Greening the Region Using Stormwater Infrastructure May 7, 2014 Jim Simmonds King County Water and Land Resources Division [email protected] 5/7/2014 1
Feb 24, 2016
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Greening the Region Using Stormwater
Infrastructure
May 7, 2014Jim Simmonds
King County Water and Land Resources [email protected]
5/7/2014
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Stormwater ParadigmTime Period Paradigm Description
Prior to 1992 Drainage Efficiency
Convey water downhill as efficiently as possible
1992 – 2013 Reduce New Impacts
Reduce harm from new construction with flow control and treatment
Future Reduce New and Existing Impacts
Capture, infiltrate, detain, and treat stormwater everywhere to protect and rehabilitate receiving waters
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Parcels Built Before
Stormwater Controls Required
About three-fourths of urban lands lack stormwater facilities5/7/2014
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Stormwater Retrofit Examples
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Ponds
Bioswales
Check Dams
Cisterns
Pervious Pavement Rain Gardens
Green Roofs
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Estimated Stormwater Needs $3B - $15B for treatment in Puget Sound
Capital costs, no O&M, no land costs $1.4B for Juanita Creek basin (7 sq miles)
Full lifecycle cost $1.1B for 64 small basins in
unincorporated King County Full lifecycle costs
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Stormwater Retrofit Planning for WRIA 9
$1M grant from EPA, $335K match 4 years Model stormwater retrofit needs in WRIA 9 Work with stakeholders Present retrofit options analysis to WRIA 9
Watershed Ecosystem Forum Extrapolate cost estimates to all Puget
Sound
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Project Benefits
Planning-level estimate of facility and funding needs
Cost vs stream improvement Demonstrate use of modeling tools Influence capital project planning Influence future NPDES permits Influence discussion on new funding
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Approach
Gather geospatial data about existing stormwater facilities, soil, precipitation
patterns, slope, impervious area, development type, land costs, stream channels
Conduct hydrologic modeling Model hydrologic improvements with
stormwater facilities
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Future Development2007 Satellite-Derived Land Use (UW 2007)
2040 Simulated Land Use (Alberti 2009)
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SUSTAIN: System for Urban Stormwater Treatment and INtegration
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Modeling Approach
Study area: 278 mi2, 446 catchments Model 135 hypothetical 100-acre catchments
representing combinations of: 5 generic land uses 3 soil types 2 slopes 3 precipitation zones 2 land costs
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SUSTAIN Optimization Target: Reduce Stream Flashiness
High Pulse Count: Number of times mean daily flows ≥ high-flow threshold set at 2 X long-term mean daily flow rate
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High Pulse Count and
Biology
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Biological Condition B-IBI RangeExcellent 46 – 50
Good 38 – 44
Fair 28 – 36
Poor 18 – 26
Very Poor 10 – 16
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Addressing Redevelopment Redevelopment improves stormwater
management Nearly ½ of project area to have new or re
development by 2040 More expected beyond 2040 Decreases estimated need
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Addressing Climate Change Three approaches for assessing impacts
Analysis of precipitation patterns for downscaled global climate model output
Impacts of climate change on hypothetical pond sizing
Impacts of climate change on high pulse count in hypothetical basin
Likely need about 10% more flow control, but model variability is large
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2040 Potential B-IBI ScoresNo Stormwater Management
Full Stormwater Management
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Policy and Planning Horizon are Everything
How stringent are stormwater requirements for redevelopment?
How aggressively do public programs build facilities?
How long in the future do we aim for success?
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What If?
Assume new and redevelopment builds on-site facilities and developers contributes funds to build off-site facilities (ponds)
Assume public funds used to build everything else
Assume all stormwater facilities built within either 30 years
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Annual Public CostsCapital Operation
and Maintenance
Inspection and Enforcement
New and Re-Development
$88M $4M $320M
Roads and Highways
$21M $19M $28M
Everything Else
$98M $89M $170M
Total $207M $112M $518M
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The Big Questions
How quickly do we want to improve stream flows and water quality?
To what degree do we want to improve stream flows and water quality?
Where does capital funding come from? Where does operating funding come from?
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Project Team Don Robinett, SeaTac Ben Parrish, Covington Chris Thorn, Auburn Jeff, Burkey, Curtis DeGasperi, David Funke, Larry
Jones, Chris Knudson, Beth leDoux, Doug Navetski, Elissa Ostergaard, Giles Pettifor, Dan Smith, Allison Vasallo, Mark Wilgus, Olivia Wright, King County
Rich Horner, Erkan Istanbullouglu, UW Ed O’Brien, Mindy Roberts, Ecology Dino Marshalonis, Michelle Wilcox, EPA Tamie Kellogg, Kellogg Consulting5/7/2014