Groningen Zooarchaeological Reference Collection -BIRDS

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

The zooarchaeological reference collection of the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (University of Groningen, Netherlands): The birds

Overview A total of 2151 bird specimens are present in the reference collection at the Groninger Institute of

Archaeology (GIA) comprising at least 428 different species of birds from 85 different family groups

(see figure 2). Of these 2151 specimens, 2068 are complete skeletons and 83 are partial skeletons

(see figure 1). For the complete list of species in the collection, see table 3.

Figure 1 Number of partial and complete skeletons present in collection.

The Anatidae family (the family that includes ducks, geese and swans) is represented by far the most

specimens (336 specimens). The second biggest family, the scolopacidae, includes the waders or

waterbirds which are, just like ducks, geese and swans, abundant in the Netherlands with all its

rivers, lakes and relatively long coastline. Furthermore, the families of Accipitridae (which includes

many birds of prey species), Phasianidae (which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens,

quail and peafowl), Psittacidae (which comprises one of three families of true parrots), Fringillidae

(true finches), Laridae (gulls and seagulls), Turdidae (thrushes), Strigidae (true owls), Corvidae

(corvids), Alcidae (auks), Haematopodiae (oystercatchers), Columbidae (pigeons and doves) and

Ardeidae (herons) are all represented by 50 specimens or more in the collection. All the other

families are represented by less than 50 specimens.

96%

4%

Percentage of complete and partial skeletons within the collection (n=2151)

Complete skeleton 2068

Skeleton parts 83

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Number of specimens in collection from each family (n=2151)

Anatidae 336 Scolopacidae 191 Accipitridae 91 Phasianidae 90

Psittacidae 87 Fringillidae 85 Laridae 83 Turdidae 77

Strigidae 68 Corvidae 66 Alcidae 65 Haematopodiae 56

Columbidae 53 Ardeidae 52 Rallidae 47 Charadriidae 43

Falconidae 38 Podicipedidae 37 Psittaculidae 35 Motacillidae 33

Emberizidae 28 Acrocephalidae 24 Paridae 21 Sturnidae 20

Tytonidae 20 Sylviidae 19 Picidae 18 Gaviidae 17

Sulidae 17 Hirundinidae 16 Apodidae 15 Procellariidae 15

Passeridae 14 Phalacrocoracidae 13 Alaudidae 12 Ciconiidae 11

Phylloscopidae 10 Prunellidae 10 Sternidae 10 Threskiornithidae 10

Cuculidae 9 Spheniscidae 9 Regulidae 8 Alcedinidae 7

Gruidae 7 Panuridae 5 Phoenicopteridae 5 Otididae 4

Parulidae 4 Stercorariidae 4 Troglodytidae 4 Aegithalidae 3

Bucerotidae 3 Numididae 3 Bombycillidae 2 Cacatuidae 2

Certhiidae 2 Leiothrichidae 2 Meropidae 2 Odontophoridae 2

Oriolidae 2 Pelecanidae 2 Recurvirostridae 2 Timaliidae 2

Vireonidae 2 Caprimulgidae 1 Casuariidae 1 Coraciidae 1

Cracidae 1 Diomedeidae 1 Dromaiidae 1 Estrildidae 1

Halcyonidae 1 Hydrobatidae 1 Jacanidae 1 Laniidae 1

Mimidae 1 Musophagidae 1 Psophiidae 1 Pteroclidae 1

Pycnonotidae 1 Ramphastidae 1 Sittidae 1 Struthionidae 1

Upupidae 1

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Figure 2 Number of Specimens in the reference collection belonging to each family group.

Many of the species in the collection are indigenous to the Netherlands. Table 2 shows which

species, indigenous to the Netherlands, are included in the reference collection and which not. This

list includes common species in the Netherlands, either species that are present in the Netherlands

on a year round basis, seasonal species and species that only pass by on their way to breeding areas,

but also rare vagrants.

Furthermore, Table 3 shows a list with all species in the reference collection and which areas

they inhabit. Figure 3 shows the number of species that are indigenous to each region. Most of the

species are indigenous to Asia and Europe, while from Australia, South American and North America

far less species are present in the collection.

Figure 3 Number of bird species indigenous to each region.

IUCN status

Figure 4 provides the number of species that are held in the collection that fall within the different

IUCN statuses. Furthermore table 1 provides a list of all the bird species present within the collection

that have an IUCN status other than “Least Concern”. As can be seen, there are no species in the

collection that are completely extinct, though there is one species, the Alagoas curassow (Crax mitu)

that is extinct in the wild. This species once inhabited regions in the northeast of Brazil, but went

extinct in the late 80’s. There are now only a couple of dozen pure-bred individuals left in captivity.

Furthermore, the grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus) and the Bali myna

(Leucopsar rothschildi) have a IUCN status of “Critically endangered”, with only approximately 250

individuals left of the grey-breasted parakeet and only a couple of hundred of the Bali myna left in

the wild, these two species are on the brink of extinction in the wild.

Eight species have an “endangered” status, 19 a “vulnerable” status and 27 a “near

threatened” status. All the 363 other species in the collection have a “Least Concern” status.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Number of bird species Indigenous to each region (n=420)

Number of species

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Figure 4 IUCN status of the species that are present in the reference collection.

Table 1. List of species with a “Extinct in the wild”, “Critically endangered”, “Endangered”,

“Vulnerable” or “Near threatened” IUCN status.

IUCN status Latin name English name

Extinct in the wild (n=1) Crax mitu Alagoas curassow

Critically Endangered (n=2) Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus Grey-breasted parakeet

Leucopsar rothschildi Bali myna

Endangered (n=8)

Melanitta fusca Velvet scoter

Branta ruficollis Red-breasted goose

Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted bunting

Neophron percnopterus Egyptian vulture

Spheniscus demersus African penguin

Amazona autumnalis lilacina Lilacine amazon

Brotogeris pyrrhoptera Grey-cheeked parakeet

Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded vulture

Vulnerable (n=19)

Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed duck

Otis tarda Great bustard

Anser erythropus Lesser white-fronted goose

1 2 8 19 27

363

Extinct in theWild

CriticallyEndangered

Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern

IUCN status of bird species present in the collection (n=420)

Number of Bird Species

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled duck

Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian pelican

Pyrrhura perlata Crimson-bellied parakeet

Pyrrhura lepida coerulescens Crimson-bellied parakeet

Balearica pavonina Black crowned crane

Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern ground hornbill

Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked stork

Afropavo congensis Congo peafowl

Anas luzonica Philippine duck

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Hyacinth macaw

Branta sandvicensis Nene

Casuarius casuarius Southern cassowary

Diomedea exulans Wandering albatross

Goura cristata Western crowned pigeon

Grus antigone Sarus crane

Polyplectron inopinatum Mountain peacock-pheasant

Near Threatened (n=27)

Numenius arquata Eurasian curlew

Limosa limosa Black-tailed godwit

Aegypius monachus Cinereous vulture

Coracias garrulus European roller

Otis tetrax Little bustard

Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine parakeet

Pyrrhura leucotis leucotis White-eared parakeet

Rollulus roulroul Crested partridge

Anser canagicus Emperor goose

Calidris pusilla Semipalmated sandpiper

Eos reticulata Blue-streaked lory

Lophura swinhoii Swinhoe's pheasant

Psittacula derbiana Lord Derby's parakeet

Agriocharis ocellata Ocellated turkey

Amazona leucocephala Cuban amazon

Ardeotis arabs Arabian bustard

Charmosyna multistriata Striated lorikeet

Coturnix japonica Tuxedo quail

Lophura ignita rufa Crested fireback

Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed woodpecker

Phoenicopterus chilensis Chilean flamingo

Psittacula alexandri fasciata Red-breasted parakeet

Psophia crepitans Grey-winged trumpeter

Ptilinopus jambu Jambu fruit dove

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin

Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur

Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed ibis

Origin By far most of the specimens originate from the Netherlands, either from individuals, but also a lot

from various zoos in the Netherlands as well as from bird-shelters. Various other bird specimens

were acquired through an exchange with a Natural History Museum in Michigan, United States. The

eleven specimens from Canada, all belong to the Thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) after several

individuals were found dead covered in oil along the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Furthermore

seven species of birds were acquired in Syria and a Wandering Albatras (Diomedea exulans) was

acquired in South Africa. All the other specimens are from European countries, including Spain,

Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Yugoslavia.

