Gregg Shorthand - A Light Line Phonography_John Robert Gregg

GREGG SHORTHAND ALIGHT-LINE PHONOGRAPHY fortheMILLION By JOHNROBERTGREGG,S.C.D. AnniversaryEdition THEGREGGPUBLISHINGCOMPANY NEWYORKCHICAGOBOSTONSANFRANCISCOTORONTOLONDONSYDNEY Copyright,1893,By JohnR.Gregg Copyright,1.901,By JohnR.Gregg Copyright, 1916,1919,By The Gregg Publishing Company Copyrigbted in the United States of America GreatBritain Franr;e German_J,ItalyandSpain j-]3-Dl.OO PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICr\ PREFACE AnyonewhoexaminestheShorthandtextbooksofthelastthreeceo-curieswillbeimpressedwiththefactthattheyhavereflectedtheusesto whichshorthandwasput atthetimethebookswerewritten. Thepedagogyofshorthandhaschangedasradicallyasthecontentof thetextbooks.UptothetimeGreggShorthandwasintroduced,thecon-ventionalpedagogywasmreachthetheoryof a systemasawholebefore attemptingtoapplythetheoryintheactualwritingof connectedmatter. Whilethesystemwouldundoubtedlyhavemadeirswayintopublicfavor byits own inherent strength, we believe that irs success and progress through-outtheworldhavebeenhastenedenormouslybytheteachabilityofits textbooks. Inkeepingwiththeprogressinbusinessandineducation,theGregg Manualwasrevisedin1893,J9QI,and1916,thislattereditionbeingthe oneusedatpresent.Eachrevisionmarkedastepforwardinsimplifying andpopularizing the study of shorthand.Eachrevisionhasplaced increas-ingemphasisuponthedesirabilityofteachingshorthandasaskill.rubject fromthebeginning andthroughoutthe entire course.Thismethod enables the teacher to direct the maximum of effort toward the training of the student inactualfacilityinwritingandtheminimumofefforttoexpositionsof rulesandprinciples. When it becameknown that arevision of the Manual was in preparation, hundredsof protestswerereceivedfromteachers.Manyofthemdeclared emphaticallythatthe1916editionwasentirelyadequate.Agreatmany saidchatthey"Joveit(thisexpressionoccursagainandagainintheir letters)andthatthey"knowitbyheart."Thesentimentsexpressedare 111 . lV PREFACE thoroughlyappreciated,andallthesegoodfriendsareassuredthatitwill stillbepossibletoobtainthe1916editionaslongasthereisanydemand forit. Inthisneweditionnochangeshavebeenmadeinthebasicprinciples ofthesystem.Longexperienceintheclassroom,intheoffice,ingeneral and court reporting,andthe results of speedcontestsof theNational Short-handReporters'Associationhaveprovedconclusivelythatchangesinthe basicprinciplesof Gregg Shorthand areneither necessarynordesirable. Muchhasbeenlearnedinthelastfewyearsconcerningthebasiccon-tentofthevocabularyincommonuse.Thescientificdatanowavailable havemadeitpossibletoarrangetheprinciplesandpracticecohtentofthe Manual sothat the effortsof teacher andstudentmaybemore economically andprofitablydirected,andthedevelopmentof awritingvocabularyren-deredmorerapid. OneofthefirststepsinplanningtheAnniversaryEdition,therefore, wasanexhaustiveanalysisofthewordscontainedintheHorn*andthe Harvardtstudiesof thecomparativefrequencyof words.Asoneexample of what thisanalysisshowed,it wasfoundthatthelearningof thetwenty mostcommonwordsinour- languagewasspreadthroughsevenlessonsin the1916Manual.In theAnniversaryEditionthesetwentywordsarepre-sentedinthe firstchapter.Moreover,thematterpresentedinthischapter givesthe student awriting powerthat willenable him to write 42.per cent oftherunningwordsinnon-technicalEnglish,aswellasmanyhundreds of otherwords. Inthiseditionthreedeviceshavebeenusedtohastenthebuildingof a usefulvocabularyandtoassisttheteacherinusingthecorrectmethodof developingaskillsubject: *"BasicWritingVocabulary,"ErnestHorn,Ph.D.,Universityof Iowa Monograph in Education. t"Harvard Studies in Education,"Volume IV. PREFACEv 1.The shortwordsof highfrequencyare introducedinthe firstchapter 1ntheorderof theirfrequency,eventhoughthismeansthatinafewin-stancesthey are given in advance of the principles that govern their writing. 2.Someoftheprincipleshavebeendevelopedearlierchantheywere intheoldtext.Examplesof thisare:thelettershasbeenintroducedin the secondchapterand includedwith the ocher downward characters;some of therulesforexpressingrhavebeenintroducedinthethirdchapter;the frequentlyrecurring prefixes and suffixeshave been introduced in the order of frequency. 