GREY WATER REUSE - CIPHI · GREYWATER REUSE. California. Greywater Treatment Systems. ¾. Proposed Greywater Code (2011) ¾. Allow indoor treated greywater use (flushing toilets,

GREYWATER REUSEGREYWATER REUSE

GREYWATER REUSE

Troy D. Vassos PhD., FEC PEng.


Outline

• Driving Mechanisms• Integrated Water Management• Greywater & Wastewater Reuse• Health Canada Reuse Guidelines• Reuse Case Studies


“During the 1994 to 1999 period, roughly 26% of Canadian municipalities reportedwater shortages as a result of increasedconsumption, drought or infrastructure

Problems.”Environment Canada


ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN •Living Building Challenge

- Net Zero (100%) Water Objective• Leadership in Energy & Env. Design

- Green Building


Integrated Water Management


LANDSCAPE

Commercial or

Residential Building


LANDSCAPE

Municipal Potable Water Supply

Commercial or


- Wastewater

Municipal Sanitary Sewer


LANDSCAPE

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or


- Wastewater



LANDSCAPE

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or


- Fire- Toilet- Cooling- Laundry

- Wastewater


Rainwater



• Rooftop water collection• Cisterns & rain barrels• Green roofs• Rain gardens• Bioretention cells• Vegetated swales• Permeable paving• Tree Box Filters• Green Walls• Eliminate curb & gutter• Subsurface stormwater detention

http://www.harvestrain.net/workshops/



LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION

STP

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or



StormwaterCollection & Treatment

Class “A” Recyled Water- Toilet & Urinal Flushing- Landscape Irrigation- Fire Suppression- Cooling

- Wastewater


Rainwater

Makeup Water

Excess


LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION

STP

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or





- Wastewater


Rainwater

Makeup Water

Excess





LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION

STP

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or




Rainwater

Offsite Non-Potable Use


- Wastewater

Excess


Sewer Mining

Makeup Water

Excess

MakeupWater


Benefits– Minimize potable water treatment and delivery

costs, and associated energy use– Minimize flow to wastewater treatment plants

and associated delivery and treatment costs– Increased development density– Defer infrastructure upgrades– Less water removed from aquatic environment– Fewer contaminants discharged to the

environment– Minimize combined sewer overflows– Natural aquifer recharge

Presenter

Presentation Notes

In your opening, establish the relevancy of the topic to the audience. Give a brief preview of the presentation and establish value for the listeners. Take into account your audience’s interest and expertise in the topic when choosing your vocabulary, examples, and illustrations. Focus on the importance of the topic to your audience, and you will have more attentive listeners.


#1 - Water Conservation


LANDSCAPE


Commercial or


- Wastewater



• Water Restrictions– Low water use fixtures– Water pricing & metering (true cost)

• Benefits– Minimize potable water treatment and

delivery costs, and associated energy use– Minimize flow to wastewater treatment

plants and associated delivery and treatment costs

– Less water removed from environment

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Alberta Water Strategy30% water conservation by 2015Rainbarrel Project (2002)– Minimize treated potable water for outdoor uses – Minimize energy consumption to treat/pump water & waste-water.– Minimize surface storm water runoff – Minimize flow to municipal waste-water treatment plants – Minimize raw sewage overflows to North Saskatchewan River – Minimize need for water and wastewater treatment expansion – Minimize potable water costs – Promote gardening – More water for aquatic environment

Presenter

Presentation Notes



#2 - Water Reuse


• Rainwater Harvesting• Water Reuse

– Greywater (onsite)– Mixed Wastewater (onsite & regional)

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Integrated Water Management &

Conservation ..

Australian Style


LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION

STP

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or





- Wastewater


Rainwater

Makeup Water

Excess

Excess

MakeupWater


LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION

STP

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or





- Wastewater


Rainwater

Makeup Water

Excess

Excess

MakeupWater


BASIXWeb-based residential and commercial building construction Permit tool ensures each building meets New South Wales’ targets of:

40% reduction in water consumption25% reduction in green house gas

emissions

Presenter

Presentation Notes



showers

toilets

kitchen taps

bathroom taps

BASIX Water Conservation Options

www.waterrating.gov.au

http://www.waterrating.gov.au/


rainwater tanks

stormwater tanks

reticulated recycled water

Greywater reuse

private dams



http://www.basix.nsw.gov.au/

Presenter

Presentation Notes



REUSE IN AUSTRALIA• Residential garden irrigation• Toilet flushing• Car washing & similar uses• Fire fighting• Passive recreation water bodies