Figure 5 Countries of origin of species present in the reference collection.

Table 2. List of indigenous species to the Netherlands and whether they are present within the collection. Green ones are present in the collection, red ones are missing.

Order name Dutch name Latin name Whole skeleton

Order: Gaviidae (Duikers) Parelduiker Gavia arctica No

Countries of origin of specimens in collection (n=2151)

Netherlands 1933 Unknown 146 United States 38

Canada 11 Spain 10 Syria 7

Germany 1 Greece 1 Norway 1

South Africa 1 Sweden 1 Yugoslavia 1

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

IJsduiker Gavia immer Yes

Geelsnavelduiker Gavia adamsii No

Roodkeelduiker Gavia stellata Yes

Order: Podicipedidae (Futen)

Fuut Podiceps cristatus Yes

Roodhalsfuut Podiceps grisegena Yes

Kuifduiker Podiceps auritus Yes

Geoorde fuut Podiceps nigricollis No

Dodaars Tachybaptus ruficollis Yes

Dikbekfuut Podilymbus podiceps No

Order: Procellariidae (Stormvogels)

Vaal stormvogeltje

Oceanodroma leucorhoa

No

Stormvogeltje Hydrobates pelagicus No

Wilsons stormvogeltje Oceanites oceanicus No

Bont stormvogeltje Pelagodroma marina No

Noordse pijlstormvogel Puffinus puffinus No

Donsstormvogel Pterodroma molis No

Bulwers stormvogel Bulweria bulwerii No

Grote pijlstormvogel Puffinus gravis No

Scopoli's pijlstormvogel Calonectirs diomedea No

Kuhls pijlstormvogel Calonectirs borealis No

Grauwe pijlstormvogel Puffinus griseus No

Noordse stormvogel Fulmarus glacialis Yes

Order: Sulidae (Genten of Rotspelikanen)

Jan-van-gent Morus bassanus Yes

Order: Phalacrocoracidae (Aalscholvers)

Aalscholver Phalacrocorax carbo Yes

Kuifaalscholver

Phalacrocorax aristotelis

Yes

Dwergaalscholver

Phalacrocorax pygmaeus

No

Order: Ardeidae (Reigers)

Blauwe reiger Ardea cinerea Yes

Purperreiger Ardea purpurea Yes

Kleine zilverreiger Egretta garzetta No

Grote zilverreiger Egretta alba Yes

Ralreiger Ardeola ralloides No

Koereiger Bubulcus ibis Yes

Groene reiger Butorides virescens No

Kwak Nycticorax nycticorax Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Woudaapje Ixobrychus minutus Yes

Roerdomp Botaurus stellaris Yes

Order: Pelecanidae (Pelikanen) Kroeskoppelikaan Pelecanus crispus Yes

Roze pelikaan Pelecanus onocrotalus Yes

Order: Ciconiidae (Ooievaars) Ooievaar Ciconia ciconia Yes

Zwarte ooievaar Ciconia nigra No

Order: Threskiornithidae (Ibissen en lepelaars)

Lepelaar Platalea leucorodia Yes

Zwarte ibis Plegadis falcinellus Yes

Order: Phoenicopteridae (Flamingo's)

Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus No

Order: Anatidae (Eendvogels)

Wilde eend Anas platyrhynchos Yes

Wintertaling Anas crecca Yes

Amerikaanse wintertaling Anas carolinensis No

Siberische taling Anas formosa Yes

Zomertaling Anas querquedula Yes

Krakeend Anas strepera Yes

Bronskopeend Anas falcata No

Smient Anas penelope Yes

Amerikaanse smient Anas americana No

Blauwvleugeltaling Anas discors No

pijlstaart Anas acuta Yes

Slobeend Anas clypeata Yes

Marmereend

Marmaronetta angustirostris

Yes

Krooneend Netta rufina Yes

Topper Aythya marila Yes

Kleine topper Aythya affinis No

Kuifeend Aythya fuligula Yes

Tafeleend Aythya ferina Yes

Grote tafeleend Aythya valisineria No

Witoogeend Aythya nyroca No

Ringsnaveleend Aythya collaris No

Brilduiker Bucephala clangula Yes

Buffelkopeend Bucephala albeola Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

IJseend Clangula hyemalis Yes

Grote zee-eend Melanitta fusca Yes

Brilzee-eend Melanitta perspicilla No

Zwarte zee-eend Melanitta nigra Yes

Amerikaanse zee-eend Melanitta americana No

Harlekijneend Histrionicus histrionicus No

Eider Somateria mollissima Yes

Koningseider Somateria spectabilis No

Stellers eider Polysticta stelleri No

Witkopeend Oxyura leucocephala No

Middelste zaagbek Mergus serrator Yes

Grote zaagbek Mergus merganser Yes

Kokardezaagbek Lophodytes cucullatus No

Nonnetje Mergellus albellus Yes

Bergeend Tadorna tadorna Yes

Casarca Tadorna ferruginea Yes

Nijlgans Alopochen aegyptiacus Yes

Grauwe gans Anser anser Yes

Kolgans Anser albifrons Yes

Dwerggans Anser erythropus Yes

Taigarietgans Anser fabalis Yes

Toendrarietgans Anser serrirostris No

Kleine rietgans Anser brachyrhynchus No

Sneeuwgans Anser caerulescens Yes

Ross' gans Anser rossii Yes

Witbuikrotgans Branta hrota No

Rotgans Branta bernicla Yes

Zwarte rotgans Branta nigricans No

Brandgans Branta leucopsis Yes

Kleine Canadese gans Branta hutchinsii No

Grote Canadese gans Branta canadensis No

Roodhalsgans Branta ruficollis Yes

Knobbelzwaan Cygnus olor Yes

Wilde zwaan Cygnus cygnus Yes

Kleine zwaan Cygnus bewickii Yes

Fluitzwaan Cygnus columbianus ?

Order: Lammergier Gypaetus barbatus No

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Accipitridae (Havikachtigen) Aasgier Neophron percnopterus Yes

Vale gier Gyps fulvus Yes

Monniksgier Aegypius monachus Yes

Steenarend Aquila chrysaetos No

Bastaardarend Aquila clanga No

Schreeuwarend Aquila pomarina No

Dwergarend Hieraaetus pennatus No

Steppearend Aquila nipalensis Yes

Keizerarend Aquila heliaca No

Spaanse keizerarend Aquila adalberti No

Havikarend Hieraaetus fasciatus No

Buizerd Buteo buteo Yes

Ruigpootbuizerd Buteo lagopus No

Arendbuizerd Buteo rufinus No

Sperwer Accipiter nisus Yes

Havik Accipiter gentilis Yes

Grijze wouw Elanus caeruleus No

Rode wouw Milvus milvus No

Zwarte wouw Milvus migrans Yes

Europese zeearend Haliaeetus albicilla Yes

Wespendief Pernis apivorus No

Bruine kiekendief Circus aeruginosus Yes

Blauwe kiekendief Circus cyaneus No

Steppekiekendief Circus macrourus No

Grauwe kiekendief Circus pygargus Yes

Slangenarend Circaetus gallicus Yes

Order: Pandionidae (Visarenden) Visarend Pandion haliaetus No

Order: Falconidae (Valken)

Boomvalk Falco subbuteo Yes

Slechtvalk Falco peregrinus Yes

Giervalk Falco rusticolus No

Smelleken Falco columbarius Yes

Roodpootvalk Falco vespertinus No

Torenvalk Falco tinnunculus Yes

Kleine torenvalk Falco naumanni No

Order: Schots sneeuwhoen Lagopus lagopus No

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Tetraonidae (Ruigpoothoenders) scoticus

Korhoen Tetrao tetrix Yes

Auerhoen Tetrao urogallus Yes

Hazelhoen Tetrastes bonasia No

Order: Phasianidae (Fazantachtigen)