3.Analogy,oneofthemosthelpfulof reachingdevices,hasbeenem-ployedtoagreater extentthanitwasinthe1916Manual.Examples:the ... usefulted-ded,men-memblendsarepresentedinChapterI,afterthestudent haslearnedt,d,n,m,the lettersof whichtheblendsarecomposed;theses blendistaught alongwith the sin Chapter II. OthersalientfeaturesoftheAnniversaryEditionmaybedescribedas follows: 1.Inorderthatthestudentmaybeimpressedattheoutsetwiththe importanceof phrasewriting andhavealonger periodinwhichto acquire the habit of joining words, many of the phrasing principles have been moved forwardto ChaptersIandII. 2..Theruleshavebeensimplifiedandstatedmoreclearly,andminor changes have been made in afewoutlines for the purpose of facilitating rapid andaccuratetranscription. 3.The principlesare presentedin twelve chapters,insteadof thetwenty lessons in the 191 6_Manual.Each of these cha peers has been subdivided into three short teaching units,with apage of gradeddictation materialwritten inshorthandattheendof eachunit.Thisshort-unitplanencouragesim-mediatepracticalapplicationof thetheoryandsimplifiestheassignmentof workbytheteacher. 4Thewordsigns(now knownasBriefForms)aredistributedequally amongthefirstsixchapters,andareintroducedintheorderoftheir frequency. . VlPREFACE 5.Thequantityofreadinganddictationmaterialhasbeenmorethan doubled.Thescientificdistributionof theprinciplesandtheintroduction ofthecommonwordsearlyhavesogreatlyincreasedwritingpowerchat businessletterscanbeintroducedasearlyasthe secondchapter. 6.ThepedagogicalvalueoftheManualisgreatlyenhancedbytheuse of largertypeandabolderstyleofshorthandthanwasemployedinthe 1916edition. It wastheintentionoftheauthorcohavetheAnniversaryEditionof thesystempublishedlastyear-the fortiethanniversaryof thepublication ofthesystem-but,unfortunately,manythingscontributedcodelayits appearance. Insendingforththisbookhedesirestoexpresshiswarmappreciation ofthemanysuggestionsreceivedfromwriters,fromreporters,andfrom teacherswho areusingthesysteminallpartsof theworld.Inparticular, hewishes to record his deep sense of gratitude to Mr.RupertP.SoRelle and totheexecutive,managerial,andeditorialstaffsof TheGreggPublishing Companyforthemanyvaluableservicestheyhaverenderedintheprepara-tionof chisedition. JOHNROBERTGREGG. ABOUTGREGGSHORTHAND History.GreggShorthandwasfirstpublishedin1888,intwolittle paper-coveredpamphlets,underthetitle,'"Light-LinePhonography." Fiveyearslater,arevised and greatly improvededition was published under thetitle,"GreggShorthand.". It wasnotuntil1897,however,thatthe author wasablecopublishthe systemin bookform. Tothestudentorwriterofshorthand,therearefewmoreinteresting orinspiringstoriesofsuccessthanthestoryof thecareerof Gregg Short-handinthethirty-twoyearsthathaveelapsedsinceitspublicationinbook form;but atextbookisnot aplace forsuchastory.Today,Gregg Short-handisthestandardsystemofAmerica.It hasbeenadoptedexclusive! y inthepublicschoolsof6,519citiesandtowns- morethanninety-seven percentofthepublicschoolsthatteachshorthand.It hassupersededthe oldersystems,inthelargemajorityof thesecases,byformalactionof the Boardsof Educationaftercarefulinvestigationofthemeritof thesystem. Itsleadershipinallotherkindsof educationalinstitutionsisequallypro-nounced.Thisconstitutesthehighesteducationalindorsementashort-handsystemhaseverreceived. WinsWorldChampionshipSixTimes.ThehistoryofGreggShort-handisarecordofpublictriumphs.Inthe192.1World' sChampionship ContestoftheNationalShorthandReporters'Association,Mr.Albert Schneider*won firstplace,defeatedthree former champions,and established twoworld' srecords.Hetranscribedthe215-words-a-minuteliterarydic-tationwithanetspeedof211.2wordsaminute;accuracy,98.p.