Greville G. Corbett Morphology V: Cagliari: June 2016 Supported by AHRC 1 1 Greville G. Corbett Surrey Morphology Group University ofSurrey Morphology V: Conditions on inflection The support of the ERC, the AHRC and the ESRC is gratefully acknowledged Outline 1. The task of inflectional morphology 2. Dimensions of generalization 3. A clear example of a condition 4. Types of conditions 5. Complex conditions 6. Conclusion 2 This will be Chapter 5 in: Baerman, Matthew, Greville G. Corbett & Dunstan Brown. In preparation. Morphological Complexity . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1. The task of inflectional morphology Generalizations over lexemes Generalizations over contexts 2. Dimensions of generalization • inflection classes • conditions on inflection 6
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Greville G. Corbett Morphology V: Cagliari: June 2016
Supported by AHRC 1
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Greville G. CorbettSurrey Morphology GroupUniversity of Surrey
Morphology V: Conditions on inflection
The support of the ERC, the AHRC andthe ESRC is gratefully acknowledged
Outline
1. The task of inflectional morphology2. Dimensions of generalization3. A clear example of a condition4. Types of conditions5. Complex conditions6. Conclusion
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This will be Chapter 5 in: Baerman, Matthew, Greville G. Corbett & Dunstan Brown. In preparation. Morphological Complexity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1. The task of inflectional morphology Generalizations over lexemes
Generalizations over contexts
2. Dimensions of generalization
• inflection classes
• conditions on inflection
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Greville G. Corbett Morphology V: Cagliari: June 2016
Supported by AHRC 2
Burmeso
An illustration of the two dimensions
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Verb forms in Burmeso (Donohue 2001)
(1) da nawak g-ihi-maru1SG woman(II).SG II.SG-see-TODAY’S.PAST
‘I saw a woman.’
(2) da mibo j-ihi-maru1SG banana(V).SG V.SG-see-TODAY’S.PAST‘I saw a banana.’
(3) jamo nawak n-akwa-ru dog.SG woman(II).SG II.SG-bite-TODAY’S.PAST‘The dog bit a woman.’
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Verbal form classes in BurmesoVerbal inflection classes in Burmeso
Donohue (2001: 100, 102), discussed in Corbett (2009)
GENDER
gender assignmentinflection class 1 inflection class 2e.g. -ihi- ‘see’ e.g. -akwa- ‘bite’
SG PL SG PLI male j- s- b- t-II female, animate g- s- n- t-III miscellaneous g- j- n- b-IV mass nouns j- j- b- b-V banana, sago tree j- g- b- n-VI arrows, coconuts g- g- n- n-
Donohue (2001: 101) states explicitly: ‘… there are no obvious semantic correlations for verbs which take the different sets of prefixes, and both sets of verbs are of approximately equal size.’
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3. A clear example of a condition: number differentiability in Russian
NOM zavod-y mal´čik-i stran-i djad-i kost-i myš-i del-a čudovišč-a ACC zavod-y mal´čik-ov stran-i djad-ej kost-i myš-ej del-a čudovišč GEN zavod-ov mal´čik-ov stran djad-ej kost-ej myš-ej del čudovišč DAT zavod-am mal´čik-am stran-am djadj-am kostj-am myš-am del-am čudovišč-am INS zavod-ami mal´čik-ami stran-ami djadj-ami kostj-ami myš-ami del-ami čudovišč-ami LOC zavod-ax mal´čik-ax stran-ax djadj-ax kostj-ax myš-ax del-ax čudovišč-ax
I II III IV
1. class II: unique accusative singular in –u2. animate masculine nouns and plural nouns: ACC=GEN3. otherwise: ACC=NOM
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Greville G. Corbett Morphology V: Cagliari: June 2016
Supported by AHRC 4
The animacy condition (partial)
if a noun denotes an animate, and is masculine or plural
[antecedent]
its accusative will be syncretic with its genitive[consequent]
For full details see Corbett & Fraser (1993), see also Müller (2007: 10-11).
