Grounded In The Present, Aware Of The Past, And Looking To The Future This pose helps develop a sense of determination and perseverance. Being a true warrior rarely if ever means displaying aggression openly or proclaiming your strength by proving others weaker. This is the trust of a warrior, the ability to release the need to control in order to Virabhadrasana II Warrior II
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Grounded In The Present, Aware Of The Past, And Looking To The Future This pose helps develop a sense of determination and perseverance. Being a true warrior.
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Grounded In The Present, Aware Of The Past, And Looking To The Future
This pose helps develop a sense of determination and perseverance. Being a true warrior rarely if
ever means displaying aggression openly or proclaiming your strength by proving others
weaker. This is the trust of a warrior, the ability to release
the need to control in order to create openness and authenticity.
Virabhadrasana II
Warrior II
University of Edinburgh College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine
Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1726 on models established at the University of Padua in the 16th century
boost the economy of the city by attracting foreign students rather than send Scots to the continent
in 1720, Alexander Monro appointed Chair in Anatomy. 3 generations of Monro’s continued for 128 years
In 1726, 4 additional chairs added to new Faculty of Medicine
200 Bed Royal Infirmary in 1738
http://www.mvm.ed.ac.uk/history/note4.htm
Early Medical Education in US
1st medical school in the colonies was founded in 1765 at the University of Pennsylvania, then known as College of Philadelphia, by Dr. John Morgan, a graduate of Edinburgh.
With Edinburgh as their model, they built the school within institution of higher learning
With their experience in London, they emphasized the need to have bedside teaching at Pennsylvania Hospital founded by Ben Franklin and chartered in 1751http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/gallery/artifacts/
Request To Admit Bearer Signed By Ben Franklin in 1753
Early Curriculum Medical education included formal
lectures for a semester or two and several years of apprenticeship.
The first lectures were in anatomy and the theory and practice of “physik”
There was no formal tuition, no prerequisite academic preparation, and written exams were not mandatory
Harvard Started Lectures in 1782
The 1st professors included John Warren of anatomy and surgery, Benjamin Waterhouse of the theory and practice of physic, and Aaron Dexter of chemistry and materia medica
In 1809 John Warren's son, John Collins, Warren John Gorham and James Jackson joined the faculty
In 1904, AMA created the Council on Medical Education (CME) to promote restructuring of US medical education.
CME outlined its 2 major reform initiatives: standardization of preliminary education
requirements “ideal” medical curriculum consisting of 2 years of
training in laboratory sciences followed by 2 years of clinical rotations
Abraham Flexner, a pioneer of active, learner-centered education, hired by Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004
Flexner’s Approach to Evaluating Medical Education
Reform had been promoted as means to status
The business ethic that governed profit-seeking medical schools was incompatible with values necessary for a socially useful medical education.
Flexner’s unique contribution was to promote educational reform as a public health measure. “The overwhelming importance of preventive medicine, sanitation, and public health indicates that in modern life the medical profession is an organ differentiated by society for its highest
purposes, not a business to be exploited.”Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004
requirements, size and training of faculty, endowment and tuition, quality of laboratories, and availability of a teaching hospital
Flexner’s unique contribution was to promote educational reform as a public health measure
State government is proper instrument for regulating medical education, because social welfare is inextricably linked to the quality of the nation’s physicians
State licensing boards began to force schools to implement heightened admission standards and stricter curriculum requirements according to CME guidelines
Beck AH, The Flexner Report and the Standardization of American Medical Education. JAMA, 291:2139-2140, 2004