%.On the2oo-w.ords-a-minutedictationhisaccuracypercentagewas98.8o;onthe 240-words-a-minutedictation,98.17;onthe28o-words-a-minutedictation, 96.84. Intranscribingfivefive-minutehighestspeeddictations-I7),200,215, 240,and280wordsaminute-inthetimeallottedforthethreechampionship *Mr.Schneider is nowamember of the officialshorthandreporting staff of the Congressof the United States, winning the position in an examination in which thirty-five well-known reporters competed. V111ABOUTGREGGSHORTHAND dictations,Mr.Schneidergaveoneofthemostremarkabledemonstrations of transcribing abilityinthe history of the shorthand contests. Writersof GreggShorthandwonfirst,second,andthirdplacesinthe World sGhampionship Concescof theNationalShorthandReportersAsso-ciationin192.3 .Mr.CharlesL.Swem, *winner,establishedaworld's record on the 2.oo-words-a-minute dictation, making but two errors; accuracy, 9919%.Onthe2.4o-words-a-minucedictation,hisaccuracywas98-49%; on the 2.80 dictation, 9936o/c.Second place was won by Mr. Albert Schneider, aGreggwriter,the192.1champion.Hisaverageaccuracywas98.8o%. ThirdplacewaswonbyanotherGregg writer,Mr.Martin J. Dupraw, with anaccuracyof 98.76o/0.Firstplaceinaccuracyineverydictationwaswonbya writer of GreggShorthand. Inthe192.4World'sChampionship,Mr.Swemwasagainthevictor. Mr.Swem saccuracyonthethreedictationswas99.2.3%. Inthethree consecutiveyears,192.5,192.6,and192.7,theWorld'sShort-handChampionship waswonby Mr.Martin J.Dupraw,thegreatestshort-handwritertheworldhasyetproduced.Bywinningthechampionship in192.7,Mr.Duprawwonpermanentpossessionof theWorld's Shorthand ChampionshipTrophy,firstofferedin1909bytheNationalShorthandRe-portersAssociation. HighestShorthandSpeedRecords.Thefollowingaretheworld's highestshorthandspeedrecords- allheldbywritersofGreggShorthand and 1ru1de in the Championship Contests of the National Shorthand Reporters Association : 2.82.Wordsaminute (testimony) CharlesLee Swem .. ....... ... accuracy 99.2.9% *Governor Woodrow Wilsonselected Mr.Swem ashisofficialreporter in hiscampaignforthePresidency.Mr.SwemwasPersonalSecretaryand OfficialReportertoPresidentWilson foreightyears.Mr.Swembeganthe study of GreggShorthand in anight school in September,1908,whenwork-ing asan officeboy.Hewastwentyyearsof agewhenhe receivedthe ap-pointmentattheWhiteHouse.Inthe192.4examinationfortheposicion of SupremeCourtstenographerinthestateof NewYork,Mr.Sw'emwon firstplace in afieldof 150 candidates.Mr. Swem did not accept an appoint-mentacthetime,andtooktheexaminationin192.8,againwinningfirst place.HeisatpresentanofficialshorthandreporterintheSupreme Court of NewYork. ABOUTGREGGSHORTHAND . lX 2.6o words aminute (jury charge) Martin J.Dupraw ............ accuracy99.69% 2.2.0Words aminute (literary matter) Martin J.Dupraw ............ accuracy99.81% ( Heldjointly withtwo others) l.ISWords aminute (literary matter) Albert Schneider ............ .. accuracy98. 32. o/0 2.00Wordsaminute (literary matter) Charles Lee Swem........ ... accuracy 99.o% ( Tiedwith one other) Average accuracy........... .. .... ... 99.2.9% GreggShorthandistheonlysystemthathasproducedthreedifferent writerscowintheWorldChampionshipinthecontestsoftheNational Shorthand Reporters'Association.The contestswerediscontinued in 192.7, andMr. Duprawwas givenpermanent possessionof the World s Champion-ship Trophy. WinsNewYorkStateShorthandChampionship.Inthecontestofthe Ne'vYorkStateShorthandReporters'Association,192.4,Mr.Martin J. Duprawwonfirstplacewithanaccuracy . recordof995%;Mr.Nathan Behrin,SupremeCourtreporter,NewYorkCity,second ;andMr.Harvey Forbes,SupremeCourtreporter,Buffalo,NewYork,third.Bywinning the New York State Shorthand Championship again in 191.5, and also in 192.6, Mr.DuprawgainedpermanentpossessionoftheBotcomeCup,theState championshiptrophy. AwardedMedalofHonoratPanama- PacificExposition.Atthe Panama-PacificInternationalExposition,in1915,GreggShorthandwas awardedtheMedalofHonor,thehighestawardevergrantedasystemof shorthandbyanyexposition,andtheonlyawardevergrantedthatwas basedontheresultsaccomplishedbystudentsinamodelschoolconducted undertheobservationof theInternationalJuryof Awards.Gregg Short-handalsoreceivedthehighestaward,theMedalofHonor,at the Sesqui-Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, in 191.6.The thirteenth International ShorthandCongress,heldinBruxelles,Belgium,in192.7,awardedaGrttnd PrixcoThe GreggPublishingCompany,andelectedtheauthorof Gregg ShorthandasVicePresidentof the CongressrepresentingtheUnitedStates. X ABOUTGREGGSHORTHAND Principlesof theSystem.Needless to say,GreggShorthand isaradical departurefromtheold linesofshorthandconstruction,forit isonlybya radical departure that such marked superiority in results can be accomplished. The following is asynopsis of the leading featuresof the system: 1.Nocompulsorythickening- maybewritteneitherlightor 1 heavy.I '2..Writtenontheslopeoflonghand,thussecuringauniform 