Prof. Dr. techn. G. Scheffknecht Institute of Combustion and Power Plant Technology Exchange of balancing services ‐ Market design and modelling, Amsterdam October 28, 2010 Dipl.-Ing. Pavel Zolotarev University of Stuttgart Grid Control Cooperation – Coordination of Secondary Control
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Grid Control Cooperation – Coordination of Secondary Control · Coordination of Secondary Control. 2 Introduction Continental Europe power system - synchronously interconnected
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Prof. Dr. techn. G. Scheffknecht
Institute of Combustion and Power Plant Technology
Exchange of balancing services ‐ Market design and modelling, AmsterdamOctober 28, 2010
Dipl.-Ing. Pavel ZolotarevUniversity of Stuttgart
Grid Control Cooperation –
Coordination of Secondary Control
2
Introduction
Continental Europe power system - synchronously interconnected control areas
Load and power generation from renewable sources cannot be predicted accurately.
In order to ensure the power system stability power generation must be continuously adjusted to power demand by load-frequency control.
3
Introduction
Continental Europe power system - synchronously interconnected control areas
Load and power generation from renewable sources cannot be predicted accurately.
In order to ensure the power system stability power generation must be continuously adjusted to power demand by load-frequency control.
Secondary Control (SC):• Stationary restores the power balance of a control area • Control variable – actual power interchange of a control area• Horizontal structure:
− One controller implemented in each control area− No coordination of secondary control power (SCP) activation
4
Secondary Control Loop
Power balance of a control area
Control deviation: Area Control Error (ACE)
Power Balance
ACE
5
Secondary Control Loop
Power balance of a control area
Control deviation: Area Control Error (ACE)
Control area short – positive SCP demandControl area long – negative SCP demand
Secondary Controller
Power Balance
ACE
SCP-request
6
Secondary Control Loop
Power balance of a control area
Control deviation: Area Control Error (ACE)
Control area short – positive SCP demandControl area long – negative SCP demand
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
7
Secondary Control Loop
Power balance of a control area
Control deviation: Area Control Error (ACE)
Control area short – positive SCP demandControl area long – negative SCP demand
Dimensioning of necessary SCP reserves and their activation is conducted with respect to technical and economic criteria for one
control area!
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
8
Interconnected Power System
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area A
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Interconnected Power System
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area A
Power Balance
SC Power Plant Units
Secondary Controller
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area C
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area B
other control areas
Technical and financial benefit through Grid Control Cooperation!
10
Index
1. Grid Control Cooperation Modules
2. Technical Concept
3. Example from Operation
4. Implementation in Germany
5. Summary
11
Index
1. Grid Control Cooperation Modules
2. Technical Concept
3. Example from Operation
4. Implementation in Germany
5. Summary
12
Module 1
Module 1:
Inherent in the system: concurrently short and long control areas activate SCP with different signs.
Counteracting SCP avoidance
Less control energy needed (lower energy costs)
Grid Control Cooperation
13
Module 2
Module 2:
Control areas must cover the risk of power imbalances with SCP reserves.
Risk distribution and joint dimensioning of SCP reserves
Lower SCP reserves needed (lower costs)
Grid Control Cooperation
Module 1:Counteracting SCP avoidance
14
Module 3
Module 3:
SCP reserves must be procured.
Joint cross-border procurement
Overall cheapest SCP is bought
Higher supply but stable demand could lead to lower prices
Grid Control Cooperation
Module 1:Counteracting SCP avoidance
Module 2:Joint dimensioning of SCP reserves
15
Module 4
Module 4:
SCP is activated under consideration of energy costs (e.g. with respect to a merit order list).
Cross-border cost optimal SCP activation
Possible market based effects on control energy price
Module 3:Joint SCP procurement
Grid Control Cooperation
Module 2:Joint dimensioning of SCP reserves
Module 1:Counteracting SCP avoidance
16
Grid Control Cooperation Modules
Module 4:Cross-border cost-optimal SCP activation
Grid Control Cooperation
Module 3:Joint SCP procurement
Module 2:Joint dimensioning of SCP reserves
Module 1:Counteracting SCP avoidance
17
Index
1. Grid Control Cooperation Modules
2. Technical Concept
3. Example from Operation
4. Implementation in Germany
5. Summary and Outlook
18
Grid Control Cooperation Modules
Module 4:Cross-border cost-optimal SCP activation
Grid Control Cooperation
Module 3:Joint SCP procurement
Module 2:Joint dimensioning of SCP reserves
Module 1:Counteracting SCP avoidance
19
Grid Control Cooperation Modules
Module 4:Cross-border cost-optimal SCP activation
Grid Control Cooperation
Module 3:Joint SCP procurementonly organizational
Module 2:Joint dimensioning of SCP reserves
Module 1:Counteracting SCP avoidance
20
Interconnected Power System
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area A
Power Balance
SC Power Plant Units
Secondary Controller
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area C
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area B
other control areas
Technical and financial benefit through Grid Control Cooperation!
