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Growing Grapes andtheir usesRachel Peterson
Modified by Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office
June 2002
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Introduction
Grapes are the most common fruit and are alsothe oldest cultivated plant throughout the world.
This presentation will define the grape andinform you on the general information, nutritionalfacts, and the many varieties of grapes. If yourpondering growing grapes here, in Wisconsin,
there is helpful information on how to do it andproblems that may occur. I explain the parts ofthe plant, site selection, planting, pruning,harvesting and picking, and diseases. Lets startout by asking, What is a grape?
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Definition
Grape (grap),n. derived
from an Old French word
"grape," meaning"bunch" or "cluster"; also
a kind of hook used to
harvest grapes. Compare
to the English word
"grapple."
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General Information Grapes do not continue to ripen after they have
been picked.
Woody vine
Perennial Portions:
*roots
*trunk
*perhaps cordons
Compound buds
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More General Information Grapes are about 80 percent water
Grapes also add fiber to the diet.
Red grapes are rich in quercetin, a newly discoveredanticancer agent that the University of California tabstudies have shown can suppress malignant cells beforethey form tumors.
The mineral "boron" (found in apples, grapes, grape
juice and raisins) may retard bone loss in women aftermenopause. Also, boron helps women on ERT (estrogenreplacement therapy) keep the estrogen in their bloodlonger.
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Nutritional Facts serving size 1 1/2 cups (138g/14.9oz)
Amounts Per Serving % Daily Value*
Calories 90
Calories from Fat 10 Total Fat og
Sodium 0mg 0%
Potassium 270mg 8%
Total Carbohydrate 24g 8%
Dietary Fiber 1g 2%
Sugars 23g
Protein 1g
Vitamin A 2%
Vitamin C 25%
Calcium 2%
Iron 2%
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Varieties of Grapes
Grapes come in three basic colors: green
(sometimes called white), red and blue-black.
More than 50 kinds of grapes are currently in
production.
Each variety has its own distinct color, taste,texture and history.
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Varieties of Grapes Perlette
The first grape of the
season, the Perlette islight in color - almost
frosty green with a
translucent cast; the
berries are almost round.
Perlette means "little
pearl" in French.
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Varieties of Grapes Sugraone
The Sugraone berry is
bright green andelongated. The fruit
offers a light, sweet
flavor and a distinctive
crunch.
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Varieties of Grapes Thompson Seedless
Almost everyone is
familiar with this grape'slight green color, oblong
berries, and sweet, juicy
flavor. The variety may
have originated in
southern Iran.
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Varieties of Grapes Calmeria
This grape carries the
nickname "lady fingers,"so called for its
elongated, light-green
and delicately sculpted
berries. A winter treat,
this seeded grape has a
mild, sweet flavor with
an unforgettable tang.
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Varieties of Grapes Flame Seedless
The result of a cross
between ThompsonSeedless, Cardinal and
several other varieties,
the Flame Seedless is a
round, crunchy, sweet
grape with a deep-red
color.
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Varieties of Grapes Red Globe
The large, remarkable
clusters of the Red Globecontain plum-size seeded
berries. The Red Globe is
popular for both eating
and decorating during the
holiday season.
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Varieties of Grapes Ruby Seedless
Grown commercially in
the San Joaquin Valley(California) since 1968,
the Ruby Seedless is a
deep-red, tender-skinned
grape.
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Varieties of Grapes Emperor
Large, deep-red clusters
and a lasting flavorcharacterize this seeded
variety that was first
planted in California in
1863.
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Varieties of Grapes Beauty Seedless
Originating in Davis,
California, this firm,bluish-black grape has a
spicy taste and a tender
flesh. Beauty Seedless
ripens very early and
shows a distinctive blue-
green foilage.
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Varieties of Grapes Exotic
Born in 1947 in Fresno,
California, Exotic'sberries are plump and
juicy and grow in long,
beautiful clusters. A cross
between the red Flame
Tokay and the Ribier,
this seeded grape is crisp
and mild in flavor.
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Varieties of Grapes Ribier
This dark blue-black
seeded grape crossed theChannel from Orleans,
France, in 1860. The
skins are firm and the
taste is mild.