1 manualmovement.Asin 3Position-writingabolished- maybewritten on unruled paper,r ord!r:ary and in one straight line.I wnttng 4Vowelsandconsonantsarejoined,andfolloweachotherin J their natural order. ) .Angles are rare- curves predominate. Thisbriefsynopsiswillsufficetoshowthattheaimof theauthorhas beentoadheretothosenaturalprinciplesthatgovernordinarywriting. Byapracticalcombinationoftheseelementsasafoundation,thesystem securestothewriter,withverylittlepractice,thatperfectcommandofthe characters that isproductive of the best results,and is obtained only by years of persistent,painstaking practicewiththeolder systems. TOSUMUP EasytoLearn.GreggShorthandrna ybelearnedinfromone-third toone-half thetimerequiredbytheoldsystems.Therecordsmadebyits writersprove thisbeyondall question. Easyto Read.Gregg Shorthandisthemostlegibleshorthandinexist-ence.Inthepublicshorthandspeedcontests,writersofthe systemhave establishedthe highestofficialworld'srecordsforaccurac_yof transcriptsondiffi-cultmatter.Theserecordsweremadeincompetitionwithexperienced reporterswhousedthe older systems,and in contests conductedbyreporters andteacherswhowrotesuchsystems.Manifestly,theinsertionofthe vowels,the absenceof shading,theelimination of position-writing, and the eliminationof theminutedistinctionsof form,allcontributetolegibility. EasytoWrite.Theeasy,naturalappearanceofthewritinginGregg Shorthandappealstoeveryimpartialinvestigator.Theabsenceofdis tinctionsbetweenlightandheavycharacters,thecontinuousrunof. the writing alongoneline,asinlonghand,insteadof constantchangesof posi-ABOUTGREGGSHORTHAND . Xl cion-now onthe line,then ahovethe line,andchen,perhaps, throughor he/ow cheline- willbenoticedatfirstglance.Next,the investigatOrwillprob-ablyattributemuchofthenatural,pleasingappearanceofthewritingw chatuniform slantof the writing with which both hand and eye are familiar. Onlychosewhohavehadpreviousexperiencewithshorthand,however, v1.illbe able to appreciate fullyhow muchelimination of numerousdocsand dashes-minute marksthat havetobe placedwithgreatprecisionalongside thestrokes-contributes to fluentwriting. SuperiorinSpeedPossibilities.Ashasalreadybeensetforthingreater derail,writersof GreggShorthandhavedemonstratedinpublicspeedcon-t ests,underthemosttryingconditions,thatthesystemhasgreaterspeed possibilitiesthan any other system. AdaptedtoOtherLanguages.Thesimpleandlogicalwritingbasis ofGreggShorthandenablesawriterofittouseitinanylanguagewith which he is familiar.Special adaptations of the system have been published forSpanish,French,German,Italian,Portuguese,Polish,Gaelic,and Esperanto.Adaptationsto other languagesarein preparation.The Span-ishadaptationofthesystemisusedinmorethan300schoolsinSpanish-speaking countries,andthere is aquarterly magazine devotedwit. ATALKWITHTHEBEGINNER Successinanystudydependslargelyupontheinteresttakenin thatparticularsubjectbythestudent.Thisbeingthecase,we earnestly hope that youwill realize at the veryoutset that shorthand canbemadeanintenselyfascinatingstudy.Cultivate a lovefor it. Think of it as the highest form of writing, which is itself the greatest inventionof man.Beproudthatyoucanrecordthe language in graceful linesandcurves.Aim constantlyto acquireartistic skill in executingthose linesandcurves.Youcan,if youwill,makethe study of shorthand a perfectjoyinsteadof atask.Skillintheuse of shorthandisa possessionthathasbeencovetedbythewisestof menandwomen,forit isnotonlyapracticalinstrumentincom-mercialwork,butamuch-prizedandvaluableaccomplishmentand a meansof mental culture. BeThorough.Skillinanythingisattainedbyrepetitionwith interest;thereforedo notshirkthecareful,painstakingpracticeon theelementaryformsgivenintheManual.Writeeachoutline manytimes, andaimalwaysattheattainmentof fluencyandexact-nessinexecution. Yourfuturesuccessdependsto averylargeextentontheway youdo yourwork now.Inorderthatyourprogressmaybesure andrapid,master each lessonbefore youproceedwith the next. Inyourpractice,writeasrapidlyasyoucanwhilekeepingthe handundercompletecontrol;aimataccuracyrather than speed,but do not drawthe characters.Youmust understandatthe outsetthat shorthandmustbewritten;butyoumustalsoimpressuponyour mindthat whatever youwrite you must read, hence the necessityfor goodpenmanship.Asskillin