21
Secondary Control Optimization
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area A
Power Balance
SC Power Plant Units
Secondary Controller
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area C
Secondary Controller
SC Power Plant Units
Power Balance
SCP
ACE
SCP-request
Control Area B
other control areas
SC-Optimization
correction
correction
correction
correction
SCP demand SCP demand
SCP demand SCP demand
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Integration into Secondary Control Structure
int,aP -
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setP-ACEP
existing
sc,aP
distint,aP
-
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Integration into Secondary Control Structure
int,aP -
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setP-ACEP
existing
sc,aP
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Integration into Secondary Control Structure
-
corr,2 corr,3 corr,, , , iP P P
SC-Optimization
corr,1P
int,aP
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
existing
newdemand,1P
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
sc,aP-
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Integration into Secondary Control Structure
- -
corr,2 corr,3 corr,, , , iP P P
SC-Optimization
corr,1P
int,aP
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
existing
newdemand,1P
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
sc,aP
Definition of SCP demand?
26
Integration into Secondary Control Structure
- -
SC-Optimization
corr,2 corr,3 corr,, , , iP P P
corr,1P
int,aP
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
-ACE corr,1P P−
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
existing
newdemand,1P
sc,aP
Demand = ACE without correction
27
Integration into Secondary Control Structure
- -
SC-Optimization
corr,2 corr,3 corr,, , , iP P P
corr,1P
int,aP
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
-ACE corr,1P P− sc,aP
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
existing
newdemand,1P
sc,aP
Demand = ACE without correction and without activated SCP
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Integration into Secondary Control Structure
- -
SC-Optimization
corr,2 corr,3 corr,, , , iP P P
corr,1P
int,aP
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
-ACE corr,1P P− sc,aP
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
existing
newdemand,1P
sc,aP
distint,aP
-
Demand = ACE without correction and without activated SCP
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Integration into Secondary Control Structure
- -
SC-Optimization
corr,2 corr,3 corr,, , , iP P P
corr,1P
int,aP
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
-ACE corr,1P P− sc,aP
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
existing
newdemand,1P
sc,aP
distint,aP
-
+
Demand = ACE without correction and without activated SCP
Demand contains no information fromclosed control loop –
Stability is guaranteed!
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Integration into Secondary Control Structure
- -
SC-Optimization
corr,2 corr,3 corr,, , , iP P P
corr,1P
int,aP
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
-ACE corr,1P P− sc,aP
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
existing
newdemand,1P
sc,aP
import/export boundson/off switch
31
Index
1. Grid Control Cooperation Modules
2. Technical Concept
3. Example from Operation
4. Implementation in Germany
5. Summary and Outlook
32
Grid Control Cooperation in Germany
TNG
TPS
Four control areas• Amprion GmbH (AMP)• TenneT TSO GmbH (TTG)• 50Hertz Transmission GmbH (50Hz)• EnBW Transportnetze AG (TNG)
AMP
50HzTTG
TNG
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Grid Control Cooperation in Germany
Four control areas• Amprion GmbH (AMP)• TenneT TSO GmbH (TTG)• 50Hertz Transmission GmbH (50Hz)• EnBW Transportnetze AG (TNG)
December 2008: Grid Control Cooperation launched by TNG,
K f∆int,setP Secondary Controller Secondary ControlledPower Plant Units
sc,setPACEP
-ACE corr,1P P− sc,aP
demand,2 demand,3 demand,, , , iP P P
existing
newdemand,1P
sc,aP
import/export boundson/off switch
scheduled power plant units
secondary controller
Σ
secondary controlled power plant units
schedule
- -
-
- primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
Σ
Σ
ΣK f∆
int,setP
sc,setP
sc,aP
ACEP
demandPcorrP
2,schedP
1,schedP
f∆
−load genP P
3,schedP
loadP
genP
int,aP
-
genP
zP
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Modelling of Power Systems at IFK
12 oW
0o
12oE 24oE
36o E
30 oN
36 oN
42 oN
48 oN
54 oN Nonlinear, dynamic model of the ENTSO-E CE power system including: > 1000 power plant units > 3000 dynamic loads > 7000 transmission lines > 900 transformers Investigation of dynamic and stationary power
system behavior 400 kV 220 kV HDVC
