditions for groundwater exploitation), green colour areas have complex hydrogeological structure (with highly productive aquifers in heterogeneous folded or faulted regions in close vicinity to non-aquifers), and brown colour symbolises regions with limited groundwater resources in local and shallow aquifers. Within the three main hydrogeological units up to five different categories are defined according to their modelled recharge rates from over 300 mm to less than 2 mm per year. Dark colours (dark blue, green and brown) represent areas with very high recharge rates while light blue, green and brown colours outline regions with very low recharge potential. The latter category is vulnerable to groundwater mining. Groundwater recharge rates refer to the period 1961 - 1990 and are derived from simulations with the global hydrological model WaterGAP, version 2.1f, provided by the University of Frankfurt/Main, Germany (Doell et al., 2006). Aspects of hydrodynamic conditions are addressed by outlining areas of groundwater discharge in arid zones (e.g. endorheic basins or "chotts" and "sebkhas"). Groundwater resources frequently sustain important wetland ecosystems. Therefore, wetlands with a surface larger than 500 hectares which are supposed to be groundwater related have been abstracted from the existing data base listing wetlands according to the RAMSAR convention (www.wetlands.org/rsis). Rising demands from population growth and food production are calling for a closer look at the use of groundwater. Therefore, known areas of heavy groundwater abstraction prone to over-exploitation and areas of groundwater mining are mapped. Cities shown on the map (mostly those with a population estimated at more than 1 million inhabitants in 2005 according to the United Nations Department of Economics and Social Affairs) known to have at least 25 % of the total water consumption supplied by groundwater have been identified by a special symbol. Groundwater quality is an important issue for the use of groundwater such as drinking water supply and irrigated food production. Areas where salinity of groundwater regionally exceeds 5 g/l are highlighted by orange hatching. The global Groundwater Resources Map contains only selected information related to groundwater. For reasons of clarity and readability important complementary information has been deferred to a set of four insert maps at the scale of 1 : 120 000 000 (see left). These thematic maps highlight the issues of "Mean Annual Precipitation", "River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge", "Population Density" and "Groundwater Recharge per Capita". Comparison between the main Groundwater Resources Map and the four thematic small-scale maps should help to understand the global picture of groundwater and surface water resources and provide insight into their pressures, in particular the priority use for drinking purposes. Essential geographic differences are revealed over the globe in the distribution and amount of rainfall, the most important input factor for both, surface water flow and groundwater replenishment. The latter is mirrored in the main map by various colour shades. The rainfall map is based on data from the Global Precipitation and Climate Centre (GPCC) in Offenbach, Germany. To highlight the surface water situation, a map of major active water basins (surface water catchment areas) has been provided by the Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) in Koblenz, Germany. In addition, the surface water courses and lakes have been classified according to their mean annual discharge. This picture complements with the main map, particularly in the dry regions of the world, where no surface water is available but luckily some of the biggest aquifer systems are located. Population density also varies largely on earth and is a key factor for the broad variation of water demand on the continents. This information combined with the amount of groundwater recharge modelled by Doell et al. (2006) provides categories of mean annual groundwater recharge per capita. On this map, large countries have been subdivided into individual sub-regions or states, if this was appropriate or known, to highlight the regional variation. Further information will be provided in a corresponding explanatory booklet to be published soon. See also: www.whymap.org WHYMAP and the Groundwater Resources Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000 Groundwater resources and recharge (mm/year) in major groundwater basins in areas with complex hydrogeological structure in areas with local and shallow aquifers very high high medium low very low 0 2 20 100 300 60° 180° 150° e.G. 60° 30° 0° 120° 30° 60° 120° 150° w.G. 180° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 60° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 60° 90° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 30° 0° 30° 30° 60° 0° 30° 60° 150° w.G. 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° e.G. 180° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 180° 150° e.G. 120° 90° 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 60° 30° 30° 0° 60° Precipitation in mm/year 0 10 50 100 200 1000 500 2500 no data no data Groundwater recharge in m 3 /person/year (aggregated for countries or subnational units) 0 250 500 1000 1500 10000 3000 Lake Eyre Balonne Digul M a h a ka m Su n g a i The WHYMAP initiative has been supported by the IHP Council within the framework of the IHP VI programme (2002-2007). Topographic base map CGMW / UNESCO (2000): UN (2006): ESRI (2006): NASA / USGS (2006): GRDC (2007): Geological Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000, 2nd edition Cartographic Data Data & Maps Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM30) Rivers & Lakes Under the auspices of UNESCO / IHP UNESCO / IGCP BGR CGMW IAEA IAH Andras Szöllösi-Nagy and Alice Aureli Robert Missotten Hans-Joachim Kümpel and Wilhelm Struckmeier Jean-Paul Cadet and Philippe Rossi Pradeep Aggarwal and Andy Garner Stephen Foster and Jiri Krasny Prepared by Wilhelm Struckmeier and Andrea Richts (Chief Editors), Ian Acworth, Giuseppe Arduino, Emilia Bocanegra, Philip Commander, William Cunningham, Petra Döll, Abdallah Droubi, Nelson da Franca, Wilfried Gilbrich, Jan Girman, Jac van der Gun, Jean Margat, Dominique Poitrinal, Shaminder Puri, Alfonso Rivera, Mohamed Safar-Zitoun, Slavek Vasak, Jaroslav Vrba, Peter Winter, Markus Zaepke, Han Zaisheng and Igor Zektser modified by BGR (2007/2008) Map projection Robinson projection, longitude of central meridian 11°E, spheroid WGS84, geographic coordinates Cartographical editing / GIS BGR Uta Philipp, Andrea Richts 60° Mean river discharge in km 3 /year 0-5 5 - 10 10 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 500 500 - 800 800 - 1200 1200 - 2000 2000 - 3000 > 3000