executing the movements isobtained, the speedmaybeincreaseduntilthe formscanbe written accurately at ahigh rate of speed.Some _attentionshould be given to acquiring a capacityforwriting individual outlinesrapidlywithout hesitation, andwith afreemovement of the hand . .. Xll ATALKWITHTHEBEGINNERxtu Aimto acquireasmoothstyleof writing; execute eachcharacter withaneasy,continuousmotionof thepen,andpassdirectlyto the nextwithoutunnecessarymovements.Ahalting,jerkymovement isfataltospeed,andmaybealmostalwaystracedtoindecision, causedbyunfamiliaritywiththeforms.Atfirstcarefullyanalyze thewords.To dothisitis,of course,necessaryforyouto think of themindetail;butafteryouhavedeterminedthecorrectoutline, practiceit andthink of it asa whole. Facility in the practicaluse of shorthand dependslargelyupon the stock of outlinesyouhave atyourreadycommand.Note the use of . that word"ready."Thismeansthat you shouldmaster allthe forms givenintheManualbywritingthemmanytimes.Thiswillnot onlyimpressthe formsonyour mind, ~ that youwill nothaveany hesitationinrecallingthem,butwillgiveyoufacilityinwriting them.Inshorthanditisnotsufficienttoknowhowtowritea word-youmustnotonlyknowtheformbutbeabletowriteit quickly.Hencethe necessityformuchrepetitionpracticeinwriting the forms. Mostofthisrepetitionpracticeshouldbeontheformsasthey occurnaturallyin connectedmatter.The repetition of isolated forms formorethanfivetimesconsecutively isnot in accordwith modern pedagogy.Scientifically gradedconnectedmatter hassupplantedthe isolatedform. If,inadditiontothe wordsgiveninthe Manual,youcanaddto your stock of outlinesother words written under the same principles, youwillhavegainedagreatdeal- willhavelaidabroaderfounda-tionforadvancedworkwhichwilllessenthetime requiredto attain efficiency. DevoteMuch TimetoReadingWell-WrittenShorthand.Byread-ing a great deal of well-written shorthandyouwill become not only afluentreader,but youwill enlargeyourwritingvocabulary.Un-consciouslyyouwillimitateinyourownworkthe easyexecution xivATALKWITHTHEBEGINNER of theformsshowninthe printed plates.Allexpertwritershave devotedmuchtimeto readingshorthand. InadditiontotheworkoutlinedinthisManual,westrongly recommendtheuseof thesupplementarydictationmaterialgiven in"Gregg SpeedStudies," andthe exercisespresentedeachmonth in the Learner'sDepartmentof TheGreggWriter.Theseexercisesmay beusedwithgreatadvantagefromtheveryfirstlesson.Each number of TheGreggWritercontainsmanyhelpfulsuggestionsand anumber of shorthandpagesthat affordvaluable exercises in reading andwriting for students at allstagesof advancement. GreggShorthandreceivedthehighestawardatthe Panama-PacificInternationalExposition,andat theSesqui-CentennialInternationalExposition. THE SESQUI-CENTENNIAL INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION PHILADELPHIA - PENNSYLVANIA JUNE Jr. DECEMBER rnCELEBRATING ONE HUNI>Rto AND FIFTY YEARS OfAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE.

THEALPHABETOFGREGGSHORTHAND CONSONANTS Writtenforward: KGRLNMTDTH _ _ _ ~ ~ ~ //,..-or../ Written downward: p BFvCHJSSH (,; /II ror/1 HNGNK .... a .. a -a 0 0 0 I .... 1 e 0 0 . 0 I awu -0"' / -Un - 00/} 00" I Composed of DIPHTHONGS Composed of otaw-easin oilcJ - -- .. ue-ooastnuntt/' owa-ooasin owl0'ta-easin isle{J BLENDEDC 0NS O.N ANTS Theconsonantsaresoarrangedthattwostrokes joiningwith anobtuse or blunt angle may assume the formof a largecurve,thus: ten,denr- ent, end tern,dem~ emt, emd _/def-v,tive(/ ___/jent-d,pent-dU CHAPTERI UNIT1 1.Shorthand iswritten. bysound; thus aimiswritten am (long sound of a), cat is written kat, knee is written ne. CONSONANTS 2.The consonants are arranged inpairs, according to their affinityof sound, and are distinguished by a differ-enceinlength. The charactersforthe consonantsin this les-sonarederivedfromanellipticalfigure,thus:c:z:9 LatersSignsWordsLettersSignsWords K~ canT/lt,at G ~go,goodD /would Rare,our,hourH a,an L X = -() Capitalsandproper names are indicated by two short dashesbeneaththe word. 6.S E NTE NC EDRIL L oX J ,0- JX Unit1] GREGGSHORTHAND 3 VOWELS 7.Inshorthandtherearetwelvedistinctvowel sounds,whicharearrangedinfourgroups,and three closelyrelated soundsareplaced ineachgroup;In this Jessonwehavethefirsttwogroups,whichforcon-veniencearenamedthe Agroup andtheE group. Memoryaid: 0 0 ~0 THEAGROUP ~ .. -aaa 000 . I. asmasznasm matcalmcame 0~ ~/ matkamkam ' THEEGROUP I ~-ee 0 00 . I. asmasmasm kitget ney ---;y" ~ / kItgetned .NoTE:The firstsoundinthe Egroup of vowelsisthe shorti,heardin d ~ n andshouldnotbeconfusedwithlongi,heardindine,whichwillbe gtven later. 