Patrijs Perdix perdix Yes

Kwartel Coturnix coturnix Yes

Fazant Phasianus colchicus Yes

Order: Gruidae (Kraanvogels)

Europese kraanvogel Grus grus Yes

Canadese kraanvogel Grus canadensis No

Jufferkraanvogel Grus virgo No

Order: Rallidae (Rallen, koeten en waterhoentjes)

Waterral Rallus aquaticus Yes

Porseleinhoen Porzana porzana No

Kleinst waterhoen Porzana pusilla No

Klein waterhoen Porzana parva No

Kwartelkoning Crex crex No

Waterhoen Gallinula chloropus Yes

Meerkoet Fulica atra Yes

Order: Otididae (Trappen)

Grote trap Otis tarda Yes

Kleine trap Tetrax tetrax No

Oostelijke kraagtrap

Chlamydotis macqueenii

No

Order: Haematopodidae (Scholeksters)

Scholekster Haematopus ostralegus Yes

Order: Charadriidae (Kieviten en plevieren)

Bontbekplevier Charadrius hiaticula Yes

Killdeerplevier Charadrius vociferus Yes

Kleine plevier Charadrius dubius No

Strandplevier

Charadrius alexandrinus

No

Zilverplevier Pluvialis squatarola Yes

Goudplevier Pluvialis apricaria Yes

Amerikaanse goudplevier Pluvialis dominica No

Aziatische goudplevier Pluvialis fulva No

Morinelplevier Charadrius morinellus No

Woestijnplevier

Charadrius leschenaultii

No

Kaspische plevier Charadrius asiaticus No

Steppekievit Vanellus gregarius No

Kievit Vanellus vanellus Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Witstaartkievit Vanellus leucurus No

Order: Scolopacidae (Strandlopers en snippen)

Steenloper Arenaria interpres Yes

Watersnip Gallinago gallinago Yes

Poelsnip Gallinago media No

Bokje Lymnocryptes minimus Yes

Grote grijze snip

Limnodromus scolopaceus

No

Houtsnip Scolopax rusticola Yes

Bartrams ruiter Bartramia longicauda No

Wulp Numenius arquata Yes

Regenwulp Numenius phaeopus Yes

Dunbekwulp Numenius tenuirostris No

Grutto Limosa limosa Yes

Rosse grutto Limosa lapponica Yes

Terekruiter Xenus cinereus No

Oeverloper Actitis hypoleucos Yes

Amerikaanse oeverloper Actitis macularia Yes

Witgat Tringa ochropus Yes

Amerikaanse bosruiter Tringa solitaria No

Bosruiter Tringa glareola No

Tureluur Tringa totanus Yes

Zwarte ruiter Tringa erythropus No

Groenpootruiter Tringa nebularia No

Kleine geelpootruiter Tringa flavipes No

Grote geelpootruiter Tringa melanoleuca Yes

Poelruiter Tringa stagnatilis No

Grote kanoet Calidris tenuirostris No

Kanoet Calidris canutus Yes

Drieteenstrandloper Calidris alba Yes

Grijze strandloper Calidris pusilla Yes

Roodkeelstrandloper Calidris ruficollis No

Kleine strandloper Calidris minuta No

Temmincks strandloper Calidris temminckii No

Taigastrandloper Calidris subminuta No

Bonapartes strandloper Calidris fuscicollis No

Bairds strandloper Calidris bairdii No

Gestreepte strandloper Calidris melanotos No

Siberische strandloper Calidris acuminata No

Bonte strandloper Calidris alpina Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Krombekstrandloper Calidris ferruginea No

Paarse strandloper Calidris maritima No

Steltstrandloper Calidris himantopus Yes

Blonde ruiter Tryngites subruficollis No

Breedbekstrandloper Limicola falcinellus No

Kemphaan Philomachus pugnax Yes

Order: Recurvirostridae (Kluten)

Kluut Recurvirostra avosetta Yes

Steltkluut

Himantopus himantopus

No

Order: Phalaropodidae (Franjepoten)

Grote franjepoot Phalaropus tricolor No

Rosse franjepoot Phalaropus fulicarius No

Grauwe franjepoot Phalaropus lobatus No

Order: Burhinidae (Grielen) Griel Burhinus oedicnemus No

Order: Glareolidae (Renvogels en vorkstaartplevieren)

Vorkstaartplevier Glareola pratincola No

Steppevorkstaartplevier Glareola nordmanni No

Oosterse steppevorkstaartplevier

Glareola maldivarum No

Renvogel Cursorius cursor No

Order: Stercorariidae (Jagers)

Kleine jager Stercorarius parasiticus

No (skeleton parts)

Grote jager Stercorarius skua Yes

Middelste jager Stercorarius pomarinus Yes

Kleinste jager

Stercorarius longicaudus

No

Order: Laridae

Ivoormeeuw Pagophila eburnea No

Grote mantelmeeuw Larus marinus Yes

Kleine mantelmeeuw Larus fuscus Yes

Zilvermeeuw Larus argentatus Yes

Geelpootmeeuw Larus michahellis No

Pontische meeuw Larus cachinnans No

Stormmeeuw Larus canus Yes

Ringsnavelmeeuw Larus delawarensis No

Grote burgemeester Larus hyperboreus No

Kleine burgemeester Larus glaucoides No

Zwartkopmeeuw

Ichthyaetus melanocephalus

No

Lachmeeuw Leucophaeus atricilla No

Franklins meeuw Leucophaeus pipixcan No

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Audouins meeuw Ichthyaetus audouinii No

Reuzenzwartkopmeeuw Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus No

Dwergmeeuw Hydrocoloeus minutus No

Ross' meeuw Rhodostethia rosea No

Kokmeeuw Larus ridibundus Yes

Kleine kokmeeuw Larus philadelphia Yes

Dunbekmeeuw Larus genei No

Vorkstaartmeeuw Xema sabini No

Drieteenmeeuw Rissa tridactyla Yes

Order: Sternidae

Brilstern

Onychoprion anaethetus

No

Zwarte stern Chlidonias niger Yes

Witvleugelstern Chlidonias leucopterus No

Witwangstern Chlidonias hybrida No

Lachstern Gelochelidon nilotica No

Reuzenstern Hydroprogne caspia No

Visdiefje Sterna hirundo Yes

Noordse Stern Sterna paradisaea No

Dougalls stern Sterna dougallii No

Dwergstern Sternula albifrons No

Grote stern Sterna sandvicensis Yes

Forsters stern Sterna forsteri No

Order: Alcidae

Alk Alca torda Yes

Kleine alk Alle alle Yes

Zeekoet Uria aalge Yes

Dikbekzeekoet Uria lomvia No (skeleton parts)

Zwarte zeekoet Cepphus grylle No

Papegaaiduiker Fratercula arctica Yes

Order: Pteroclididae Zwartbuikzandhoen Pterocles orientalis No

Steppehoen Syrrhaptes paradoxus Yes

Order: Columbidae

Holenduif Columba oenas Yes

Rotsduif Columba livia Yes

Houtduif Columba palumbus Yes

Zomertortel Streptopelia turtur No

Oosterse tortel Streptopelia orientalis No

Turkse tortel Streptopelia decaocto Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Order: Cuculidae

Koekoek Cuculus canorus Yes

Kuifkoekoek Clamator glandarius No

Geelsnavelkoekoek Coccyzus americanus No

Order: Strigidae

Kerkuil Tyto alba Yes

Dwergooruil Otus scops Yes

Oehoe Bubo bubo Yes

Sneeuwuil Bubo scandiacus Yes

Sperweruil Surnia ulula No

Dwerguil Glaucidium passerinum Yes

Steenuil Athene noctua Yes

Bosuil Strix aluco Yes

Ransuil Asio otus Yes

Velduil Asio flammeus Yes

Ruigpootuil Aegolius funereus No

Order: Caprimulgidae Nachtzwaluw Caprimulgus europaeus No

Order: Apodidae

Stekelstaartgierzwaluw Hirundapus caudacutus No

Gierzwaluw Apus apus Yes

Vale gierzwaluw Apus pallidus No

Alpengierzwaluw

Tachymarptis melba / Apus melba

No

Huisgierzwaluw Apus affinis No

Order: Alcedinidae Ijsvogel Alcedo atthis Yes

Bandijsvogel Ceryle alcyon No

Order: Meropidae Bijeneter Merops apiaster No

Groene bijeneter Merops persicus Yes

Order: Coraciidae Scharrelaar Coracias garrulus Yes

Order: Upupidae Hop Upupa epops

No (skeleton parts)

