Groundwater Impact Project: Groundwater Impact Project: Monitoring for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Monitoring for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from a Wastewater Lagoon Care Products from a Wastewater Lagoon and Land Application Site and Land Application Site by by Tressa Nicholas Tressa Nicholas DEQ Wastewater Analyst DEQ Wastewater Analyst Engineering Thesis Study Engineering Thesis Study
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Groundwater Impact Project:Groundwater Impact Project:Monitoring for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Monitoring for Pharmaceuticals and Personal
Care Products from a Wastewater Lagoon Care Products from a Wastewater Lagoon and Land Application Siteand Land Application Site
by by Tressa NicholasTressa Nicholas
DEQ Wastewater AnalystDEQ Wastewater AnalystEngineering Thesis StudyEngineering Thesis Study
OverviewOverview
Ø Quick Background l How pharmaceuticals get into our
environment l The concernsl The concerns
Ø Review project investigating pharmaceuticals from a wastewater treatment site.
Contaminants of ConcernContaminants of ConcernØØ Trace chemicals are found in waters Trace chemicals are found in waters
around the world.around the world.ØØ Insufficient data on 87,000 chemicals.Insufficient data on 87,000 chemicals.ØØ 2000 new chemicals introduced yearly.2000 new chemicals introduced yearly.ØØ 2000 new chemicals introduced yearly.2000 new chemicals introduced yearly.
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)Products (PPCPs)
ØØ Products used by individuals for health or cosmetic reasons Products used by individuals for health or cosmetic reasons ØØ Prescription and over the counter medicines, shampoos, Prescription and over the counter medicines, shampoos,
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care ProductsCare Products (PPCPs)(PPCPs)
are introduced to the environment when:are introduced to the environment when:
ØØ Pass out of the body.Pass out of the body.ØØ Washed off the body.Washed off the body.ØØ Washed off the body.Washed off the body.ØØ Placed in the trash. Placed in the trash. ØØ Drugs are flushed down the toilet.Drugs are flushed down the toilet.
Pathways for PPCPs residuesPathways for PPCPs residuesPharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products: medicines, soaps, fragrances, sunscreens, shampoos
Excretion or disposal(Hospital effluent)
Excretion(private household)
Solid waste disposal(unused medicine)
Wastewater collection system Waste disposal siteWastewater collection system Waste disposal site
Sewage Treatment
Surface Water
Sewage Sludge
Drinking Water
Ground Water
Soil
Sewage systems are not Sewage systems are not equipped for PPCP removalequipped for PPCP removal
Picture of one of fourteen New York City Picture of one of fourteen New York City Wastewater Treatment FacilitiesWastewater Treatment Facilities
ConcernConcern
Ø How does a drug optimized for a human target act on other species?
Example: Serotonin re-uptake inhibitors i.e. Prozac, Zoloft, Luvox, and Paxil.
Ø Similar targets could govern different processes in different species.
Ø Clams: regulates reproductive processes.
PPCP ProjectPPCP ProjectØØ Could a small community in Idaho that Could a small community in Idaho that
uses wastewater lagoons be producing uses wastewater lagoons be producing measurable PPCP’s in its sewage? measurable PPCP’s in its sewage?
ØØ And if so, could the PPCP’s be getting And if so, could the PPCP’s be getting ØØ And if so, could the PPCP’s be getting And if so, could the PPCP’s be getting into the groundwater?into the groundwater?
What is a Facultative Lagoon?What is a Facultative Lagoon?
ØØ A pond that holds wastewater.A pond that holds wastewater.ØØ Frequently used in small communities.Frequently used in small communities.ØØ More than 7000 in use in the United States .More than 7000 in use in the United States .
Facultative LagoonsFacultative Lagoons
ØØ Wastewater is treated via physical, biological, Wastewater is treated via physical, biological, and chemical processes. and chemical processes.
Facultative lagoon treatment of PPCP’s?
Drinking water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
River
ØØ Series of treatment Series of treatment lagoons lagoons
ØØ Land application to Land application to 260 acres. 260 acres.
