Mike Robinson GCP GRM, September, 2011 Public Private Partnerships
Jul 15, 2015
Mike Robinson
GCP GRM, September, 2011
Public Private Partnerships
Models for closing the yield gap
● Building partnerships – complementary strengths
– High tech genomics and supply chain: private sector
– Phenotyping and germplasm diversity: public sector
● Managing intellectual property
– Open innovation / patent pools
– Crafting products for joint development
● Value chain
– Engaging seed companies
– Financing
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1
2
3
Four types of public-private partnerships in agriculture
Infrastructure
Knowledge
Tech expertise
R&D
Supply chain
Market access
• improved crops
• services, methods of delivery
• mechanization, fertilization, irrigation
• supply chains
• agro-dealer networks
• processor/buyer links
• mobile banking & applications
• irrigation, transportation, electrification
• storage, agro-processing, packaging
• data & knowledge sharing
• e.g., cocoa, tef genome projects
Source: Boettiger/GATD/SFSA (adapted)
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The landscape of AG PPPs: the linkages(37 projects, mainly in 2000-2010)
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Size of nodes: no. of PPP projects
PPPs: The power of
partnershipLinked by
shared projects
Linked by
shared private
partners
Includes Spielman (25), plus 12 new
(37). It is not meant to be exhaustive.
The landscape of AG PPPs: the stakeholders(Agricultural PPPs mainly in 2000-2010)
5
Size of nodes: no. of PPP projects
Lines: connect public institutions which share the same private partners
Syngenta F 3Pioneer Hi-Bred 3
BMGF (Gates) 3Academia Sinica 1
Syngenta (F) 2(1)Monsanto 1
Pioneer Hi-Bred 1Bayer CropScience 1
Mitsubishi 1Socioconsult 1DuPont 1
Pioneer Hi-Bred 2Syngenta (F) 1(1)Monanto 1
BMGF 1Coca Cola 1
Pte Seed Companies 1
Pioneer Hi-Bred 2
Syngenta F 1
BMGF (Gates) 1
Nestlé 1Mars 1Academia Sinica 1
Monsanto 1Pioneer Hi-Bred 1BMGF (Gates) 1
Academia Sinica 1
BMGF (Gates) 1
Dow AgroSciences 1
Syngenta F 1Monsanto 1
Pioneer Hi-Bred 1Bayer CropScience 1
Axis Genetics 1
Syngenta F 1
Syngenta (F) 4(2)Monsanto 1
Pioneer Hi-Bred 4BASF 2Limagrain 1
Public sector
Syngenta 1
Grup PapalotlaUnilever 1
PPP primer: key points when starting
● Mindsets, expectations, trust
● Strategy and outputs
● Benefit sharing and obligations
● Project and risk management
● Realistic timeframes
● Commercial rights and route to farmer
● Memorandum of Understanding
● Governance and dispute resolution
● IP management
Plant variety protection and breeding progress
Source: UPOV Impact assessment study; www.upov.org
Protection spurs
innovation2
Patents, „open innovation‟, „open source‟ ...
● Certain IP assets are not best utilized by exclusivity Germplasm collections, enabling technologies …
● Open source can increase responsiveness and IP
utilization
● Public Domain - No
● Viral - Not necessarily
● Immune from IP rights - No
● Free Lunch - No
● Free to Do what I want - No
● Just a way to publish - No
What Open Source is Not:
Never
SharedOpen
SourceFreely
GivenLicensed
Continuum of opennessMost IP is neither completely open nor closed
Patent
Pools
Matching openness
to purpose
www.syngentafoundation.org
Open Innovation Patent Pool
Company
grant back
of IP licence
to the pool
Public
sectorsub-licence
to other
members of
the pool
Company A files a
patent on plant alleles
xyz that relate to e.g.
drought tolerance
(“general IP”)
Partner receives a sub-
licence to use the
general IP generated
by Company ACompany
B
Company
C
Know-
how
Materials
Company C cannot access
the data without joining the
patent pool
Know-how and
materials are
managed within
the patent pool
“Carve-out”: Company A can
protect specific products (variety,
event) by patents or plant
breeders rights – no license is
granted to those specific products
Developing
world
national or
private org
Late joiners need to “buy”
into the pool through
higher contributions
“Click-licence” royalty
free, in return for dataSub-licence royalty
bearing, for commercial
purposes
Patent
commons
USAID funded project facilitated entrance of private sector into certified
seed production; strong return to investment to smallholder (Kenya)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
private public
Project start
No.
mini-
tubers
Project end
Seed source Cost per
acre (KSh)
Income per
acre (KSh)
Farm saved 18,890 36,930
Certified 52,930 153,330
Source: Barker/CIP/SFSA
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Kenya: Private-sector produced quality potato seed of a public-bred
variety doubles or triples smallholder yields
Source: Barker/CIP/SFSA
Financing PPPs in the value chain (by governments, donors)
● Procurement of services
– Time-honored practice; little private sector risk and
investment; developmental benefits not excluded
● „Push‟
– Workhorse of development aid; execution typically by public
or non-profit actors; not transformational
● „Pull‟
– The right idea: payment on delivery (prizes; advanced
market commitments); difficult to do in agriculture
● Co-investment
– Promising as a combination of push and pull; few deals so
far: convincing business plans are scarce