4 GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.I 8.Marking Vowels.The vowels are grouped accord-ingtosimilarityinsound.Thelargecircleexpresses three soundsof a.The shortsoundisunmarked,the medium sound ismarked with a dot, and the long sound withashortdash,asshownonpage3.Thissystem of markingisusedinallvowelgroupsuniformly. The dotanddashareoccasionallyneededto indicate theexactsoundsinunfamiliarorisolatedwords,but otherwisetheyareseldomused. PICTURINGWRITINGMOTION 9.Frequentlyweshallhavetorefertowriting motion.The curvedcharactersinthislessonaretaken fromhorizontalovals,onewrittenwithrightmotion, the other with left. Right motion:Left motion: 10.Characterstakenfromtheleft-motionovalare calledleft-motion,because . therotationisfromleftto right;characterstakenfromthe right-motionovalare calledright-motionfora like reason;thus: K-G ttre right-motion.rtrokes '. R-L are . left-motionstrokes ,.,..,-----/... The terms"leftmotion"and"right motion, referto the rotationinmovement,andnot to the direction. Unit 1] GREGGSHORTHAND 5 HOWCIRCLESAREJOINED Thefollowingmovementdrillsareintendedto de-velopskillin thejoiningof circles. 11.Circles Joinedto Single Strokes.At the begin-ningor end .of a single curve, the circle is placed inside thecurve : ekeo--' ear --;r thesiscensus tracesNoTE:In rapid writing,the firsts in sesmaybecome obs.s:;ure, and yet the seconds,beingwrittencontrarytotheruleforwritingasingles,clearly indicatesthepluralform.Comparethefollowi ng: face faces lease leasesl]nit5J GREGGSHORTHAND 27 .53. BRIEF FORMSFORCOMMONWORDS ,., under * cause, r-r work . ... . because .must --c thorough-ly, three J part .2-- think, f. matter 6 some thing . such ! system, f aga1n c;?l-says first ) public, 0 aga1nst c::Jl-c ( publish business far,always favor *The signforthe prefixunderwritten above afollowing character isused for the word under. 54.The suffix thingis expressed by adot in the following words: anything~ something"everything_) 55.Pluralsof BriefForms. . formsendinginsareformed the samemotion,thus: Thepluralsofbrief byadding another sof cause-ccauses----rbusiness(businesses( Inotherbriefformsthepluralsareformedby addingsto the singularforms,thus: partst( changesJships_/ forms~GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.II 56.READ I NGANDDI C TAT I 0NPRA C TI C E Unit 6] GREGGSHORTHAND UNIT6 57.The Letter X.When xoccursatthe end of or within words,itisexpressedbysslightlymodifiedin slant,thus: . nux ~ e .mtxes fixel fixes~tax~taxes~NoTE:Thepluralisformedby adding sas shown in mixes,taxu. SIMPLESUFFIXES 58. The suffixshun(sion,tion)isexpressedbysh: ; ----"77 fashionVlSlOn . mentton -,0 . I natton acuon c/) sesston ; faction c0 . mtsston 1::> evaston / diction /?. affection ~sectton /-; 59.The Past Tense.The pasttenseisexpressedby tor d: I.Aftermost abbreviatedwords adisjoined tplaced closetothepreceding characterisusedto expressthe pasttense,thus: changed timedlikedwilled ? r GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.II 2.Inallothercasesjointordif adistinctive and facilejoiningispossible;otherwise, t(asin glared,tapered)to expressthepasttense, ,thus: passed G raced

shaped r! praised C6vmentioned ----/reached t: riskedchecked /-v glared ........tapered

feared J_/ traced fixed 60.BRIEFFORMSFORCOMMONWORDS alsoletter, yt:7'--/?/&('l' c./v(r(.r __/,-o?'=p4 / 42. GREGGSHORTHAND(Chap.III UNIT9 THETHJOININGS 78.Theleft-motionthisusedbeforeandaftero,r, l.In other casesthe right-motion thisused: though ~author~ bath cl although*/earth~ teeth/ -thought ._/ health~ thief / ?throw ~ boththeater / throat ~birth6thinro-thrown ~path / cloth ~*The word althottghisacombination of all and though. - 79.Whenthistheonlyconsonantstroke,as in thebrief formsfor that or thty,or isincombinationwiths,the right-motionthisu s e ~ asin these and seethe. FREQUENTPREFIXESANDSUFFIXES 80.Theprefixescon,com,coun,cog,followedbya consonant, are expressed by k.The suffixlyis expressed byasmall circle;ilyand ally,byaloop: confess confer 7 2 council~ conform2-compel~ county Unit9] G'REGGSHORTHAND 43 --conventton convey convince concrete safely solely only ;{'lonely /lately 2 early

