green_070415

DM, Building Department

Qualification & Building Studies sec.

Building Researches and Studies unit

29 March 2015

Fadel S. AbuShaban

Specialist in Building Studies

1) Introduction:

The world went recently to the

architectural thought which focuses on

the relationship between buildings and

the environment within the framework of

the so-called green architecture or

urban environment-friendly cities

without a contaminated items so that it

appears in reducing the negative impact

of buildings on the environment.

Green or sustainable architecture is that should meet the needs of the

present without losing the right of future generations in their needs for a

clean environment that is free of contaminants which affect the natural

growth of the human being.

His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin

Rashid Al Maktoum, UAE Vice President,

Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai issued

the Council of Ministers Decision No. 24 of

2011 concerning the regulation of the

activities of establishments in the area of the

cement industry.

According to this decision, all cement factories must obtain an

Environmental Permit before direct its activities, and the

amount of smoke, gases and vapors must be within the

allowed limits.

Reference: Al Bayan newspaper dated (20/08/2011)

His Excellency Engineer Hussain Nasser

Lootah, Director General of Dubai

Municipality gave his instructions to apply

the requirements of green buildings. It was

optional for three years and then became

mandatory since 01/03/2014.

Engineer Abdulla Rafee, assistant of director general

of Dubai Municipality, is very interested to implement

the latest innovations from the construction sectors

across the world, In order to upgrade the quality of

buildings in Dubai according to DM strategic plans to

transfer Dubai into a green city.

With reference to the above, and since most of Dubai buildings are made

of RCC structures which most important components is the Portland cement,

and since it is not Eco-friendly material, so I found that it is essential to

conduct a study to get answers to the following questions:

Engineer Khalid Mohammed Saleh, Head of

Building Department had a considerable interest

in the development of specifications and technical

requirements for green buildings.

He have his instructions to train all people who

are involved in the construction sector before

applying the new regulations

7) Are the prices of Eco-Friendly materials equivalent to those of Portland cement?

1) What are the disadvantages of Portland cement?

2) What are the Eco-friendly Cementitious materials?

3) What are the advantages of those Eco-friendly Cementitious materials?

4) What are the global best practices in the use of substitutes for cement?

6) Are the Eco-Friendly materials available globally and locally?

5) What are the opinions of local expert people?

2) Disadvantages of Production and Use of

Portland Cement

The production of 1.0 ton of Portland cement is

accompanied by the emission of 1.1 tons of carbon dioxide

(Co2) , vapors, dust and other harmful gases leading to:

1) Increase in global warming.

2) Increasing environmental damage.

3) Increase the respiratory diseases such as asthma and

pulmonary ossification, lung cancer.

4) kidney failure and other serious diseases to humans.

REFERENCE:

Cement and Concrete:

Environmental

Considerations, USA

The cement factories

alone are responsible for

producing 50% of the

total emission of CO2

for all the factories.

The most important of

those materials:

1. Ground Granulated

Blast Slag (GGBS)

2. Fly Ash (FA)

3. Silica Fume (SF)

4. Fiber Glass (FGL)

3) The most important Green Cementitious Materials:

Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag

(GGBS), also called Slag Cement, is a by-

product of steel industry.

It is commonly used as a partial substitute

for Portland cement at a replacement level of

up to 80%.

Fly ash is a by-product of the burning of

coal in electric power generating plants.

It is commonly used as a partial substitute

for 25 to 55% of the Portland cement in

concrete.

3) The most important Green Cementitious Materials, cont. :

Silica fume is a by-product from the electric

furnace used in the production of silicon

alloy.

Silica fume is commonly used as a partial

substitute for Portland cement in concrete at

replacement levels of 5 to 10%.

Fiber Glass is a material made up of very

fine fibers of glass.

The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix

is expressed as a percentage of the total

volume of the composite (concrete and

fibers), typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%.

3) The most important Green Cementitious Materials, cont. :

4) The advantages of green cementitious materials

There are several characteristics that distinguish green cementitious

materials for Portland cement, the most important are:

1) Increase the life of concrete elements / structures .

2) Reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions by 80%.

4) Better resistance to salts, thus produce sustainable concrete.

5) Improve concrete workability.

3) Increase the concrete compressive strength for minimum 20%

after 90 days of casting date.

9) Improve degree of fire resistance of concrete.

7) Reduce moisture and water permeability in the concrete and thus

reduce the probability of steel rusting.

4) The advantages of green cementitious materials - continue

10) Prices of GGBS and Fly Ash (most commonly used) are the same

as Portland cement if not less, as well as available in the local

market.

6) Reduce the rate of cracking of concrete.

8) Improve the degree of thermal insulation for concrete.