Project SiteProject Site
Lagoons
260 acres. 260 acres.
ØØ Site permitted since Site permitted since 1989.1989.Land
Application Site
LagoonsLagoons
ØØ 9 lagoons 9 lagoons collect, treat and collect, treat and store wastewater.store wastewater.
ØØ Lagoons leak or Lagoons leak or
1
6
3
24
5
Lagoons leak or Lagoons leak or seep.seep.
98
7
ØØ Can water from the lagoon be reaching Can water from the lagoon be reaching groundwater wells? groundwater wells?
Groundwater Flow is South to SoutheastGroundwater Flow is South to Southeast
ØØ Lagoons constructed after April 21, 2007 Lagoons constructed after April 21, 2007 must leak less than must leak less than 1/8 inch per day 1/8 inch per day (3400 gallons per acre per day).(3400 gallons per acre per day).
ØØ Existing lagoons constructed before that Existing lagoons constructed before that date may leak up to date may leak up to 1/4 inch per day 1/4 inch per day (6800 gallons per acre per day). (6800 gallons per acre per day).
Lagoon SeepageLagoon Seepage
3
4
5
2 1
6
Ø This system leaks approximately 250 Million Gallons.
7
8 9
Ø Meets state requirements.
ØØ Are pharmaceuticals (PPCPs) traveling Are pharmaceuticals (PPCPs) traveling with the water that is seeping?with the water that is seeping?
Ø Rainbow Trout: Very low doses changed oxidative metabolism in liver cells.
Gagné, F., C. Blaise and C. André. 2006. Occurrence of pharmaceutical products in a municipal effluent and toxicity to Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 43(3): 329–336.
Lagoon SeepageLagoon Seepage
lagoon lagoon lagoon lagoon
Perched aquiferPerched aquifer
Sulfamethoxazole found in lagoons, shallow well, and deeper wells with carbamazepine
Sulfamethoxazole
Flow direction Flow direction
Confining “leaky” layer rock
Regional AquiferRegional Aquifer
020406080
100120140160180
1
ng/L
Date
Headworks
Pond 8
MW2
Sample 11 500 ft well
Sample 12 300 ft well
First lagoon First lagoon Storage lagoon Storage lagoon SewerSewer
Ø Rainbow Trout: Estrogenic compounds may be more potent and may create issues with liver cell stress and viability. Its suspected of creating increase female/male ratios, sexual immaturity and intersex issues.
ØØ GagnéGagné, F., C. , F., C. BlaiseBlaise and C. André. 2006. and C. André. 2006. Occurrence of pharmaceutical Occurrence of pharmaceutical products in a municipal effluent and toxicity to Rainbow trout (products in a municipal effluent and toxicity to Rainbow trout (OncorhynchusOncorhynchusmykissmykiss) ) hepatocyteshepatocytes. . EcotoxicologyEcotoxicology and Environmental Safetyand Environmental Safety 43(3): 32943(3): 329––336.336.
ØØ In Idaho 60% of municipal solids are reclaimed In Idaho 60% of municipal solids are reclaimed by land applicationby land application
BiosolidsBiosolids USGS StudyUSGS Study§ 55 of 87 chemicals were detected in at least one of the samples collected, (45 chemicals found in a single sample).
§25 of 87 chemicals were found in every sample. This includes: an antimicrobial disinfectant (triclosan), a musk fragrance (tonalide), an antihistamine (diphenhydramine), and an antiepileptic drug (carbamazepine).
ØØ Kinney, Furlong., 2006, Kinney, Furlong., 2006, Survey of organic wastewater contaminants in Survey of organic wastewater contaminants in biosolidsbiosolids destined for destined for land applicationland application: Environ Science and : Environ Science and TechnTechn, v. 40, no. 23, p. 7207, v. 40, no. 23, p. 7207--7215, 7215, doi:10.1021/es0603406.doi:10.1021/es0603406.
§The biosolids were more similar than different.§ Produced by a variety of treatment processes. § Served vastly different sized cities and towns.§ The types of contaminants and their relation to each other did not vary greatly between the biosolids tested.