:Jwholly c::-o.heartily formally easily hastily readily family C7 )= totally socially 81.Inwordsbeginningwith commor conn,the_secondmor 11iswrit"ten, thus: connote . commenceWhenconor comis followedbyavowelorby ror l,writeknfor conand kmforro.m,thus : comrade 82.After a circle vowel, ly is wr:itten on the opposite side from the vowel , thus : dc:arly dailynearly 83.Toexpressthepluralof somebriefformsendinginacircleandof wordsendinginaloop,aslight change ismadeinthe manner of join-tngs,thus: names lettersc..___-f'families J=> . )

C7{;,7

? /I. rJ {_ - . ) I./ . GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.IV UNIT12 METHODOFEXPRESSINGY 104.Yhasthe sound of long e,asin yacht, yoke,and whenfollowedbyahookvowelisexpressedbythe smallcircle.Ye,asin year, yet, isexpressedbya small loop;~ byalarge loop. yachtyellow~ youth yawnyoke / yarn yearyetyard THESIGNSFORNGANDNK 105.Thesoundng,asinring,rang,isexpressedby nwrittenataslightlydownwardslant;nk(sounded ngk),asinbank,rank,isexpressedbya longerstroke onthe sameslant: . drink/-bank ~nng rangsank d-_ blank G__ rank ~. kingw1ng ..,?_ . frank &_stng.~wrongJ/

0 4--7.)/r'-(__ ( / 1t{ rC;;?'o__c,/ Unit 17]GREGGSHORTHAND 77 UNIT17 JENT-PENT,DEF-TIVEBLENDS 140.Byrounding off the angle, as shown in thepre-vious blends, the following useful signs for syllables are obtained: (/Jblendedbecomes0and expresses jent-d, pent-d //!)blendedbecomes()and expressesdef-v,-tive 141.w oRD.DRILL spendU expend{J . happened(/. operiedU cogent(/ '---(/ ripenedV gentle cheapenedQdefeat carpenterL/ defer pageant. [;) ,_. defy impending-vdivine native -6J deficit devoutif divideddivision device defraud(2/ defend defraydefense Gentile endeavor.-/2_define GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.VI senstuve pos1t1ve(/}mottverestive creative----67capttve42.S PE C I A LB US INE S SF 0R MS Gentl'emen DearMr. Messrs. YourssincereIy 0 ( J SincerelyyoursVery sincerelyJ Yoursverysincerely Yoursrespectfully Respectfullyyours Veryrespectfully Cordiallyyours Yourscordially J 143.BRIEFFORMSFORCOMMONWORDS move agent spu1t credit appear beauty J c differ-ent, difference approxtmate deliver, delivery mscanc, mstance response,'--1 responsible( railway,rulequality definite tomorrow influence mistake-n altogether Unit 17]GREGGSHORTHAND 79 144.READINGANDDICTA TI0NPRACTICE 6 v /c rO !I{/-f/;!/f; J)-r>r7/)f '7)(} --- onthesubject 7 kindlyletus n o w ~onthequestion inorderto prepare ~-=----; inthematter 6 littleornothing ~in themarket ~ oneof thebest rohandinhand /inadayortwo that isto say ~on accountof the way ~ableto sayIshouldliketo have ~moreandmoreIshould liketoknow NoTEs :I.Tosecurefacilityinexecution,splituplongphrasesand practiceprogressively,as,forexample,Ishould,Ishould like,Ishould liketo know. 2..The use of such expressionsas in replyto your,forthetime being,in regard tothematter,etc.isto bediscouraged.They arenotsanctionedbycareful writersofEnglish.Neverthelesstheyarestillwidelyinuseinbusiness correspondence,andtopreparestudentsforthekindof dictationtheywill receive,it isnecessaryto draw attentiontothese phrases. 106GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.VIII 190.R E AD I NGA NDDIC TA TI0NP R A C TIC E /1/(/j/5'' cF'7,0/) ( &./c/u7 y_/ (' _?y- yy- _/_ "]_,/' 2.;2-/ ,P __;/ v

--;]__.,..,. _.L vu Q____/_/ .5 , J, r/rA, r--/c Unit 24]GREGGSHORTHAND 107 -191.WRIT IN GPRACTICE I.We feelthattheextensionof theprojectwill not inanyway affectthe operatingcosts. 2.Thedemandforthecompoundisbeyondour powerto handle, asthe supply of rawproducts isvery limited. 3Iadmitthatwemustadmirethewayinwhich hemanagedhiscompanythroughadesperateperiod in itshistory. 4We shall attempt to adjust the price of the product to the figure you name, but it is evident that the existing costofa w ~ productswillmakethisverydifficult. s.Justhow the actwill affectthesalesishardto predict,butIamalmostsurethatanadjustmentis necessary.Theworstfeatureof thearrangementfor the extensionof the coast line isthat it will greatly re-duce,if not exhaust, ourpresent surplus. 