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Grounded(Theory(In(20(minutes*(For(my(fellow(PhD(students.(
www.researchgames.org.uk.
@Be1yAdamou.@RTG_Ltd.
Be1y.Adamou,..PhD.Student,.University.of.LIFE.yo..
*Depends.on.how.fast.you.read.*Depends.on.if.you.feel.the.need.to.stop.and.laugh,.or.check.your.Facebook...By.Be1y.Adamou.Someone.who.had.to.read.a.lot.and.cry.over.papers.about.Grounded.Theory..before.being.able.to.make.this.simplified.guide.!
Includes(real(talk!(
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Right now, when someone says “Grounded Theory”, you feel like this.
It’s ok. We know. We’re here to help.
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• It.is.the.skeleton.–.the.process.and.infrastructure.by.which.data.can.be.gathered.and.analyzed..
• Because.of.this,.the.Grounded.Theory.method.offers.a.number.of.techniques.to.operaPonalize.exploraPon.to.reach.an.internally.valid.conceptualizaPon..
What.is.Grounded.Theory?.
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Basically,.Grounded.Theory..(or.GT).is.a.really.flexible.and.
exploratory.method.of.gathering.data.to.build.theory..
Ok, repeat that, in English pls.
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Actually,.it.was.2.people...Glaser.and.Strauss...
(we.don’t.know.who.the.woman.with.the.pearls.is)...
The.method.was.created.40.years.ago.and.gained.
popularity.in.recent.years.due.to.it’s.flexibility,.and.in.part.due.to.the.widening.variePes.of.ways.in.which.people.can.
collect.data.(i.e..through.social.media.)..
What.crazy.person.created.GT?.
Guess(whi
ch(
one(is(whi
ch!(
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Sooo…why.would.anyone.use.Grounded.Theory?.
To build theory where none exists already, Daniel-san...
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And$your$theory$should$explain$something.$
Some$universal$truth$no7one$$knew$before.$
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People.also.use.GT.because.of.the.opportuniPes.it.offers:.
.1. Flexibility.–.it.is.not.a.single.method..2. UPlize.&.integrate.GT.with.other.
research.methods..3. GT.allows.for.quant.&.qual.data.(we.said.
that.already)..4. CreaPve.opportuniPes.in.your.research.–.
consider.that.‘all.data.is.data’..Like.forms.of.expression,.painPngs,.photographs.and.drawings.(virtual.or.real)..
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FYI.Grounded.Theory.is.NOT.for..
tesPng.exisPng.theorePcal.frameworks...
It’s$all$about$the$$GENERATION$of$theory.$
Not$the.verificaPon.of.exis)ng.theory..So(repeat(aAer(me(3(Cmes:(GeneraCon(not(verificaCon.((GeneraCon(not(verificaCon.((GeneraCon(not(verificaCon.(
(Ok.(I(think(you(got(it.(
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Neither...And.DON’T.listen.to.the.crazy.people.that.tell.you.it’s.Qual...
IT.IS.NOT..Ok?.It.is.a.general.method.that.can.
INCLUDE.qualitaPve.&.quanPtaPve.methods.of.research.and.data.gathering..
So like, what methodology is Grounded Theory? Qual or Quant, yo?
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So what data CAN I use in GT dawg?
Secondary data
Primary data
Interviews(Focus(groups(
Web(surveys(
Journals(
Archival((data(
Reports(
Etc.((you(get(the(gist)(
Etc.((you(get(the(gist)(
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THEORY.
So.in.essence:.
GROUNDED.THEORY.HELPS.BUILD.THEORY.GT.is.the.foundaPon.that.you.can.use.to.help.build.a.theorePcal.framework..
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Ok,.so.in.order.to.build.theory..about.anything,.you.have.to.understand.it.first,.right?.
Yeah(but,(HOoooW%does%it%help%build%theory%bro??%
(this.is.where.you.say.“right”).
Right..So.in.order.to.deepen.your.understanding,.you.can,.and.
absolutely.should….
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LISTEN.TO.AND.READ..AS$MUCH$AS$POSSIBLE$$
of.literature.that.relates.to.your.field..Listen.to.the.experts..