Order: Picidae

Groene specht Picus viridis Yes

Grijskopspecht Picus canus No

Grote bonte specht Dendrocopos major Yes

Witrugspecht Dendrocopos medius No

Kleine bonte specht Dendrocopos minor No

Middelste bonte specht Dendrocopos medius No

Zwarte specht Dryocopus martius Yes

Draaihals Jynx torquilla Yes

Order: Alaudidae Kalanderleeuwerik

Melanocorypha calandra

No

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Kortteenleeuwerik

Calandrella brachydactyla

No

Kuifleeuwerik Galerida cristata No (skeleton parts)

Boomleeuwerik Lullula arborea No

Veldleeuwerik Alauda arvensis Yes

Strandleeuwerik Eremophila alpestris Yes

Order: Hirundinidae

Boerenzwaluw Hirundo rustica Yes

Roodstuitzwaluw

Tachymarptis melba syn. Apus melba

No

Huiszwaluw Delichon urbicum Yes

Oeverzwaluw Riparia riparia Yes

Rotszwaluw Ptyonoprogne rupestris No

Order: Motacillidae

Graspieper Anthus pratensis Yes

Grote pieper Anthus richardi No

Mongoolse pieper Anthus godlewskii No

Duinpieper Anthus campestris No

Boompieper Anthus trivialis No

Siberische boompieper Anthus hodgsoni No

Roodkeelpieper Anthus cervinus No

Waterpieper Anthus spinoletta No

Oeverpieper Anthus petrosus Yes

Witte kwikstaart Motacilla alba Yes

Rouwkwikstaart Motacilla alba yarrellii No

Gele kwikstaart Motacilla flava Yes

Engelse kwikstaart '

Noordse kwikstaart

Motacilla flava thunbergi

No

Italiaanse kwikstaart

Citroenkwikstaart Motacilla citreola No

Grote gele kwikstaart Motacilla cinerea No

Order: Oriolidae Wielewaal (zangvogel) Oriolus oriolus Yes

Order: Corvidae

Raaf Corvus corax Yes

Zwarte kraai Corvus corone Yes

Bonte kraai Corvus cornix Yes

Roek Corvus frugilegus Yes

Kauw Corvus monedula Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Daurische kauw Corvus dauuricus No

Huiskraai Corvus splendens No

Ekster Pica pica Yes

Notenkraker

Nucifraga caryocatactes

Yes

Gaai Garrulus glandarius Yes

Alpenkraai

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax

No

Order: Paridae

Koolmees Parus major Yes

Pimpelmees Cyanistes caeruleus Yes

Zwarte mees Periparus ater Yes

Kuifmees Lophophanes cristatus No

Glanskop Poecile palustris No

Matkop Poecile montanus No

Order: Aegithalidae Staartmees Aegithalos caudatus Yes

Order: Panuridae Baardmannetje Panurus biarmicus Yes

Order: Tichodromidae Rotskruiper Tichodroma muraria No

Order: Sittidae Boomklever Sitta europaea Yes

Order: Certhiidae Boomkruiper Certhia brachydactyla Yes

Taigaboomkruiper Certhia familiaris No

Order: Remizidae Buidelmees Remiz pendulinus No

Order: Troglodytidae Winterkoning Troglodytes troglodytes Yes

Order: Mimidae Spotlijster Mimus polyglottos No

Order: Cinclidae Waterspreeuw Cinclus cinclus No

Order: Turdidae

Siberische lijster Geokichla sibirica No

Goudlijster Zoothera aurea No

Grote lijster Turdus viscivorus Yes

Kramsvogel Turdus pilaris Yes

Zanglijster Turdus philomelos Yes

Koperwiek Turdus iliacus Yes

Vale lijster Turdus obscurus No

Bruine lijster Turdus eunomus No

Zwartkeellijster Turdus atrogularis No

Beflijster Turdus torquatus No

Merel Turdus merula Yes

Rode rotslijster Monticola saxatilis No (skeleton parts)

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Blauwe rotslijster Monticola solitarius No

Order: Saxicolinae

Tapuit Oenanthe oenanthe Yes

Bonte tapuit Oenanthe pleschanka No

Oostelijke blonde tapuit '

Westelijke blonde tapuit '

Woestijntapuit Oenanthe deserti No

Roodborsttapuit Saxicola rubicola No

Aziatische roodborsttapuit Saxicola maurus No

Izabeltapuit Oenanthe isabellina No

Paapje Saxicola rubetra Yes

Gekraagde roodstaart

Phoenicurus phoenicurus

Yes

Zwarte roodstaart Phoenicurus ochruros Yes

Nachtegaal Luscinia megarhynchos Yes

Noordse nachtegaal Luscinia luscinia No

Blauwborst Luscinia svecica No

Blauwstaart

Tarsiger cyanurus syn.: Luscinia cyanura

No

Perzische roodborst Irania gutturalis No

Roodborst Erithacus rubecula Yes

Order: Sylviidae

Cetti's zanger Cettia cetti No

Graszanger Cisticola juncidis No

Siberische Sprinkhaanzanger '

Kleine Sprinkhaanzanger '

Sprinkhaanzanger Locustella naevia No

Krekelzanger Locustella fluviatilis No

Snor Locustella luscinioides No

Grote karekiet

Acrocephalus arundinaceus

No

Kleine karekiet

Acrocephalus scirpaceus

Yes

Bosrietzanger Acrocephalus palustris Yes

Rietzanger

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

No

Waterrietzanger

Acrocephalus paludicola

No

Veldrietzanger Acrocephalus agricola No

Struikrietzanger

Acrocephalus dumetorum

No

Kleine spotvogel

Iduna caligata; syn.: Hippolais caligata

No

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Sykes' spotvogel

Iduna rama; syn.: Hippolais rama

No

Orpheusspotvogel Hippolais polyglotta No

Spotvogel Hippolais icterina Yes

Zwartkop Sylvia atricapilla Yes

Sperwergrasmus Sylvia nisoria No

Westelijke orpheusgrasmus Sylvia hortensis No

Tuinfluiter Sylvia borin Yes

Grasmus Sylvia communis Yes

Braamsluiper Sylvia curruca No

Baardgrasmus Sylvia cantillans No

Moltoni's baardgrasmus Sylvia moltonii No

Orpheusspotvogel Hippolais polyglotta Yes

Provençaalse grasmus Sylvia undata Yes

Kleine zwartkop Sylvia melanocephala Yes

Woestijngrasmus Sylvia nana Yes

Kroonboszanger Phylloscopus coronatus No

Swinhoes boszanger

Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus

No

Noordse boszanger Phylloscopus borealis No

Pallas' boszanger

Phylloscopus proregulus

No

Grauwe fitis

Phylloscopus trochiloides

No

Fitis Phylloscopus trochilus Yes

Tjiftjaf Phylloscopus collybita Yes

Iberische tjiftjaf Phylloscopus ibericus No

Fluiter Phylloscopus sibilatrix Yes

Bergfluiter Phylloscopus bonelli No

Balkanbergfluiter Phylloscopus orientalis No

Bladkoning Phylloscopus inornatus No

Humes bladkoning Phylloscopus humei No

Raddes boszanger Phylloscopus schwarzi No

Bruine boszanger Phylloscopus fuscatus No

Order: Regulidae Goudhaantje Regulus regulus Yes

Vuurgoudhaantje Regulus ignicapilla No

Order: Muscicapidae

Grauwe vliegenvanger Muscicapa striata Yes

Bonte vliegenvanger Ficedula hypoleuca Yes

Withalsvliegenvanger Ficedula albicollis No

Kleine vliegenvanger Ficedula parva Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Order: Prunellidae Heggemus Prunella modularis Yes