6.It isevidentfrom your latest request that you are againstthe extensionof the bondissue,but it ishoped that asastudent of financeyou will realize that the ex-tensionofouroperatingcapitalisconsistentwith modernmethods. 7- Stocks and bonds arethe two forms of investment most often chosen by the young man or young woman who hasheeded thesayingwehaveallheardnearly every daysincewe wereborn,that is,"The wiseman spendslessthanhe receives." 8.Therefore, whenyou arereadyto start investing, itismuch thebestplanto rely on an investment bank to recommendthetypeof investmentexactlysuited to yourneeds.It will saveyou a lot of worry and will costyounothing. CHAPTERIX UNIT25 THEABBREVIATINGPRINCIPLE 192.The application of the abbreviating principle dis-cussedin ChapterI,paragraph23,manyillustrations of whichpreviouslyhavebeengiven,ismoreorless flexibleanddependsto alarge extent upon the famili-arityof the writer with the words and subjectmatter in the dictation.Note how theprinciple isapplied in the followingillustration: ItlSpossiblethatthesuccessofthemagaz10emay / { rC7 .J.-, / ~ D makeitnecessarytochangethepolicyoftheassoctatton -----z::;r' / / 1 ,-G v-~atthenextmeetmglnPhiladelphiasometimeInJanuary. / -r-/ / --' (JJJ/ /. -logy, (C7C t""c,:j_-logical -rttyc/--:"> ( -fication !:::/-ograph-y4})-J}t{;/

C-, /_______,C__, -egraph-y -gnm GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.XI -ward,* -hood -ship y:Y i/ pL-P/ -c(__ rn c/ /1/H //I -mental .?J- L_ cCL--mtty, -nity -StlC (T c/r*Inthewordsforward,afterward,upward,backwardthesuffixISjoined; in other words,it isdisjoined. 231.KEYTO.ANALOGICALWORD-ENDINGS I.article,practical,physical,musical,medical,technical. 2...politic,political,politically, critic,critical,critically. 3personality, formality,facility,utility. 4formulate,formulation,speculate,speculation,regulate,regulation. 5possibility,ability, sensibility,nobility,reliability,adaptability, visibility. 6.capacity,simplicity,ferocity,tenacity,scarcity,sagacity,electricity. 7.psychology,apology,analogy,physiology,theology,zoology,gene-alogy, mineralogy. 8.authority,majority,prosperity,security,sincerity,popularity, minority. 9classification,specification,modification,notification,qualification, justification. w.phonograph,photography,geography,lithography,stenography, typography, typographic. Unit 32]GREGGSHORTHAND139 II.telegraph,telegrap4y,telegrapher,telegraphic,calligraphy. 12..telegram,cablegram,radiogram,pilgrim,program. 13 .forward,afterward,upward,backward,reward,boyhood,neighbor- . hood, childhood. 14friendship,kinship,worship,courtship,hardship,township,part-nership. 15.fundamental , ornamental, supplemental , experimental, temperamental. 1 6.calamity,extremity,serenity,di vi ni ty. 17domestic,artistic,drastic,elastic,fantastic. 232.READINGANDDICTA TI0NPRACTICE /> GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.XI Unit33]GREGGSHORTHAND UNIT33 INITIALS 233.Asthereisnocontexttoinitials,accuracyin writingthemisof primeim porta nee: A 0H0 {/ v ) ? -:;.-9-"/ BI CJ p( w /l -'l -? Icel J QX") -7 'l-:;. q D/K ..---, RL./ y () -'/' 'l E 0 Ls .) z}""' 'l -:;;-"-"' F ) M--'-"- T/ G N -u c)' q 234.Manywritersprefertowriteinitialsinlong-hand, and if this isdone,a greatsavingintimemaybe effectedbywritingtheminsmalllettersandjoining the letters,thus: A.B.SmithC.D.BrownE.F.Jones GREGGSHORTHAND [Chap. Xl INTERSECTION 235.Theexpedientknownasintersection,orthe writing of one character through another, is sometitnes useful forspecialphrases.Inapplyingthisexpedient the writermust relyverylargelyuponhisownjudg-ment.Inhisdailyworkasstenographeror reporter hemayfindsometermspeculiartothebusinessin whichheisengagedoccurringsofrequentlythat special forms may be adopted for them that will be brief and yet absolutely distinctive. Very often the writing of one character through anotherwill meet the exigency. The followingareusefulexam pies: A.D.AssociatedPress A. M.-e- Democratic party P. M. +-Republicanparry C.0 . D. 4 political party price list Baltimore &Ohio (B.&0.) lise priceNewYork Central vtceversaMichigan Central - > bankdraftIllinois Central orderblank 1 endowment policy GREGGSHORTHAND[Chap.XI 2 36.R E A DI NGA NDDI C TAT I 0NP R ACT I C E

/) r_r-/ /)().;;__/07c " 3 ----rl '-(}v/;>0---vr- rCla . p,.....--c_{ /./ (C//JL-ur(!(_4'.r/___/'