Top Banner
Gross Anatomy Background Review
52

Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Jan 12, 2016

Download

Documents

Felicia Newton
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Gross Anatomy

Background Review

Page 2: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Anatomical Position, terminology

• Nomina Anatomica (Latin) – Normal anatomical position– upright, arms at side, forearm + hand supine 

Page 3: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 4: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Planes• imaginary lines separating the body at different

angles • 1. Median - longitudinal - separates left and right

(hit surface at anterior, posterior median lines) • 2. Coronal also referred as Frontal - vertical,

right angle to median - separate anterior and post (front, back)

• 3. Horizontal - (often = transverse, not always) - separate superior & inferior (upper /lower)(transverse of hand is horizontal but the foot is coronal)

• 4. Sagittal - vertical off-center, parallel to median (include midsagittal & parasagittal)

Page 5: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 6: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Sections / slices

• 1. Longitudinal – lengthwise through body or an appendage (direction

of its long axis) – can be in median, coronal or sagittal planes

• 2. Vertical - same as longitudinal but referring to body in anatomical position

• 3. Transverse - cross sections - at right angles to long axis (often horizontal)

• 4. Oblique - slanted, at an angle, not in longitudinal or transverse

Page 7: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Relational terms

• to localize different structures on the body in anatomical position– 1. Anterior = ventral - toward front (chest, palms, soles); also =

rostral in brain – 2. Posterior = dorsal - toward back (dorsum) – 3. Superior = cranial = cephalic - toward head– 4. Inferior = caudal - below, toward feet (tail)– 5. Medial - toward midline or median plane – 6. Lateral - toward side, away from median (little toe = lateral;

little finger = *medial) – 7. Intermediate - between 2 structures – 8. visceral – 9. parietal

Page 8: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Relative / Comparison

• Terms to describe relative positions of & to compare 2 structures – 1. Proximal - nearer trunk or point of origin – 2. Distal - farther from trunk or point of origin – 3. Superficial - to surface – 4. Deep - away from surface– 5. External - toward exterior, especially of an organ – 6. Internal - to the interior of an organ or inner surface – 7. Ipsilateral - same side of body – 8. Contralateral - opposite side ( Right vs.  Left ) – 9. Central - near or towards the center – 10. Peripheral - father, away from the center

Page 9: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Movements - of body parts

• 1. Abduction - away from midline• 2. Adduction - toward midline • 3. Flexion - bend - decrease angle of a joint • 4. Extension - straighten - increase angle of a

joint (hyperextension = beyond straight point) • 5. Lateral rotation - rotate outward (e.g. leg) • 6. Medial rotation - rotate inward • 7. Circumduction - circular motion (involves 1-4) • 8. Inversion - sole of foot toward median plane

Page 10: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 11: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 12: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Movements - of body parts

• 9. Eversion - sole of foot laterally - outward to side • 10. Pronation - rotate hand so palm faces posterior • 11. Supination - rotate hand so palm is anterior • 12. Protrusion - move anteriorly - stick out (e.g. chin) • 13. Retraction / Retrusion - move posteriorly - pull, tuck

in (shoulders, chin) • 14. Elevation - lifting • 15. Depression - lowering to a more inferior position • 16. Opposition - move thumb towards the other digits • 17. Reposition - move thumb away from other digits

Page 13: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 14: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 15: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 16: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 17: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Systems

• 1. Integumentary - skin + accessory structures

• 2. Skeletal - bones, cartilages • 3. Articular - joints (+ bones, ligaments at

each) • 4. Muscular - muscles (part of

musculoskeletal) • 5. Nervous - brain, spinal cord, nerves • 6. Circulatory - vascular - heart + arteries,

veins, capillaries + lymphatic (nodes, vessels)