NOT PERMITTED FOR:• drinking, cooking or kitchen use• baths, showers or handbasins• laundry, Swimming pools• Crops for human consumption


Wastewater Definitions

Light Grey Water - Bathroom Sink, Shower, Bathtub, Laundry

Dark Grey Water Dark Grey Water -- Kitchen Sink, Kitchen Sink, DishwasherDishwasher

Black Water - Toilets and Urinals

All wastewaters contain some level oforganic contaminants and pathogens



• New Mexico, California, Arizona ..• Australia (with treatment)

Max 400 gpd20 BOD - 30 TSS (RA) – max. 24 hr storageo 100 – 150 mm irrigation depth20 BOD - 30 TSS - 10 FC (Storage, URAA)Preventative Risk Management ApproachRestricted public access

Direct Light Greywater Reuse


Greywater Conservation (Edmonton, 2008)

35% SAVINGS


Greywater Separation


Aqus Greywater Flush System

Low volumeLow energyModest 3 flushwater savingsFilter cleaningChlorine RegulationsPlumbing Code


PumpingMaintenanceChlorinated

OverflowTHM FormationNot SustainableNo ANSI/CSA Poor UK

Experience

BRAC Greywater Flush System


GUELPH Building CodeRequirementsTreatedToilet & UrinalFlushing Only


Student Study (2008)Living Home - LethbridgeBRAC 20 – 23 yr paybackAQUS 10 – 16 yr payback$1.50 /m3 price point

low-flow & rainwater better alternatives

Greywater Flush Economics


GREYWATERINLET

SEWERBYPASS

THREE-WAYVALVE

STORAGETANK

AUTOMATICBACK-WASHSAND FILTER

TO SUBSURFACE

DRIP IRRIGATION

PUMP(Typ ¾ HP)

CONTROLLER

POTABLE WATERMAKE-UP

VIA AIR GAP Onsite Greywater Components

SHORTTERM

STORAGEMax 24 hr


• Irrigating with greywater releases contaminants to the landscape and may change soil characteristics, effect nutrient availability or poison plants

• Long term soil & groundwater issues• Water Losses (excess irrigation use)• Purple Pipe Water Quality Confusion• Lack of studies

High salt content

Direct Light Greywater Reuse



CaliforniaGraywater Direct Diversion Systems

1.7 million greywater systemsMost illegal due to permitting costsNew legislation

- no permits for clothes washer orsingle fixture (or drain) system

Cover with at least 50 mm of material


CaliforniaGreywater Treatment Systems

Proposed Greywater Code (2011)Allow indoor treated greywater use (flushing toilets, urinals, laundry)Maximum storage time 72 hours3rd party certification for approved systems


• Blackwater– High pathogen & organic content

• Dark-Greywater– High pathogen & organic content

• Light-Greywater– Comparable organic content– Generally fewer pathogens

Wastewater & Contaminants


PARAMETER UNITSBATH

SHOWER SINK

PLUS LAUNDRY

PLUSKITCHEN

SINKSEWAGE

BOD mg/L 85 - 200 125 - 250 250 – 550 100 - 400

COD mg/L 150 - 400 250 - 430 400 - 700 200 - 1000

Total Coliforms

CFU/100 mL

103 – 107 104 – 108 104 – 108 107

Fecal Coliforms

CFU/100 mL

103 – 107 103 – 107 104 – 108 2 X 106

Total P mg/L 0.5 - 4 - 3 - 8 5 - 15

Total N mg/L 4 - 16 - 10 - 17 35 - 60

pH 7.5 – 8.2 - 6.9 - 8 6.8

Source Characteristics

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Parameter BOD(mg/L)

TSS(mg/L)

Turbidity(NTU) pH

TotalColiform

(CFU/100 mL)

FecalColiform

(CFU/100 mL)

Greywater 6 -890

2 –1,500 14 - 296 6 - 10 300 -

240,000,0000 -

14,000,000

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Parameter BOD(mg/L)

TSS(mg/L)

Turbidity(NTU) pH

TotalColiform

(CFU/100 mL)

FecalColiform

(CFU/100 mL)

Greywater 6 -890

2 –1,500 14 - 296 6 - 10 300 -

240,000,0000 -

14,000,000

Sewage 250 250 - 6.8 10,000,000 2,000,000

Presenter

Presentation Notes



How about rainwater? That’s clean ..

Right?