Alpenheggemus Prunella collaris No

Order: Bombycillidae Pestvogel Bombycilla garrulus Yes

Order: Laniidae

Klapekster Lanius excubitor No

Kleine klapekster Lanius minor No

Steppeklapekster Lanius pallidirostris No

Roodkopklauwier Lanius senator No

Grauwe klauwier Lanius collurio Yes

Turkestaanse klauwier Lanius phoenicuroides No

Daurische klauwier Lanius isabellinus No

Order: Sturnidae

Spreeuw Sturnus vulgaris Yes

Roze spreeuw Pastor roseus No

Daurische spreeuw Agropsar sturninus Yes

Order: Fringillidae

Appelvink

Coccothraustes coccothraustes

Yes

Groenling Carduelis chloris Yes

Putter Carduelis carduelis Yes

Sijs Carduelis spinus Yes

Kneu

Linaria cannabina; syn.: Carduelis cannabina

Yes

Frater

Linaria flavirostris; syn.: Carduelis flavirostris

Yes

Kleine barmsijs

Acanthis flammea cabaret

No

Grote barmsijs

Acanthis flammea syn.:Carduelis flammea

No

Witstuitbarmsijs

Acanthis hornemanni syn.: Carduelis hornemanni

No

Europese kanarie Serinus serinus No

Goudvink Pyrrhula pyrrhula Yes

Roodmus Carpodacus erythrinus No

Haakbek Pinicola enucleator No

Kruisbek Loxia curvirostra Yes

Grote kruisbek Loxia pytyopsittacus No

Witbandkruisbek Loxia leucoptera No

Woestijnvink Bucanetes githagineus No

Vink Fringilla coelebs Yes

Keep Fringilla montifringilla Yes

Order: Parulidae Mirtezanger

Setophaga coronata syn. Dendroica

No

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

coronata

Order: Emberizidae

Zanggors Melospiza melodia No

Witkruingors Zonotrichia leucophrys No

Witkeelgors Zonotrichia albicollis Yes

Grijze junco Junco hyemalis Yes

Geelgors Emberiza citrinella Yes

Grauwe gors Emberiza calandra No

Maskergors Emberiza spodocephala No

Witkopgors

Emberiza leucocephalos

No

Zwartkopgors

Emberiza melanocephala

No

Bruinkopgors Emberiza bruniceps Yes

Rosse gors Emberiza rutila Yes

Wilgengors Emberiza aureola Yes

Cirlgors Emberiza cirlus No

Ortolaan Emberiza hortulana No

Bruinkeelortolaan Emberiza caesia No

Steenortolaan Emberiza buchanani No

Geelbrauwgors Emberiza chrysophrys Yes

Grijze gors Emberiza cia No

Bosgors Emberiza rustica No

Dwerggors Emberiza pusilla Yes

Rietgors Emberiza schoeniclus Yes

Ijsgors Calcarius lapponicus No

Sneeuwgors Plectrophenax nivalis No

Order: Cardinalidae Indigo gors

Order: Icteridae Geelkoptroepiaal

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus

No

Baltimoretroepiaal Icterus galbula No

Order: Passeridae

Huismus Passer domesticus Yes

Ringmus Passer montanus Yes

Spaanse mus Passer hispaniolensis No

Order: Vireonidae Roodoogvireo Vireo olivaceus Yes

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Appendix

Table 3. List of species in the reference collection, with numbers of specimens and additional information regarding the IUCN status of the

specific species and in which geographical areas they are indigenous.

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian oystercatcher 56 Least Concern x x x x

Accipiter nisus Eurasian sparrowhawk 45 Least Concern x x x x

Scolopax rusticola Eurasian woodcock 35 Least Concern x x x x

Falco tinnunculus Common kestrel 34 Least Concern x x x x

Asio otus Long-eared owl 32 Least Concern x x x x x

Somateria mollissima Common eider 31 Least Concern x x x

Ardea cinerea Grey heron 30 Least Concern x x x x

Turdus iliacus Redwing 26 Least Concern x x x x

Anser albifrons Greater white-fronted goose 25 Least Concern x x x

Calidris alpina Dunlin 25 Least Concern x x x x x

Podiceps cristatus Great crested grebe 25 Least Concern x x x x x

Turdus philomelos Song thrush 23 Least Concern x x x x

Vanellus vanellus Spur-winged lapwing 23 Least Concern x x x x

Turdus merula Common blackbird 21 Least Concern x x x x

Uria aalge Common murre 21 Least Concern x x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Larus ridibundus Black-headed gull 20 Least Concern x x x x x

Melanitta nigra Common scoter 20 Least Concern x x x x

Tyto alba Barn owl 20 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Gallus gallus domesticus Chicken 19 Domesticated D D D D D D D

Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen 19 Least Concern x x x x

Philomachus pugnax Ruff 19 Least Concern x x x x x

Pica pica Eurasian magpie 19 Least Concern x x x x

Calidris canutus Red knot 18 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Columba palumbus Common wood pigeon 18 Least Concern x x x

Erithacus rubecula European robin 17 Least Concern x x x x

Larus argentatus European herring gull 17 Least Concern x

Morus bassanus Northern gannet 17 Least Concern x x x

Tringa totanus Common redshank 17 Least Concern x x x x

Alle alle Little auk 16 Least Concern x x

Anas platyrhynchos Mallard / Wild duck 16 Least Concern x x x x x x

Aythya fuligula Tufted duck 16 Least Concern x x x x

Aythya marila Greater scaup 16 Least Concern x x x x

Buteo buteo Common buzzard 16 Least Concern x x x x

Carduelis spinus Eurasian siskin 16 Least Concern x x x x

Corvus corone Carrion crow 16 Least Concern x x

Gallinago gallinago Common snipe 16 Least Concern x x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Larus canus Common gull 16 Least Concern x x x

Apus apus Common swift 15 Least Concern x x x x

Cygnus olor Mute swan 15 Least Concern x x x x x

Fulmarus glacialis Northern fulmar 15 Least Concern x x x

Gavia stellata Red-throated diver 15 Least Concern x x

Numenius arquata Eurasian curlew 15 Near threatened x x x x

Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk 14 Least Concern x x x

Alca torda Razorbill 14 Least Concern x x x x

Aythya ferina Common pochard 14 Least Concern x x x x

Rallus aquaticus Water rail 14 Least Concern x x x x

Rissa tridactyla Black-legged kittiwake 14 Least Concern x x x

Anser fabalis Bean goose 13 Least Concern x x x

Arenaria interpres Ruddy turnstone 13 Least Concern x x x x x

Corvus monedula Western jackdaw 13 Least Concern x x x x

Phasianus colchicus Common pheasant 13 Least Concern x x x x

Pluvialis apricaria European golden plover 13 Least Concern x x

Acrocephalus scirpaceus Eurasian reed warbler 12 Least Concern x x x x

Anas penelope Eurasian wigeon 12 Least Concern x x x x

Carduelis chloris European greenfinch 12 Least Concern x x x x

Dendrocopos major Great spotted woodpecker 12 Least Concern x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Fringilla coelebs Common chaffinch 12 Least Concern x x x x

Larus marinus Great black-backed gull 12 Least Concern x x

Phalacrocorax carbo Great cormorant 12 Least Concern x x x x x

Sturnus vulgaris Common starling 12 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Sylvia atricapilla Eurasian blackcap 12 Least Concern x x x x

Anthus pratensis Meadow pipit 11 Least Concern x x x

Fringilla montifringilla Brambling 11 Least Concern x x

Fulica atra Eurasian coot 11 Least Concern x x x x

Motacilla alba White wagtail 11 Least Concern x x x x

Passer domesticus House sparrow 11 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Strix aluco Tawny owl 11 Least Concern x x x

Tadorna tadorna Common shelduck 11 Least Concern x x x

Uria lomvia Thick-billed murre 11 Least Concern x x x

Limosa limosa Black-tailed godwit 11 Near threatened x x x x x

Alauda arvensis Eurasian skylark 10 Least Concern x x

Athene noctua Little owl 10 Least Concern x x x x

Branta bernicla Brant goose 10 Least Concern x x

Prunella modularis Dunnock 10 Least Concern x x x x

Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing dove 10 Least Concern x x x