Page 18: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Systems

• 7. Respiratory - lungs, diaphragm, airways • 8. Digestive - alimentary canal (mouth to anus) +

accessory organs (liver, pancreas etc) • 9. Renal / Urinary - kidneys, bladder, excretory

tubule system • 10. Endocrine - endocrine glands (pituitary,

hypothalamus, adrenals, reproductive glands) • 11. Reproductive - ovaries or testes (a.k.a.

urogenital system, esp. in males)

Page 19: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Muscular System

• function in movement, support (posture), heat generation

Page 20: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Skeletal Muscle

• 1. striated, voluntary • 2. moves bones, skin (facial muscles) - typically, origin &

insertion are attached across a joint – - most are under our control, although many movements are

reflexes - eg stretch reflex • 3. attachments:

– each has an Origin = proximal attachment & Insertion = distal attachment

• 4. structure: a. muscle fiber = muscle cell = structural unitb. motor unit = one motor neuron + all muscle

fibers under its control– size varies inversely with precision, delicacy of control

Page 21: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Skeletal muscle

• 5. movements: a. agonists = prime movers - carry out the main movement

• b. antagonists - oppose action of agonists - relax as agonist contracts for smooth movement

• c. synergists - complement/ work with/ support prime movers - especially to support the joint

• d. fixators - steady proximal part of limb while distal part is moved (e.g. forearm vs. hand)

Page 22: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Smooth muscle

• 1. non-striated, involuntary - controlled by ANS

• 2. propels foodstuffs thru alimentary canal; blood thru vessels a. undergoes peristalsis - rhythmic waves of contraction

• b. maintains a constant level of tone (esp. important in vasculature)

Page 23: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Cardiac muscle

• 1. striated, but involuntary - spontaneous excitation; under control of ANS

• 2. pumps blood through heart

Page 24: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Nervous System

• Major Functions of the Nervous System• 1. Sensory - many receptor types in body sense,

detect changes in body or surroundings • 2. Integration - of information received thru

sensory system to arrive at a proper response • 3. Motor - nerve impulses trigger responses by

the body’s effectors = muscles, glands etc

Page 25: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Nervous System

• Divisions

• 1. CNS = the brain & spinal cord - nerves do NOT regenerate after injury

• 2. PNS = peripheral nerves that communicate between the CNS and the rest of the body- nerves MAY regenerate after injury

Page 26: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 27: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Structures

• 1. Neurons = the functional cells of the NS - transmit electrical impulsesa. dendrites = receptive processes; receive impulses from receptors & other neuronsb. axon = single transmitting process, sends impulse to other neurons or to effectors- myelin sheath - insulates axon - speeds transmission- nodes of Ranvier - spaces between sections of myelin

Page 28: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 29: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Structures

• 2. Neuroglial cells– a. supportive accessory cells - insulate, connect

neurons, attach neurons with surrounding tissue– b. provide nutritive support - to provide energy,

provide central nervous system with blood

• 3. Types of Neurons - Classified by Function: – a. Motor– b. Sensory – c. Interneurons

depends on how information flows

Page 30: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 31: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Basic terminology

• 1. Nucleus - a group of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS

• 2. Ganglion (ganglia, pl) - group of cell bodies outside the CNS

• 3. Nerve - collection of axons (fibers) in PNS ; fasciculus - a bundle of nerves- plexus = network of nerves in one area

• 4. Tract - bundle of axons/fibers in the CNS • 5. Gray matter - concentrations of cell bodies in CNS,

e.g.. cerebral cortex • 6. White matter - axons, processes in the CNS

Page 32: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Connective tissue meninges

• 1. CNS = meninges: – connective tissue surround, protect the nervous sytem – a. pia mater - immediately next to the nervous tissue– b. arachnoid - middle layer– the 2 inner layers, leptomeninges, thin & delicate– c. dura mater - outermost meninges, thicker & very

tough – d. cerebrospinal fluid fills space between arachnoid

and pia mater

Page 33: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 34: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

PNS

• a. endoneurium: thin collagenous layer, immediately surrounds a myelinated n fiber