Read.the.relevant.books,.arPcles,.journals.etc..
You.can.also…..
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j Interview.peeps..Like,.experts.in.your.field..Or.people.who.have.had.relevant.experiences.relaPng.to.your.field..
j Absorb.juicy.and.useful.secondary.data.
j Carry.out.your.own.primary.research,..qualitaPve.or.quanPtaPve,.or.both..
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OMG, so I can like
Can I basically do anything and carry out my research exactly the way i want to?
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Not exactly.
You must FOCUS
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You$can’t$be$all$like$on$Facebook$all$day,$wai4ng$for$someone$to$update$their$status$with$something$of$relevance$to$your$research,$and$then$call$that$‘Grounded$Theory’$explora4on.$
That shit is not gonna fly.
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And$you$can’t$research$something$completely$irrelevant$and$try$and$shoeChorning$it$into$your$research.$$
If it’s a square hole, you will need a
square peg. !
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YOU CAN do some pretty cool things in your Grounded Theory method. You can use: $• Ethnography$• Netnography$• Social$media$research$(structured!)$$• Observa4ons$through$video$• Conduct$‘mini’$experiments$• Research$through$using$EEG$headsets$and$measuring$brain$
waves.$
“You.must.be.prepared.to.embrace.a..rich.and.diverse.sources.of.data..
to.build.your.theory”.
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Holy shit. That’s a lot of options. .Yeah,.it.is...But.you.go1a.figure.out.what’s.going.to.work.for.YOU.and.for.the.OUTCOME.you.want...For.instance,.conducPng.interviews.might.not.be.relevant.to.you.if.you’re.developing.theory.about.how.winning.racejhorses.respond.to.fame..Unless.you.can.speak.horse.#Horsewhisperer.......
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And.like,.while.sPcking.nodes.on.people’s.heads..to.measure.brain.waves..
IS.pre1y.cool.and.awesome,..it’s.also.pre1y.expensive,.and.Pme.consuming...
So.you.go1a.think.about.those.logisPcal.things.too...
OTHERWISE YOU WILL BE BROKE AND NEVER FINISH YOUR PHD.
EVER.
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USED LOTS OF IRRELEVANT RESEARCH
NEVER GOT TO BUILD MY THEORY.
Do(not(be(like(this(guy(
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Even$if$the$research$methods$$you$use$are$$
ALL$DIFFERENT$in$order$to$build$your$theory,$$
try$to$make$them$$complimentary$and$$
of$relevance$to$your$field,$to$$deepen$your$understanding...
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..so when the data is combined, and through your development, it can all produce
CONCEPTS for AWESOME THEORETICAL FLAVOUR. Like how Peanut Butter and Jam works.
RESEARCH METHODS = DIFFERENT BUT COMPLIMENTARY
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Let me break GT down for you one time:
1. You(gather(data(through(research(2. You(analyse(that(data(throughout(
your(research(process(through(constant(comparisons(and((develop(concepts.(
3. The(you(go(BUILD(THAT(THEORY(gurl.(
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So…$How$do$I$analyze$my$data$and$make$those$
constant$comparisons?$Well,$you$can$use$‘internal$senseCmaking$techniques’$such$as$memo’s$of$things$you’ve$developed$in$YOUR$OWN$MIND$from$conversa4ons$you’ve$had,$or$things$you’ve$read$
$(again,$of$relevance$to$your$field$of$research).$$They$can$be$notes,$diagrams,$mind$maps$etc.$
You$need$to$constantly$link$your$research,$try$and$find$connec4ons.$
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Example. Talk to me
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=SHIT TON OF DATA
Interviewing experts in your field (qual)
Online surveys for participants (quant)
Focus groups with participants
(qual)
OK.(So(let’s(say(you(decide(to(use(a(TRIANGULATED(APPROACH(to((your(research,(ok?((
Let’s(say(you(go(for:(
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But$remember:$While(you’re(doing(all(that(awesome(experimentaCon(and(research,(you(should(be(READING(all(the(appropriate(literature(in(your(field(to(compare(what(you’re(learning(through(your(research,((to(what’s(already(out(there.(((You(should(also(be(WRITING(a(lot(about(what(you’re(learning.(Like(we(said(before,(mind^maps,(diagrams(etc.(You(should(KEEP(A(DIARY.(It(will(come(in(handy.(Trust(me.(
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So(anyway,(like(we(said,(you’ll(end(up(with(a(SHIT(TON(OF(DATA.(With(all(the(data(you(collect,(you(need(to(do(something(really(complex^sounding(
called(AXIAL$CODING$to$make$sense$of$all$the$data.$
=SHIT TON OF DATA
Interviewing experts in your field (qual)
Online surveys for participants (quant)
Focus groups with participants
(qual)
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IN GEEK SPEAK, AXIAL CODING IS:
“The!disaggrega,on!of!core!themes!during!qualita,ve!data!analysis.!!