Parameter BOD(mg/L)

TSS(mg/L)

Turbidity(NTU) pH

TotalColiform

(CFU/100 mL)

FecalColiform

(CFU/100 mL)

Greywater 6 -890

2 –1,500 14 - 296 6 - 10 300 -

240,000,0000 -

14,000,000

Sewage 250 250 - 6.8 10,000,000 2,000,000

Rainwater - - 0/6 - 40 5 - 11 1 – 19,000 1 – 12,600

Presenter

Presentation Notes



• All wastewaters contain some level of organic contaminants and pathogens

• Light greywater diverted for direct reuse if no storage required & low risk of public contact

• Blackwater & Dark-Grey require some treatment & disinfection, regardless

Water Reuse & Treatment

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Treatment


Toilets & Urinals

Bath & Shower

Laundry

Kitchen Sink

BLACK WATER

GREYWATER

Organic SolidsFats Oils & GreaseSoluble Organics

Sand & Grit

Pathogens

NutrientsToxic Organic & Inorganic

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Toilets & Urinals

Bath & Shower

Laundry

Kitchen Sink

BLACK WATER

GREYWATER


Sand & Grit

Pathogens


LANDFILL

Compost

DigestBacteria

TREATMENT

BIOSOLIDS REUSE

DISPOSALor REUSE

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Secondary Treatment

• Removal of Soluble BOD• < 45 mg/L BOD• < 45 mg/L TSS• Disinfection• Advanced (< 10 mg/L BOD & TSS)

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Toilets & Urinals

Bath & Shower

Laundry

Kitchen Sink

BLACK WATER

GREYWATER


Sand & Grit

Pathogens


LANDFILL

Compost

DigestBacteria

TREATMENT

BIOSOLIDS REUSE

DISPOSALor REUSE

DISCHARGE

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Tertiary Treatment

• Nitrification (Ammonia to Nitrate)• Denitrification (Nitrate to N Gas)• Removal of Phosphorus

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Toilets & Urinals

Bath & Shower

Laundry

Kitchen Sink

BLACK WATER

GREYWATER


Sand & Grit

Pathogens


LANDFILL

Compost

DigestBacteria

TREATMENT

Disinfect DISCHARGE

BIOSOLIDS REUSE

DISPOSALor REUSE

DISCHARGE

Presenter

Presentation Notes



Wastewater Regulations

Presenter

Presentation Notes



HEALTH Low flows ( typ. < 5,000 gpd - Alberta 5,500 igpd)Discharge to ground

ENVIRONMENT / ECOLOGY

Large flows to ground ( typ. > 5,000 gpd )Surface dischargesRestricted & unrestricted access reuse standardsHealth & Environment often co-permit reuse


Unrestricted Access Reuse WQuality


Restricted Access Reuse WQuality


Greywater Treatment•Solids separation•Biofiltration•UV Disinfection•10/10/10


Singapore “NEWater”

20 mgd capacity3 mgd (1%) to PIPU (reservoir)


Municipal Considerations

.. what about the building code?


Canadian Water Reuse Guidelines


PARAMETER UNITSLOW RISK HIGH RISK

SubsurfaceIrrigation

Landscape Irrigation,Toilets & Laundry …

BOD (1) mg/L < 30 < 10

TSS (1) mg/L < 30 < 10

TURBIDITY NTU < 5 < 2

FECAL COL. CFU/100 ml < 200 (2) <1 CFU/100ml

TOTAL COL. CFU/100 ml < 1000 (2) <1 CFU/100ml

E. Coli CFU/100 ml < 200 <1 CFU/100ml

Cl Residual mg/L - 0.1 to 1.0

Typical Dual Reuse Standard

Note: * Recommended that chlorination be used at least as a secondary meansof disinfection to maintain a chlorine residual within the distribution system.


Canadian Guidelines for Household Reclaimed Water

Health Canada InitiativeCanada Mortgage & Housing Corp (Funding)Australian National Guidelines for Water RecyclingEcological & Water Conservation IncentivesRisk Based ApproachHazard identification – pathogen & chemicalStart with Low Risk Toilet/urinal Flushing ApplicationsFirst step towards broader uses of reclaimed waterIntegrate with National Plumbing Code


PARAMETER UNITSTOILET FLUSHING

MEDIAN MAXIMUMBOD mg/L < 10 < 20TSS mg/L < 10 < 20

TURBIDITY NTU < 2 (TSS Altern.) < 5 (TSS Altern.)FECAL

COLIFORMS CFU/100 ml < 0 < 200

E. coli CFU/100 ml < 0 < 200

Cl Residual mg/L 0.1 to 1.0*

Health Canada Proposed Draft Reuse Standard

Note: * Recommended that chlorination be used at least as a secondary meansof disinfection to maintain a chlorine residual within the distribution system.