Syllable count in Serbo-Croat nouns
‘window’ ‘city’
SG
NOM prozor grad VOC prozor-e grad-e ACC prozor grad GEN prozor-a grad-a DAT prozor-u grad-u INS prozor-om grad-om LOC prozor-u grad-u
PL
NOM/VOC prozor-i grad-ov-i ACC prozor-e grad-ov-e GEN prozor-a grad-ov-a DAT prozor-ima grad-ov-ima INS prozor-ima grad-ov-ima LOC prozor-ima grad-ov-ima
(Browne 1993: 319-320)
ovovovovovov
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The syllable counting condition
if a noun is of the zakon inflection class, and its stem is monosyllabic
[antecedent]
it will take the augment –ov- in the plural[consequent]
Note: there are exceptions in both directions;; some are discussed later. 21
Nikolić (2013) talks of hundreds of nouns, with only the long plural (there areothers which allow both)
author dates plural forms long plural % long pluralB. Zuzzeri 1682-1762 375 73 19.5%A. Kačić –Miošić 1704-1760 1091 426 39.0%M. A. Reljković 1732-1788 472 248 52.5%D. Obradović 1742-1811 470 281 59.8%
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The SC augment –ov- : complications
• issues of syllable counting:auto-dijeloviSG: auto-dio
• counter-examples in both directions–motivated groups: ethonyms
measure terms• considerable variation
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Why the Serbo-Croat augment is interesting
• it affects (most dialects of) Serbo-Croat, versus all
other Slavonic languages
• a tiny class has become the majority class
• a series of unpredictable analogies
• a “poor” condition: numerous overrides and hardly
orthogonal to inflection class34
6. Conclusions
• conditions have an interesting typology
• they vary from obviously motivated to opaque
• understudied and under-reported
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References
Baerman,Matthew.2014.Covertsystematic ity in a distributionally complex system.Journal ofLinguistics 50.1-47.
Baerman, Matthew, Greville G. Corbett & Dunstan Brown. In preparation. MorphologicalComplexity .Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Dunstan, Greville G. Corbett, Sebastian Fedden, Andrew Hippis ley & Paul Marriott.2013.Grammatical typology and frequency analysis:Number availability and number use.Journal ofLanguage Modelling 1.227-241.
Browne, Wayles. 1993. Serbo-Croat. In: Bernard Comrie & Greville G. Corbett (eds) TheSlavonic Languages,306-387.London:Routledge.
Corbett, Greville G. 1982. Gender in Russian: an account of gender specification and itsrelationship to declension.Russian Linguistics,6.197-232 .
Corbett,Greville G.2000.Number.Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress.Corbett,Greville G.2009.Canonical inflectional c lasses. In:Fabio Montermini,Gilles Boyé and
Jesse Tseng (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 6th Décembrettes: Morphology inBordeaux, 1-11. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Available at:http://www.lingref.com/cpp/decemb/6/abstract2231.html
Corbett, Greville G. & Norman M. Fraser. 1993.Network Morphology: A DATR account ofRussian inflectional morphology. Journal of Linguistics 29.113–42. [Reprinted 2003 in:Francis X.Katamba (ed.) Morphology:CriticalConcepts in Linguistics:VI:Morphology: ItsPlace in the Wider Context,364-396.London:Routledge.]
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References
Donohue, Mark. 2001. Animacy,class and gender in Burmeso. In: Andrew Pawley, MalcolmRoss &Darrell Tryon (eds) The Boy fromBundaberg:Studies in Melanesian Linguistics inHonour ofTomDutton (Pacific linguistics514),97–115.Canberra:PacificLinguistics.
Gorbov,Andrej A.2014.Čislovye paradigmy abstraknyx suščestvitel nyx v russkom jazyke XXveka: tendencii razvitija i vlijanieanglijskogo jazyka.Russian Linguistics 38.23–46
Ivić, Pavle. 1972. Sistema padežnyx okončanij suščestvitel nyx v serboxorvatskomliteraturnom jazyke. In: F. P. Filin (ed.) Russkoe i s lavjanskoe jazykoznanie: K 70-letijučlena-korrespondenta AN SSSR R. I .Avanesova,106-121.Moscow:Nauka.
Jamieson, Carol. 1982. Conflated subsystems marking person and aspect in ChiquihuatlanMazatec. International Journal ofAmerican Linguistics 48.139-176.