Cuculus canorus Common cuckoo 9 Least Concern x x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Cyanistes caeruleus Eurasian blue tit 9 Least Concern x x x x

Garrulus glandarius Eurasian jay 9 Least Concern x x x x

Hirundo rustica Barn swallow 9 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Parus major Great tit 9 Least Concern x x x x

Columba livia domesticus Domestic rock pigeon 8 Domesticated D D D D D D D

Botaurus stellaris Eurasian bittern 8 Least Concern x x x x

Carduelis carduelis European goldfinch 8 Least Concern x x x x

Cygnus cygnus Whooper swan 8 Least Concern x x x x

Ficedula hypoleuca European pied flycatcher 8 Least Concern x x x x

Hippolais icterina Icterine warbler 8 Least Concern x x x x

Lagopus muta Rock ptarmigan 8 Least Concern x x x

Motacilla flava Western yellow wagtail 8 Least Concern x x x x

Streptopelia decaocto Eurasian collared dove 8 Least Concern x x x x x

Spheniscus demersus African penguin 7 Endangered x

Alcedo atthis Common kingfisher 7 Least Concern x x x x

Bucephala clangula Common goldeneye 7 Least Concern x x x x x

Carduelis cannabina Common linnet 7 Least Concern x x x x

Emberiza schoeniclus Common reed bunting 7 Least Concern x x x x

Mergus merganser Common merganser 7 Least Concern x x x x

Mergus serrator Red-breasted merganser 7 Least Concern x x x

Oenanthe oenanthe Northern wheatear 7 Least Concern x x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common redstart 7 Least Concern x x x x

Phylloscopus collybita Common chiffchaff 7 Least Concern x x x x

Pyrrhura perlata Crimson-bellied parakeet 7 Vulnerable x

Anas platyrhynchos domesticus Domesticated duck 6 Domesticated D D D D D D D

Anas crecca Eurasian teal 6 Least Concern x x x x

Anser anser Greylag goose 6 Least Concern x x x x x

Asio flammeus Short-eared owl 6 Least Concern x x x x

Branta leucopsis Barnacle goose 6 Least Concern x x

Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch 6 Least Concern x x x x

Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed godwit 6 Least Concern x x x

Platalea leucorodia Eurasian spoonbill 6 Least Concern x x x x

Podiceps grisegena Red-necked grebe 6 Least Concern x x x

Regulus regulus Goldcrest 6 Least Concern x x x

Emberiza rutila Chestnut bunting 6 Least Concern x

Pyrrhura picta picta Painted parakeet 6 Least Concern x

Pyrrhura leucotis leucotis White-eared parakeet 6 Near threatened x

Rollulus roulroul Crested partridge 6 Near threatened x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Aix galericulata Mandarin duck 5 Least Concern x x

Panurus biarmicus Bearded reedling 5 Least Concern x

Periparus ater Coal tit 5 Least Concern x x x x

Pyrrhula pyrrhula Bullfinch 5 Least Concern x x x

Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich tern 5 Least Concern x x x x x x

Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned hanging parrot 5 Least Concern x

Pyrrhura melanura chapmani Maroon-tailed parakeet 5 Least Concern x

Pyrrhura lepida coerulescens Crimson-bellied parakeet 5 Vulnerable x

Anser anser domesticus Domestic goose 4 Domesticated D D D D D D D

Melanitta fusca Velvet scoter 4 Endangered x x

Acrocephalus palustris Marsh warbler 4 Least Concern x x x

Anas querquedula Garganey 4 Least Concern x x x x x

Ciconia ciconia White stork 4 Least Concern x x x x

Columba oenas Stock dove 4 Least Concern x x x x

Delichon urbica Common house martin 4 Least Concern x x x x

Egretta alba Great egret 4 Least Concern x x x x x x

Larus fuscus Lesser black-backed gull 4 Least Concern x x x x

Loxia curvirostra Red crossbill 4 Least Concern x x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Muscicapa striata Spotted flycatcher 4 Least Concern x x x x

Saxicola rubetra Whinchat 4 Least Concern x x x x

Sterna hirundo Common tern 4 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Sylvia borin Garden warbler 4 Least Concern x x x x

Tachybaptus ruficollis Little grebe 4 Least Concern x x x x

Tetrao tetrix Black grouse 4 Least Concern x x

Troglodytes troglodytes Eurasian wren 4 Least Concern x x x x

Turdus pilaris Fieldfare 4 Least Concern x x x

Enicognathus ferrugineus ferrugineus Austral parakeet 4 Least Concern x

Luscinia calliope Siberian rubythroat 4 Least Concern x

Phoenicopterus ruber American flamingo 4 Least Concern x

Pyrrhura leucotis griseipectus Grey-breasted parakeet 3

Critically Endangered x

Gallus gallus domesticus Chicken 3 Domesticated D D D D D D D

Branta ruficollis Red-breasted goose 3 Endangered x x

Actitis hypoleucos Common sandpiper 3 Least Concern x x x x x

Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed tit 3 Least Concern x x

Alectoris graeca chukar Rock partridge 3 Least Concern x x x x

Anas acuta Northern pintail 3 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Anas clypeata Northern shoveler 3 Least Concern x x x x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

stra

lia

No

rth

A

me

rica

Sou

th

Am

eri

ca

Anas strepera Gadwall 3 Least Concern x x x

Anser fabalis brachyrhynchus Pink-footed goose 3 Least Concern x x

Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle crane 3 Least Concern x x x x

Anthus petrosus Eurasian rock pipit 3 Least Concern x

Cairina moschata Muscovy duck 3 Least Concern x x x x

Corvus frugilegus Rook 3 Least Concern x x x

Cygnus columbianus bewickii Tundra swan 3 Least Concern x x

Emberiza bruniceps Red-headed bunting 3 Least Concern x x

Fratercula arctica Atlantic puffin 3 Least Concern x x

Gyps fulvus Griffon vulture 3 Least Concern x x x x

Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned night heron 3 Least Concern x x x x x x

Passer montanus Eurasian tree sparrow 3 Least Concern x x x x

Phoenicurus ochruros Black redstart 3 Least Concern x x x x

Phylloscopus trochilus Willow warbler 3 Least Concern x x x x

Picus viridis European green woodpecker 3 Least Concern x x x

Riparia riparia Sand martin 3 Least Concern x x x x x x

Aratinga pertinax Brown-throated parakeet 3 Least Concern x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

Latin Name English Name Nu

mb

er o

f Sp

eci

me

ns

ICUN Status Euro

pe

Afr

ica

Asi

a

Mid

dle

Eas

t

Au

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Aratinga pertinax xanthogenia Brown-throated parakeet 3 Least Concern x

Callonetta leucophrys Ringed teal 3 Least Concern x

Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped shama 3 Least Concern x

Emberiza chrysophrys Yellow-browed bunting 3 Least Concern x

Gallus gallus Red junglefowl 3 Least Concern x

Meleagris gallopavo Wild turkey 3 Least Concern x

Pseudeos fuscata Dusky lory 3 Least Concern x

Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed duck 3 Vulnerable x x x

Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted bunting 2 Endangered x x

Alectoris rufa Red-legged partridge 2 Least Concern x

Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian goose 2 Least Concern x x

Bombycilla garrulus Bohemian waxwing 2 Least Concern x x x

Bubo bubo Eurasian eagle-owl 2 Least Concern x x x

Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret 2 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Calidris alba Sanderling 2 Least Concern x x x x x x

Carduelis flavirostris Twite 2 Least Concern x x

Certhia brachydactyla Short-toed treecreeper 2 Least Concern x x x x

Circus aeruginosus Western marsh harrier 2 Least Concern x x x x

Coturnix coturnix Coturnix coturnix 2 Least Concern x x x x

Emberiza bruniceps Red-headed bunting 2 Least Concern x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Falco subbuteo Eurasian hobby 2 Least Concern x x x x