Wide Area Monitoring: 8 frequency measuring units in Europe:
• Sevilla, Madrid, Aalborg, Gliwice, Zagreb, Timisoara, Athens and Stuttgart
2 frequency measuring units in Africa:• Algiers/Algeria + Sfax/Tunesia
19 frequency measuring units in Turkey
Summary Dynamic Load-Frequency Model
Control Area 1
Control Area n
Control Area 2
Control Area k
Rest
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Summary dynamic load-frequency behavior of a synchronous network:
……
Summary Dynamic Load-Frequency Model
Control Area 1
Control Area n
Control Area 2
Control Area k
Rest
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Summary dynamic load-frequency behavior of a synchronous network:
−load genP P
……
Summary Dynamic Load-Frequency Model
Control Area 1
Control Area n
Control Area 2
Control Area k
Rest
Summarized Network
Dynamics
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Summary dynamic load-frequency behavior of a synchronous network:
f∆
−load genP P
……
Summary Dynamic Load-Frequency Model
Control Area 1
Control Area n
Control Area 2
Control Area k
Rest
SC-Optimization
Summarized Network
Dynamics
f∆
demand corr,P P
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Summary dynamic load-frequency behavior of a synchronous network:
……
−load genP P
Control Area Model
schedule
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Control Area Model
Σschedule
Σ
2,schedP
1,schedP
3,schedP
GenP
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primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
scheduled power plant units
secondary controlled power plant units
Σ
Σ
Control Area Model
Σschedule
-Σ
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primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
scheduled power plant units
secondary controlled power plant units
Σ
Σ
2,schedP
1,schedP
−load genP P
3,schedP
loadP
genP
genP
Control Area Model
Σschedule
-
-Σ
zP
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primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
scheduled power plant units
secondary controlled power plant units
Σ
Σ
2,schedP
1,schedP
−load genP P
3,schedP
loadP
genP
genP
Control Area Model
Σschedule
-
-Σf∆
zP
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primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
scheduled power plant units
secondary controlled power plant units
Σ
Σ
2,schedP
1,schedP
−load genP P
3,schedP
loadP
genP
genP
Control Area Model
secondary controller
Σschedule
- -
-Σf∆
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-
primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
scheduled power plant units
secondary controlled power plant units
Σ
Σ
sc,setPACEP
2,schedP
1,schedP
−load genP P
3,schedP
loadP
genP
int,aP
genP
zP
K f∆
int,setP
Control Area Model
scheduled power plant units
secondary controller
Σ
secondary controlled power plant units
schedule
- -
-
- primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
Σ
Σ
Σ
sc,setP
sc,aP
ACEP
demandPcorrP
2,schedP
1,schedP
f∆
−load genP P
3,schedP
loadP
genP
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int,aP
-
genP
zP
K f∆
int,setP
Control Area Model
scheduled power plant units
secondary controller
Σ
secondary controlled power plant units
schedule
- -
-
- primary controlled power plants and
self-regulating effect
Σ
Σ
Σint,setP
sc,setP
sc,aP
ACEP
demandPcorrP
2,schedP
1,schedP
f∆
−load genP P
3,schedP
loadP
genP
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int,aP
-
genP
zP
control area disturbance from measurements
K f∆
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Remarks
Control area model can be used to represent a balancing group
Dynamic power plant models:• linear approximations for input-output behavior (“TSO perspective”),• or detailed, nonlinear models for investigations of load-frequency control impact on
power plant units (“power plant perspective”)− different power plant types (coal-fired, hydraulic, nuclear etc.)− different operating modes (turbine in control, steam generator in control)
Simplifications with respect to the focus of investigations are possible
75
Remarks
Control area model can be used to represent a balancing group
Dynamic power plant models:• linear approximations for input-output behavior (“TSO perspective”),• or detailed, nonlinear models for investigations of load-frequency control impact on
power plant units (“power plant perspective”)− different power plant types (coal-fired, hydraulic, nuclear etc.)− different operating modes (turbine in control, steam generator in control)
Simplifications with respect to the focus of investigations are possible
Model validation based on comparison of simulated and published secondary control energy and costs:
• Simulation tends to overestimate activated control energy (and thus costs)• Overestimation error is smaller than 10%