2014/2015عدد المباني المرخصة ومساحاتها -تقرير بـ

الشهر

المجموع

الشهري

لعدد المبان

المجموع

الشهري

للمساحات

المرخصة

المجموع

التراكم

للمبان

المرخصة

المجموع التراكم

للمساحات

المرخصة

5928,554,8495928,554,849مارس

ابريل66110,906,06

6

1,25319,460,915

5919,770,8111,84429,231,726مايو

5698,782,6082,41338,014,334يونيو

2863,728,0992,69941,742,433يوليو

5716,894,8693,27048,637,302أغسطس

سبتمبر84414,297,21

7

4,11462,934,520

أكتوبر1,44310,723,46

5

5,55773,657,985

نوفمبر46418,183,06

9

6,02191,841,054

ديسمبر82410,625,30

2

6,845102,466,356

20155087,625,2657,353110,091,621يناير

فبراير

2015

79410,242,26

6

8,147120,333,887

Total buildings area that got building

permits during 2014 = 120,333,887

We assume that the average rent in

Dubai = 80 DHS/FT2

The annual income for the permitted

buildings during 2014 = 80 *

120,333,887

= 9,626,711,000

We assume that min. increment in

buildings life = 20 years.

The estimated annual increment in

Dubai buildings value after using

GGBS and FA = 20* 9,626,711,000

= 192,534,220,000 !!!

5.1) United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA )

5.2 Concrete Institute of Australia (CI)

5) Global practices in the use of substitutes for cement

We have found that many of the bodies, associations, scientists, scientific

and research centers, universities and institutes have recommended

substituting Portland cement with eco-friendly materials. Replacement is

often up to 80% that has been approved theoretically and practically,

depends in the use and specification.

5.3) The American Ceramic Society

5.4) The Concrete Pavement Technology Program (CPTP)

5.5) Concrete and the Green Guide, UK

5.7) BRITISH STANDARD - BS 6699

Specification for GGBS use with Portland Cement

The following information / paragraphs were copied from BS 6699:

Ground Granulated Glast Slag (GGBS) has been used in

composite cements and as a cementitious component of concrete

for many years. This standard specifies GGBS for use in

combination with Portland cement in concrete, mortar and

grout.

5.6) Australian specifications, given by School of Civil &

Environmental Engineering, Australia

5.8) BRITISH STANDARD - BS 8500-1:2006

The following table was copied from BS 8500-1:2006 :

5.9) Concrete Society, UK:

5.9) Concrete Society, UK – cont.

5.9) Concrete Society, UK – cont.

5.10) LEED

NC GUIDE:

Pearl Rating System for EstidamaReport a Bug on this

Page :[email protected]

Concrete GHG Calculator

Mix Information

Mixes Type Volume, m3 Proportion of Total used, % 28 Day Strength, N/mm2 Cement Content, kg/m3 Slag Content, kg/m3 Fly Ash Content, kg/m3 Silica Fume Content, kg/m3 Natural Pozzolan Content, kg/m3 Limestone Content, kg/m3 Embodied GHG, CO2e/m3

Mix 1 Cast in Place 1 100% 40 140 260 156

Mix 2 Cast in Place 0% 0

Mix 3 Cast in Place 0% 0

Mix 4 Cast in Place 0% 0

Mix 5 Cast in Place 0% 0

Mix 6 Cast in Place 0% 0

Mix 7 0% 0

Mix 8 0% 0

Mix 9 0% 0

Mix 10 0% 0

Total 1 100% Project Weighted Average Embodied Energy 156

Mixes Type 28 Day Strength, N/mm2 Proportion of Total used, %

Embodied GHG Limits, kgCO2e/m3 Weighted Average, kgCO2e/m3 Total Points Attained 2

1 Credit 2 Credits 1 Credit 2 Credits

Mix 1 Cast in Place 40 100% 240 179 240 179

Mix 2 Cast in Place - - - - - -

Mix 3 Cast in Place - - - - - -

Mix 4 Cast in Place - - - - - -

Mix 5 Cast in Place - - - - - -

Mix 6 Cast in Place - - - - - -

Mix 7 - - - - - - -

Mix 8 - - - - - - -

Mix 9 - - - - - - -

Mix 10 - - - - - - -

Total 100% Credit Targets: 240 179

Notes:

1) 28 Day strength is input in 5 N/mm2 intervals from 25 N/mm2 to 60 N/mm2. For any strengths within these intervals please round to the nearest 5 N/mm2

2) For concrete strengths above 60 MPa or below 25 MPa please consult the EGBC

3) Embodied GHG Limits are derived based on Reference Table limits for a concrete of specific 28 day strength, Credit Targets are used to determine credit limits

and weight averaged embodied GHG for the purpose of determining points attained.

5.11) Estidama (Abu Dhabi) Rating System

6) Are the Eco-Friendly materials available in the markets?

Reference:

GGBS producers in UAE:

Dubai : There are 3 producers:

Abu Dhabi : There are 2 producers

N. Emirates : There is 1 producer

Sharjah : There is 1 producer

Note:

Dubai factories can produce 5 million tons of GGBS annually,

but estimated required amount for 2014 about 4.6 million tons.

Reference:

7) Are the prices of Eco-Friendly materials equivalent to those of

Portland cement?

8) Sharing all the stakeholders of construction field in the decision

making of using eco-friendly cementitious materials in concrete:

1) On 23 July 2014 , we held a meeting in DM with all cement factories

(14) in UAE, 100% have supported the use of alternative materials as a

partial substitute to Portland cement.