ØØ Victor Hugo wrote in his book Les Victor Hugo wrote in his book Les MiserablesMiserables, , ØØ “…the history of men is reflected in the “…the history of men is reflected in the
history of sewers…history of sewers…
WastewaterWastewater
ØØ In 2004, 2.6 billion people in In 2004, 2.6 billion people in the world did not have basic the world did not have basic sanitation. Wastewater sanitation. Wastewater treatment often doesn’t treatment often doesn’t happen.happen.
The World’s WastewaterThe World’s Wastewater
ØØ In the Northeast Pacific 98 % In the Northeast Pacific 98 % of domestic wastewater is of domestic wastewater is discharged without treatment discharged without treatment
ØØ In the In the CarribbeanCarribbean 90 % is 90 % is discharged without treatment discharged without treatment
ØØ Picture Source: UNEP, David Tapia Munoz, Picture Source: UNEP, David Tapia Munoz, TophamTopham PicturepointPicturepoint
Wastewater ReuseWastewater Reuse
ØØ Eliminates the need for Eliminates the need for discharge to discharge to surface water.surface water.Can Can be the primary source of irrigation be the primary source of irrigation ØØ Can Can be the primary source of irrigation be the primary source of irrigation water for nutrient utilization water for nutrient utilization by cropsby crops
Wastewater ReuseWastewater ReuseCan Can be a source of aquifer recharge.be a source of aquifer recharge.
Global Sustainability, Reuse and Global Sustainability, Reuse and Recycling of Wastewater and Recycling of Wastewater and BiosolidsBiosolids
ØØ Population and density Population and density create water challengescreate water challenges•• Affordable and SustainableAffordable and Sustainable SocietySociety
EconomyEconomy
ØØ Water quality goals need to Water quality goals need to be health based be health based ll Detection ≠ safe Detection ≠ safe ll NonNon-- detect ≠ riskdetect ≠ risk
EnvironmentEnvironment
Risk = Toxicity x ExposureRisk = Toxicity x ExposureThere are no systematic studies demonstrating that much lower than therapeutic doses will cause direct harm in exposed humans, however:
Ø Hypersensitivity
Ø Indirect health effects (i.e. antibiotic resistance)
Ø Incomplete data for reliable benchmarks for chronic low dose exposure
Ø Multiple chemical low dose exposure
Ø Indirect effects from harm to other species in the environment
An early water regulation:
“No one shall with malice pollute the waters where they issue publicly.
Should anyone pollute them, Should anyone pollute them, his fine
shall be ten thousand sesterti.”
(approx. $600)Source: Sextus Julian Frontinus, Water Commissioner of the City of Rome, 97 CE
ThoughtsThoughtsØ 100% probability of chronic low dose exposure over
your lifetime, to a mixture of chemicals that are unknown endocrine disruptors.
Ø Unknown Effectsl From the organism to the population.l From acute to chronic exposure.l To understanding of the processes and consequences of system
disruption.From single chemical to multi-chemical exposure and dose l From single chemical to multi-chemical exposure and dose understanding.
Ø Mitigation: Probability + Impact • Can you reduce the impact of Drugs (endocrine disruptors) or
carcinogens?• Can you reduce the probability of exposure?
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care ProductsCare Products (PPCPs)(PPCPs)
are introduced to the environment when:are introduced to the environment when:
ØØ Pass out of the body.Pass out of the body.ØØ Washed off the body.Washed off the body.ØØ Washed off the body.Washed off the body.ØØ Placed in the trash. Placed in the trash. ØØ Drugs are flushed down the toilet.Drugs are flushed down the toilet.
PPCP Project SummaryPPCP Project Summary
Ø Don’t Flush Drugs Down the Toilet!
Chemicals change us. Chemicals change us.
a dash of a dash of triclosantriclosan,… ,… a pinch of a pinch of caffeine,.. caffeine,.. mix in some mix in some antianti--depressants,depressants,depressants,depressants,….a little ….a little
fire fire retardant….retardant….only a bit of only a bit of atrazineatrazine……and and estrogens estrogens and…..and…..