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Varieties of Grapes Marroo Seedless
Originating in Australia,
the Marroo Seedless is across between the
Carolina Blackrose and
the Ruby Seedless.
Bluish-black in color, the
medium-large berries arefirm and juicy with a
mellow flavor.
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Varieties of Grapes Niabell
This Concord-type
variety features thick-skinned, round berries
ranging in color from
purple to black with an
earthy, rich flavor.
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Growing Grapes
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Parts of the Grape Plant
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Site Selection and Preparation
Grapes require full sunlight.
Adequate drainage and
moisture retention, required.
The best soils are loams or
sandy loams with added
organic matter.
Grapes grow best in soil with a
pH range of 5.5 to 6.5.
Rows should usually run north
to south. This allows the plants
gather the most sunlight and
less wind damage will occur.
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Planting
Plant your vines in early
spring (as early as you canwork the soil).
Grapes do not like weeds sotill the soil well to get rid ofcompeting weeds and grasses.Dig a nice big hole so the roots
can spread out. Plant in Spring or Summer.
Grapes need the summer heatto develop and will producethe best grapes late in theseason.
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Planting, continued
If possible arrange the rows in a North-South orientation
to allow maximum exposure to the sun. For backyard plantings, nine feet between rows is
suitable.
For larger plantings, ten feet is suitable.
Water newly planted vines every day.
Plant in straight rows for easier managability, and toreduce trellis costs.
Spread the roots out when you plant, giving them room.
Once you plant the grape, prune it back to 3 buds
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Pruning
Before pruning, an average grapevine may have 200to 300 buds which are capable of producing fruit. Ifthe vine is left unpruned, the number of grapeclusters would be excessive. The vine would beunable to ripen the large crop or sustain adequatevegetative growth. The purpose of pruning is togrow yields of high quality grapes and to allowbetter growth for the following season.
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1) After pruning the first winter. The single cane is cut back and tied to thelower wire.
(2) After pruning the second winter. Two new canes of four or five buds eachare tied on the bottom wire. A third new cane is tied up to the top wire andcut off.
(3) After pruning the third winter. Three of the arms (A) and the fruitingcanes (B) have been formed. A cane (C) with four or five buds is left to
establish the fourth arm.
(4) A fully formed vine after pruning the fourth winter. The arms (A) shouldbe shorter than those shown. The vine consists of a single permanent trunk(T), four semi permanent fruiting arms (A), four annual fruiting canes (F),and four renewal spurs (S), with two buds on each.
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Harvesting and Picking
After 3 or 4 years each vine will produce 12-15 pounds of
grapes (about 45 bunches).
Wait until they separate easy from the seeds to pick. Pick on a dry day, wet grapes spoil quickly.
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Diseases
Like people, plants can catch, spread andsuffer from various diseases also.
Here is some information on certain
diseases along with some solutions and
cures.
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Rootworm Damage to Grape Roots
Species of a leaf beetle
Seriously damages commercialvineyards
Larvae~ (according to theWebster dictionary) is theimmature, wingless, and oftenwormlike feeding form thathatches from the egg of manyinsects, alters chiefly in size
while passing through severalmolts, and is finallytransformed into a pupa orchrysalis from which the adultemerges
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Rootworm, continued
Produces only one generation a year
Begins as an egg which is deposited under the bark ofgrape vines, by the adult female
It will spend nine to ten months in the immature larvae
stage in the soil feeding on roots
As an adult, it feeds on grape foliage An insecticide can get rid of these pests.
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Black Rot Rots fruit/turns it
black.
Leaves covered with
spots.
Use a fungicide.
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Phylloxera Phylloxera is a yellow aphid
(type of insect), which feeds
on vine roots and leaves.The
feeding causes galls to form onthe developing leaves or roots.
The aphids live on the surface
of root galls and inside the leaf
galls.
There is no known cure forphylloxera.
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ConclusionYou are what you eat. If thats
true, Im a big ass perlette
grape!
Hope you didnt get too bored
with this LONG, but
informative, PowerPoint
presentation