Kulikov,Leonid.2004.ReviewofNumber.SouthwestJournal ofLinguistics 23.124-129.Müller,Gereon.2007.Notes onparadigmeconomy.Morphology17.1-38.Nikolić, Miroslav B. 2013. Imenice koje u srpskom književnom jeziku proširuju osnovu
morfemom -ov- u množini.Južnoslovenski filolog 69.277-318.Polivanova, A. K. 1983. Vybor čis lovyx form suščestvitel nogo v russkom jazyke. In: V. P .
Grigor´ev(ed.) Problemystrukturnoj lingvistik i,130-145.Moscow:Nauka.Samardžija,Marko.1988.Duga i kratka množina u hrvatskomknјiževnom jeziku Jezik 35,no.
5,129-136.Schuh, Russell G. 1998. A Grammar of Miya (University of California Publications in
ReferencesShort, David. 1993. Slovak. In: Bernard Comrie & Greville G. Corbett (eds) The Slavonic
Languages,533-592.London:Routledge.Smith-Stark, T. Cedric. 1974. The plurality split. In: Michael W. La Galy, Robert A. Fox &
Anthony Bruck (eds) Papers from the Tenth RegionalMeeting,Chicago Linguistic Society,April 19-21,1974,657-671.Chicago:Chicago LinguisticSociety.
Spencer,Andrew.1991.Morphological Theory:An introduction to word structure in generativegrammar.Oxford:Blackwell.
Stump, Gregory. 2012. The formal and functional architecture of inflectional morphology. InAngela Ralli,GeertBooij,Sergio Scalise &Athanasios Karasimos (eds.),Morphology andthe Architecture of Grammar: On-line Proceedings of the Eighth MediterraneanMorphology Meeting (MMM8), Cagliari, Italy, 14-17 September 2011, 255-271. URL:http://lmgd.philology.upatras.gr/en/research/downloads/MMM8_Proceedings.pdf.
Worth, Dean S. 1966. On the stem/ending boundary in Slavic indeclinables. Zbornik zafilologiju I lingvistiku 9.11-16.
Wurzel, Wolfgang U. 1984. Flexionsmorphologie und Naturlichkeit. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.[Translated by Manfred Schentke:Wolfgang U.Wurzel.1989. InflectionalMorphology andNaturalness (Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory).Dordrecht:Kluwer.Pagereferencesto the 1989 translation.]
Zaliznjak,Andrej A.1967/2002.Russkoe imennoeslovoizmenenieMoscow:Nauka. [Reprintedin: Andrej A. Zaliznjak.2002. Russkoe imennoe slovoizmenenie:s priloženiem izbrannyxrabotpo sovremennomu russkomu jazyku i obščemu jazykoznaniju,1-370.Moscow:Jazykis lavjanskoj kul tury.] [Page references to 2002edition.]
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Notes on Slavonic conditions
• Polish masculine personal (Rothstein 1993: 698, 700)student NOM PL: studenci;; poeta NOM PL: poeciNB the condition cuts across inflection classes
• Russian ethonyms (Baerman 2014: 7)armjan-in, armjan-e ‘Armenian(s)’ (truncation of augment)gruzin, gruzin-y ‘Georgian(s)’ (no truncation)
• Russian imperfective gerund If monosyllabic, usually not found (verb is defective)*vrja ‘lying, telling untruths’, ?ždja ‘waiting’
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Notes on Slavonic conditions (continued)• Czech augment (Spencer 1991: 226) a subclass of nouns with ‘soft’ stems, have -et- in oblique cases singular and -at- in all cases plural. This is biconditional.kuře ‘chicken’, GEN SG: kuřete, NOM PL: kuřata.
• Slovak instrumental plural (Short 1993: 541)Inflection class I: INS PLURAL: unless the stem ends in a single consonant other than –m, use the default –ami:
dub ~ dub-mi ‘oak(s)’, but most ~ most-ami ‘bridge(s)’, and dom ~ dom-ami ‘house(s)’
• Russian nouns in –V (Worth 1966, Corbett 1982: 218)uninflectable: kenguru, taksi, kino, gnu