PARAMETER UNITSLOW RISK HIGH RISK

Toilet/Urinal Flushing Subsurface Irrigation

Landscape Irrigation,Laundry, Bathing …

FECALCOLIFORMS

CFU/100 ml

Median < 200 Max. < 800

Median < 1Max. < 14

TURBIDITY NTU < 5 < 2

GUIDANCE PARAMETERS

BOD mg/L < 30 < 15

TSS mg/L < 30 < 15

pH units 6 - 9 6 - 9

Cl Residual * mg/L > 1 after 30 minutes contact time

NOWRA Model Code (Draft 7)

Note: * or alternate form of disinfection such as U.V..


PARAMETER UNITS VALUE

BOD mg/L < 5

OXYGEN SATURATION % 50

TOTAL COLIFORMS CFU/100 ml < 10,000

FECAL COLIFORMS CFU/100 ml < 1,000

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA CFU/100 ml < 100

Berlin Quality Standard for Toilet Flush Water

Greywater-Recycling- Planning Basics and Business Advice. FBR Information Sheet H 201 – April 2004


Domestic greywater and wastewaterNeed for trained service providersLegal authority needed for maintenance accountability Need for some degree of monitoringPublic involvement, education, and awarenessSystem analysis & management3rd Party Technology Verification & Certif.


“No difference in rates of acute gastro-enteritis, skin or respiratory conditionsbetween people serviced by the nation’sbiggest residential recycled water scheme and those on conventional water systems.”Hawkesbury Hills, Australia study Sept. 2009


New Economics


LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION

STP

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or




Rainwater



- Wastewater

Excess


Sewer Mining

Makeup Water

Excess

MakeupWater


LANDSCAPEIRRIGATION

STP

- Kitchen- Shower


Commercial or






- Wastewater


Sewer Mining

Rainwater

Makeup Water

Excess

Excess

MakeupWater


Examples


• 9,000 L rainwater tankShower, bath & spa3A tap & shower fittings

Dual flush toilet

• Greywater ReusePlanter box green wall biological greywatertreatment & storagetoilet, laundry, & garden

• 75 % less water

Sydney Australia


• Greywater ReuseSlow sand filtration, soil box, garden wall, UV

• Rainwaterroof, rain barrels, underground cisterns and underground pipes for potable water Treatment with slow sand filtration and ultraviolet disinfectionKitchen, dishwasher & one bathroom sink

Alberta Sustainable Home (1994)


2-Stage Greywater System in Germany (above left) and Greywater Treatment Concept (above & right)


Toronto Healthy HouseToronto Healthy HouseResidential Duplex

Rainwater – Potable Use

Reclaimed Non-Potable Uses

- Toilet Flushing

- Laundry & Bath/Shower

- Irrigation


Toronto Healthy House

CHLORINE

PrimaryTreatment

Dual MediaFilter

RoughingFilter

Bio-Filtration

Storage Ozonation


Quayside Village, North VancouverQuayside Village, North VancouverGreywater Reuse

Low Technology Treatment

Resident Operated (19 units)

- Toilet Flushing Only

30 % water savings

- Rainwater Harvesting


Quayside Village

PrimaryTreatment

Ozonation Slow SandFiltration

Bio-Filtration

Storage

SEWER

CHLORINE


Islandwood Environmental Learning Center


Bio-Filter HydroponicTanks

Ultra Violet

PrimaryTreatment

RECIRCULATION


Dockside Green, Victoria BCDockside Green, Victoria BCConservation & Reclaimed

65 % Water Reduction

Landscape Irrigation

Toilet & Urinal Flushing

Canadian MBR Technology

World’s Highest LEED Platinum

http://greenbuildingelements.com/2008/08/05/dockside-green-is-the-highest-rated-leed-platinum-project-in-the-world/None


Vancouver Convention CentreVancouver Convention CentreReclaimed Water

- Green Roof Irrigation

- Toilet & Urinal Flushing

Canadian MBR Technology

Global Markets


Sustainability Research Focus

Rainwater - Potable Uses

Reclaimed Non-Potable Uses

- Landscape Irrigation

- Toilet & Urinal Flushing

UBC CIRS BUILDINGUBC CIRS BUILDING


GREY WATER REUSE - CIPHI · GREYWATER REUSE. California. Greywater Treatment Systems. ¾. Proposed Greywater Code (2011) ¾. Allow indoor treated greywater use (flushing toilets,

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