Gavia immer Great northern loon 2 Least Concern x x

Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed eagle 2 Least Concern x x

Ixobrychus minutus Little bittern 2 Least Concern x x x x

Larus minutus Little gull 2 Least Concern x x

Luscinia megarhynchos Common nightingale 2 Least Concern x x x x

Lymnocryptes minimus Jack snipe 2 Least Concern x x x x

Milvus migrans Black kite 2 Least Concern x x x x x

Myiopsitta monachus cotorra Monk parakee 2 Least Concern x x x

Myiopsitta monachus monachus Monk parakee 2 Least Concern x x x

Netta rufina Red-crested pochard 2 Least Concern x x x

Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel 2 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Otus scops European scops owl 2 Least Concern x x x x

Perdix perdix Grey partridge 2 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Podiceps auritus Horned grebe 2 Least Concern x x x

Recurvirostra avosetta Pied avocet 2 Least Concern x x x x

Stercorarius skua Great skua 2 Least Concern x x x

Sylvia communis Common whitethroat 2 Least Concern x x x x

Tetrao urogallus Western capercaillie 2 Least Concern x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Tringa ochropus Green sandpiper 2 Least Concern x x x x

Acridotheres tristis Common myna 2 Least Concern x x x

Aix sponsa Wood duck 2 Least Concern x

Aratinga cactorum Caatinga parakeet 2 Least Concern x

Aratinga holochlora rubritorquis ed Throathed Parakeet 2 Least Concern x

Aratinga nana astec Olive-throated parakeet 2 Least Concern x x

Brotogeris chrysoptera tuipara Golden-winged Parakeet 2 Least Concern x

Catharus ustulatus Swainson's thrush 2 Least Concern x x

Charadrius hiaticula Common ringed plover 2 Least Concern x x x x

Charadrius vociferus Killdeer 2 Least Concern x x

Charmosyna papou goliathina Papuan lorikeet 2 Least Concern x

Charmosyna placentis Red-flanked lorikeet 2 Least Concern x

Charmosyna pulchella Fairy lorikeet 2 Least Concern x

Cochlearius cochlearius Boat-billed heron 2 Least Concern x x

Cygnus melanocoryphus Black-necked swan 2 Least Concern x

Dendrocygna viduata White-faced whistling duck 2 Least Concern x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Forpus xanthopterygius flavescens Blue-winged parrotlet 2 Least Concern x

Francolinus francolinus Black francolin 2 Least Concern x x

Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat 2 Least Concern x

Leiothrix lutea Red-billed leiothrix 2 Least Concern x

Lophophorus impeyanus Himalayan monal 2 Least Concern x

Lophura leucomelanos Kalij pheasant 2 Least Concern x

Loriculus philippensis Philippine hanging parrot 2 Least Concern x

Neopsittacus musschenbroekii Yellow-billed lorikeet 2 Least Concern x

Netta peposaca Rosy-billed pochard 2 Least Concern x

Numida meleagris Helmeted guineafowl 2 Least Concern x

Pionus maximiliani Scaly-headed parrot 2 Least Concern x

Platycercus eximius cecilae Eastern rosella 2 Least Concern x

Psittaculirostris desmarestii Large fig parrot 2 Least Concern x

Psittaculirostris salvadorii Salvadori's fig parrot 2 Least Concern x

Pyrrhura melanura pacifica Maroon-tailed parakeet 2 Least Concern x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned kinglet 2 Least Concern x

Trichoglossus flavoviridis meyeri Meyer's lori 2 Least Concern x

Trichoglossus goldiei Goldie's lorikeet 2 Least Concern x

Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed vireo 2 Least Concern x x

Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated sparrow 2 Least Concern x

Pavo cristatus Indian peafowl 2 Least Concern x

Anser canagicus Emperor goose 2 Near threatened x x

Calidris pusilla Semipalmated sandpiper 2 Near threatened x x

Eos reticulata Blue-streaked lory 2 Near threatened x

Lophura swinhoii Swinhoe's pheasant 2 Near threatened x

Psittacula derbiana Lord Derby's parakeet 2 Near threatened x

Otis tarda Great bustard 2 Vulnerable x x x x

Balearica pavonina Black crowned crane 2 Vulnerable x

Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern ground hornbill 2 Vulnerable x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Ciconia episcopus Woolly-necked stork 2 Vulnerable x x

Leucopsar rothschildi Bali myna 1 Critically Endangered x

Pavo cristatus domesticus Indian peafowl 1 Domesticated D D D D D D D

Neophron percnopterus Egyptian vulture 1 Endangered x x x x

Amazona autumnalis lilacina Lilacine amazon

1 Endangered x

Brotogeris pyrrhoptera Grey-cheeked parakeet 1 Endangered x

Necrosyrtes monachus Hooded vulture 1 Endangered x

Crax mitu Alagoas curassow 1 Extinct in the Wild x

Anser albifrons flavirostris Greenland white-fronted goose 1 Least Concern x x

Anser caerulescens Snow goose 1 Least Concern x x

Anser rossii Ross's goose 1 Least Concern x x

Ardea purpurea Purple heron 1 Least Concern x x x x

Bubo scandiacus Snowy owl 1 Least Concern x x x

Carduelis cabaret Lesser redpoll 1 Least Concern x

Cercotrichas galactotes syriccus Rufous-tailed scrub robin 1 Least Concern x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Chlidonias niger Black tern 1 Least Concern x x

Chrysolophus amherstiae Lady Amherst's pheasant 1 Least Concern x x

Chrysolophus pictus Golden pheasant 1 Least Concern x x

Circaetus gallicus Short-toed snake eagle 1 Least Concern x x x x

Circus pygargus Circus pygargus 1 Least Concern x x x x

Corvus corax Common raven 1 Least Concern x x x x x

Dryocopus martius Black woodpecker 1 Least Concern x x x

Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer 1 Least Concern x x

Emberiza pusilla Little bunting 1 Least Concern x x

Eremophila alpestris Horned lark 1 Least Concern x x x x

Falco columbarius Merlin 1 Least Concern x x x x x x

Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon 1 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Ficedula parva Red-breasted flycatcher 1 Least Concern x x

Galerida cristata Crested lark 1 Least Concern x x x x

Glaucidium passerinum Eurasian pygmy owl 1 Least Concern x x

Grus grus Common crane 1 Least Concern x x x x

Hydrobates pelagicus European storm petrel 1 Least Concern x x

Jynx torquilla Eurasian wryneck 1 Least Concern x x x

Lanius collurio Red-backed shrike 1 Least Concern x x x

Mergellus albellus Smew 1 Least Concern x x x

Monticola saxatilis Common rock thrush 1 Least Concern x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Nucifraga caryocatactes Spotted nutcracker 1 Least Concern x x

Oriolus oriolus Oriolus oriolus 1 Least Concern x x x

Pelecanus onocrotalus Great white pelican 1 Least Concern x x x x

Plegadis falcinellus Glossy ibis 1 Least Concern x x x x x x x

Pluvialis squatarola Grey plover 1 Least Concern x x

Porphyrio porphyrio Purple swamphen 1 Least Concern x x

Sitta europaea Eurasian nuthatch 1 Least Concern x x x x

Stercorarius parasiticus Parasitic jaeger 1 Least Concern x x x

Stictocarbo aristotelis / Phalacrocorax aristotelis European shag 1 Least Concern x x

Sula bassana Northern gannet 1 Least Concern x x x

Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy shelduck 1 Least Concern x x x x

Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper 1 Least Concern x x x x x

Turdus viscivorus Mistle thrush 1 Least Concern x x x x

Upupa epops Hoopoe 1 Least Concern x x x x

Acryllium vulturinum Vulturine guineafowl 1 Least Concern x

Actitis macularia Spotted sandpiper 1 Least Concern x x

Amadina erythrocephala Red-headed finch 1 Least Concern x

Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted waterhen 1 Least Concern x

Anas capensis Cape teal 1 Least Concern x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Anas castanea Chestnut teal 1 Least Concern x