• b. perineurium: CT covering surrounding a fascicle of nerve fibers

• c. epineurium: thick CT layer surrounding many fascicles wh make up a nerve trunk

• * the 3 CNS meningial layers are continuous with the CT layers around PNS nerves

Page 35: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 36: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

The Peripheral Nervous System

• 1. Cranial nerves: 12 pair transmit from brain to head, neck, trunk (mixed, motor & sensory, more in Neuro)

• 2. Spinal nerves: 31 pair communicate btw spinal cord & neck, trunk, arms, legs (mixed) – a. Dorsal roots - sensory/afferent fibers into cord, dorsal root

ganglia contain cell bodies of sensory neurons – b. Ventral roots - motor/efferent ff from cord to periphery, branch

once outside cord – c. dorsal & ventral roots combine, form spinal nerve, which

branches again: – dorsal primary rami: supply fibers to dorsum (back) – ventral primary rami: supply fibers to anterolateral trunk, limbs

Page 37: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Somatic Nervous System

• 1. nerves that communicate w skin & skeletal muscles

• 2. functions are under conscious control

Page 38: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Autonomic Nervous System

• 1. concerned with automatic/ visceral functions, homeostatic mechanisms (CVS, digestion)

• 2. function without conscious control

• 3. control the function of visceral organs - heart, smooth muscle, vessels, glands D. ANS has 2 Divisions

Page 39: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Sympathetic Division • concerned primarily w survival, emergency, stressful

situations – “Fight or flight system” – a. connects with thoracic & lumbar segments: T1 - L2

or 3 – b. many connect with Peripheral NS efferent/motor

neuron in ganglia: • paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk) • prevertebral ganglia  (visceral ganglia., e.g. celiac

ganglia.) • the adrenal medulla (exception, innervated by

preganglionic fiber directly) – c. route: spinal cord lateral horn - sympathetic axons

(preganglionic) => through ventral root => through white ramus communicante (branch to ganglion) => to paravertebral ganglia 

Page 40: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Sympathetic Division

• then either: 1) passes through ganglia (without synapse) directly to viscera (as a splanchnic nerve)

• 2) ascends or descends through trunk to another level, then postganglionic fibers innervate organs like heart, lungs, glands

• 3) synapses in ganglia with excitor neurons => postganglionic go back through gray ramus communicante => then blend in with spinal nerve > effectors

Page 41: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 42: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 43: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 44: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 45: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Parasympathetic system

• “Breed and Feed”

• a. concerned w normal functions: eating, sleeping, procreation, conserving energy

• b. connects with cranial & sacral segments: cranial = III, VII, IX, X & spinal = S2 - S4

Page 46: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 47: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.
Page 48: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Spinal cord

• 1. continuation of the CNS from the brain, out of the skull into the vertebral column

• 2. composed of 31 segments - a pair of spinal nerve exits each segment, to the periphery

• 3. gray matter localized to central core: mostly cell bodies, proximal unmyelinated process’

• 4. white matter surrounds central area: composed of primarily myelinated axons, fibers

Page 49: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Spinal cord

• 5. Function - spinal cord communicates to & from the brain & the remainder of the body– a. ascending tracts carry sensory input to

CNS (some to spinal cord, some to brain) – b. descending tracts leaving the brain & spinal

cord carry motor output to effectors– c. most fiber tracts cross to contralateral side

at some point in spinal cord or brain

Page 50: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

• mixed nerves• 31 pairs

• 8 cervical (C1 to C8)• 12 thoracic (T1 to T12)• 5 lumbar (L1 to L5)• 5 sacral (S1 to S5)• 1 coccygeal (Co)

Page 51: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.

Dermatome

• an area of skin that the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve innervate

Page 52: Gross Anatomy Background Review. Anatomical Position, terminology Nomina Anatomica (Latin) –Normal anatomical position –upright, arms at side, forearm.