Axial!coding!in!Grounded!Theory!is!the!process!of!rela,ng!codes!(categories!and!concepts)!to!each!other,!via!a!combina,on!
of!induc,ve!and!deduc,ve!thinking.”!
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IN NORMAL SPEAK, THIS MEANS:
=SHIT TON OF DATA
Interviewing experts in your field (qual)
Online surveys for participants (quant)
Focus groups with participants
(qual)
FINDING(
THEMES(&
(
PATTERNS
(IN(
YOUR(DA
TA!(
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So let’s say in your data, you have been able to identify several themes which
allow you to develop categories of data. Like!let’s!say!your!par,cipants!completed!your!survey,!and!responded!to!you!about!a!piece!of!music!you!were!tes,ng,!for!whatever!crazy!reason!that!related!to!your!research.!And!let’s!say!that!some!people…!!1. Hated!the!music!(it!made!them!feel!upset)!2. Loved!the!music!(it!made!them!feel!calm)!3. Got!up!and!danced!to!the!music!(it!made!them!feel!happy)!4. LeM!the!room.!!
These!are!FOUR!CATEGORIES!of!responses;!four!categories!of!data.!
From(the(categories(you(idenCfy(in(your(data,(you(can(build((
CONCEPTS(
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CONCEPTS are like juicy apples you can collect to keep your
Theory-building healthy.
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“But how do I go from categories in my data, to developing concepts?”
Good question. We’re so
glad you asked.
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YOU HAVE TO KEEP ASKING HOW & WHY.
Did they hate the piece of music? How? Why?
Did the race horse enjoy fame? How? Why?
Did my game engage people? How? Why?
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Knowing the answers to these questions will deepen your
understanding And(the(more(you(dig(deep(and(explore,(the(concepts(will(emerge(in(your(mind.((
And(the(more(you’ll((break(through(the(glass(ceiling(of(your(
pre^exisCng(knowledge.(
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BUT BE WARNED: A$lot$of$peeps$think$they’re$using$$
Grounded$Theory,$$when$they$actually$AREN’T.$
So$here’s$how$you$know$when$you$HAVEN’T$used$GT:$
$
1. If$you$haven’t$developed$theory$from$data$through$constant$comparisons$
2. If$you$haven’t$followed$a$theore4cal$sampling$strategy$
3. If$you$haven’t$used$some$form$of$data$coding.$4. You$can$feel$it$in$your$heart.$$$
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THEORY Once.you’ve.gone.through.these.processes.
you.shall.have.your.
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AND you will have
expanded your mind.
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Ok now we know you’re so happy you wanna cry. Hold the tears. Go forth and research. Good luck.
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But don’t be smug about it.
Spread the knowledge!
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That(was(Grounded(Theory(In(20(minutes*(For(my(fellow(PhD(students.(
www.researchgames.org.uk.
@Be1yAdamou.@RTG_Ltd.
PhD.Student,.University.of.LIFE.yo..
*If.it.wasn’t.20.minutes.then.that’s.ok,.you.learned.something,..By.Be1y.Adamou.Any.copyright.infringement.was.totally.NOT.intended..All.images.used.are.used.for..humorous.purposes,.for.educaPon..
Find(me(on((Twiaer!(