Anas erythrorhyncha Red-billed teal 1 Least Concern x

Anas flavirostris Yellow-billed teal 1 Least Concern x

Anas formosa Baikal teal 1 Least Concern x

Anas sibilatrix Chiloé wigeon 1 Least Concern x

Anser indicus Bar-headed goose 1 Least Concern x

Aptenodytes patagonicus King penguin 1 Least Concern x

Aquila rapax nipalensis Steppe eagle 1 Least Concern x x

Ara ararauna Blue-and-yellow macaw 1 Least Concern x

Ara manilata Red-bellied macaw 1 Least Concern x

Aratinga acuticaudata acuticaudata Blue-crowned parakeet 1 Least Concern x

Aratinga pertinax aeruginosa Brown-throated parakeet 1 Least Concern x

Aratinga weddellii Dusky-headed parakeet 1 Least Concern x

Bambusicola thoracicus Chinese bamboo partridge 1 Least Concern x

Brotogeris chrysoptera chrysopterus Golden-winged Parakeet 1 Least Concern x

Bubo lacteus Verreaux's eagle-owl 1 Least Concern x

Bubo virginianus Great horned owl 1 Least Concern x x

Bucephala albeola Bufflehead 1 Least Concern x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Calidris himantopus Stilt sandpiper 1 Least Concern x x

Calidris minutilla Least sandpiper 1 Least Concern x x

Callipepla squamata Scaled quail 1 Least Concern x

Carphibis spinicollis Straw-necked ibis 1 Least Concern x x

Cereopsis novaehollandiae Cape Barren goose 1 Least Concern x

Charadrius semipalmatus Semipalmated plover 1 Least Concern x x

Charmosyna josefinae Josephine's lorikeet 1 Least Concern x

Chenonetta jubata Australian wood duck 1 Least Concern x

Chloephaga melanoptera Andean goose 1 Least Concern x

Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk 1 Least Concern x x

Ciconia abdimii Abdim's stork 1 Least Concern x

Ciconia maguari Maguari stork 1 Least Concern x

Cosmopsarus cosmopsarus regius Royal starling 1 Least Concern x

Cyanocorax chrysops Plush-crested jay 1 Least Concern x

Cyanocorax yncas Inca jay 1 Least Concern x x

Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous whistling duck 1 Least Concern x x x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Dendroica coronata / Setophaga coronata coronata Yellow-rumped warbler 1 Least Concern x

Deroptyus accipitrinus Red-fan parrot 1 Least Concern x

Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu 1 Least Concern x

Ducula luctuosa Silver-tipped imperial pigeon 1 Least Concern x

Dumetella carolinensis Gray catbird 1 Least Concern x

Eudocimus ruber Scarlet ibis 1 Least Concern x

Aramides cajaneus grey-necked wood rail 1 Least Concern x

Gallus gallus spadiceus Red junglefowl 1 Least Concern x

Garrulus lanceolatus Black-headed jay 1 Least Concern x

Graydidascalus brachyurus Short-tailed parrot 1 Least Concern x

Jacana spinosa Northern jacana 1 Least Concern x x

Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco 1 Least Concern x

Lamprotornis purpureus Purple starling 1 Least Concern x

Lamprotornis splendidus Splendid starling 1 Least Concern x

Lamprotornis superbus Superb starling 1 Least Concern x

Larus philadelphia Bonaparte's gull 1 Least Concern x

Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou stork 1 Least Concern x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Leptoptilos spec. Leptoptilos 1 Least Concern x

Lorius lory Black-capped lory 1 Least Concern x

Mergus cucullatus Hooded merganser 1 Least Concern x

Merops orientalis Green bee-eater 1 Least Concern x x

Merops persicus Blue-cheeked bee-eater 1 Least Concern x x

Mniotilta varia Black-and-white warbler 1 Least Concern x x

Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed stork 1 Least Concern x

Neophema splendida Scarlet-chested parrot 1 Least Concern x

Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel 1 Least Concern x

Ocyphaps lophotes Crested pigeon 1 Least Concern x

Opopsitta diophthalma Double-eyed Fig Parrot 1 Least Concern x

Oriolus chinensis Black-naped oriole 1 Least Concern x

Otus brucei Pallid scops owl 1 Least Concern x

Passerella iliaca Fox sparrow 1 Least Concern x

Pionites melanocephalus pallida Black-headed parrot 1 Least Concern x

Pionus fuscus Dusky parrot 1 Least Concern x

Pionus senilis White-crowned parrot 1 Least Concern x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Pionus sordidus corallinus Red-billed parrot 1 Least Concern x

Pionus tumultuosus Speckle-faced parrot 1 Least Concern x

Platycercus elegans Crimson rosella 1 Least Concern x

Probosciger aterrimus Palm cockatoo 1 Least Concern x x

Ptilinopus melanospila Black-naped fruit dove 1 Least Concern x

Ramphastos vitellinus ariel Channel-billed toucan 1 Least Concern x

Rhopocichla atriceps Dark-fronted babbler 1 Least Concern x

Sarkidiornis melanotus Knob-billed duck 1 Least Concern x x x

Spizixos spec. Spizixos 1 Least Concern x

Stercorarius pomarinus Pomarine skua 1 Least Concern x x x x

Struthio camelus Ostrich 1 Least Concern x

Sturnia erythropygius White-headed starling 1 Least Concern x

Syrrhaptes paradoxus Pallas's sandgrouse 1 Least Concern x

Tadorna variegata Paradise shelduck 1 Least Concern x

Tauraco leucotis White-cheeked turaco 1 Least Concern x

Trichoglossus euteles Trichoglossus euteles 1 Least Concern x

Trichoglossus haematodus moluccanus Swainson's lorikeet 1 Least Concern x

Trichoglossus ornatus Ornate lorikeet 1 Least Concern x

Tringa melanoleuca Greater yellowlegs 1 Least Concern x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Vanellus spinosus Spur-winged lapwing 1 Least Concern x x

Aegypius monachus Cinereous vulture 1 Near threatened x x

Coracias garrulus European roller 1 Near threatened x x x x

Otis tetrax Little bustard 1 Near threatened x x

Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine parakeet 1 Near threatened x x

Agriocharis ocellata Ocellated turkey 1 Near threatened x

Amazona leucocephala Cuban amazon 1 Near threatened x

Ardeotis arabs Arabian bustard 1 Near threatened x

Charmosyna multistriata Striated lorikeet 1 Near threatened x

Coturnix japonica Tuxedo quail 1 Near threatened x

Lophura ignita rufa Crested fireback 1 Near threatened x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed woodpecker 1 Near threatened x

Phoenicopterus chilensis Chilean flamingo 1 Near threatened x

Psittacula alexandri fasciata Red-breasted parakeet 1 Near threatened x

Psophia crepitans Grey-winged trumpeter 1 Near threatened x

Ptilinopus jambu Jambu fruit dove 1 Near threatened x

Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin 1 Near threatened x

Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur 1 Near threatened x

Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed ibis 1 Near threatened x

Corvus cornix Hooded crow 1 No status assigned x x x x

Pyrrhura picta roseifrons Rose-fronted parakeet 1 Not recognized x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Tockus erythrorhynchus Northern red-billed hornbill 1 Not recognized x

Anser erythropus Lesser white-fronted goose 1 Vulnerable x x

Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled duck 1 Vulnerable x x

Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian pelican 1 Vulnerable x x

Afropavo congensis Congo peafowl 1 Vulnerable x

Anas luzonica Philippine duck 1 Vulnerable x

Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Hyacinth macaw 1 Vulnerable x

Branta sandvicensis Nene 1 Vulnerable x

Casuarius casuarius Southern cassowary 1 Vulnerable x x

Diomedea exulans Wandering albatross 1 Vulnerable x

Goura cristata Western crowned pigeon 1 Vulnerable x

Grus antigone Sarus crane 1 Vulnerable x x

Polyplectron inopinatum Mountain peacock-pheasant 1 Vulnerable x

Anatidae sp. Duck 1

Halcyon spec. Halcyon 1

Odontophorus sp. Wood quail 1 x x

Youri van den Hurk, Esther Scheele, Canan Çakirlar

(GIA zooarchaeology)

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Tinamidae cf. Tinamou 1 x