2) On 29 September 2014 , we held a seminar and workshop in DM to

explain our study results to consultants, contractors and Ready mix

concrete factories . During the discussion session most of the attendees

supported the use of eco-friendly cementitious materials.

We sent Questionnaire to cement factories, ready mix concrete factories, consultant

offices and contracting companies , results was as follows:

1) 94.75% of them have supported the use of alternative materials as a partial

substitute to Portland cement, 5.25% answered: I do not know.

2) 100% of them have supported the use of alternative materials in the event that their

prices are equal to or lower than those of Portland cement.

3) 88.5% of them have confirmed that the properties of alternative materials for cement

are better than those of Portland cement, while 11.5% answered: I do not know.

4) 78.95% of them replied that the alternative materials for cement (one or more) can

be easily available in Dubai, while 21.05% answered: I do not know.

7) Most of them have arranged the four materials sequentially by preference used as a

substitute for cement as follows:

4) Fiberglass3) Silica Fume2) Fly Ash1) GGBS

8) Sharing all the stakeholders of construction field in the decision making

of using eco-friendly cementitious materials in concrete –cont. :

Seminar and workshop was held on 29th September 2014

8) Sharing all the stakeholders of construction field in the decision making of

using eco-friendly cementitious materials in concrete –cont. :

Part of the workshop that held on 29th September 2014, to show people how are the various

eco-friendly cementitious materials look.

8) Sharing all the stakeholders of construction field in the decision making of

using eco-friendly cementitious materials in concrete –cont. :

We also spoke about "Using Eco-Friendly Cementitious Materials for

Sustainable Concrete“ in the “Quality Assurance for Sustainable

Construction Materials Conference” which was held from the 10th-11th of

December 2014 at the Address Hotel, Downtown Dubai

8) Sharing all the stakeholders of construction field in the decision making of

using eco-friendly cementitious materials in concrete –cont. :

اعتبارا من مارس المقبل

صديقا للبيئة « إسمنت»بلدية دبي تستخدم

في الخرسانة

: انصسضانبب -زب •

2014أكخبط 03: انخبضد

سخطبق اسخرساو ياز ، أ انبهست أكد المهندس حسين لوتاه، المدير العام لبلدية دبي•، قس حى ضع جسل صسقت نهبئت ف حفص انبب ابخساء ي أل يبضس انقبم أسخت

عبنت، حسب ياصفبث انرطسبت كزاثضح انسب انئت نخهك اناز، ببء عه .انطهبت، بب خافق يع بئت يبخ زب

نقس احج انعبنى حسزب إن انفكط انعبض انص خى ببنعالقت ب انبب انبئت، ف : قبلإطبض يب س ببنعبضة انرضطاء أ انس انصسقت نهبئت، انس انربنت ي انعبصط

انهرت، بحذ ظط شنك ف حقهم انخأرط انسهب نهبب ف انبئت، إن جبب حقهم حكبنف .إشبئت حشغهت

أضح نحب أ انبهست اطهعج عه انعسس ي انبضسبث انعبنت ف اسخرساو بسائم ع ، حب أ انعسس ي انسل انخقسيت بسأث اسخرسايب يص ساث، نب انبضحالس األسج

نب ي أت كبط ف انحفبظ عه انبئت، ف انحس ي ابعبد غبظ رب أكسس انكطب انضبض ببنصحت انعبيت انساليت ببنبئت، ف ححس ذصبئص انرطسبت، إطبنت عط انبب

.انرطسبت، ف ححقق شطط انبب انرضطاء

. بلدة دب تبدأ بتطبق استخدام مواد إسمنتة صدقة للبئة ف صناعة الخرسانة< الصفحة الرئيسيةانت هنا

إسمنتيةبلذية دبي تبذأ بتطبيق استخذام مواد

. صذيقة للبيئة في صنبعة الخرسبنة

م 07:52:00 08/03/2015

إسمنتةمن مارس الحال تطبق استخدام مواد إعتبارابدأت بلدة دب / وام/مارس 8ف دب

وتم وضع جدول وضح النسب المئوة لتلك المواد بناء على تنفذ المبانف للبئةصدقة

. مواصفات الخرسانة المطلوبة وبما توافق مع بئة ومناخ دبوحسب عالمة كودات

الوم أن هذا التطبق هدف إلى التقلل بقدر المستطاع من اآلثار المدمرة وقال سعادة حسين ناصر لوتاه مدير عام بلدية دبي

على البئة والحاة البرة الطبعة الت قد تؤثر على احتاجات األجال القادمة والذي سكون له بالغ األثر على تلوث الجو

. المحط بالمدن نتجة االنبعاثات غر صحة الناتجة عن استخدام مواد غر صدقة للبئة

أن بلدة دب تحرص على تطبق قال المهندس عبدهللا رفيع مساعد المدير العام لقطاع الهندسة والتخطيط بالبلدية جانبه من

كافة المعار واالشتراطات الت تخدم توجهات الحكومة الرشدة وذلك ف إطار جهودها لالرتقاء بمستوى مبان دب

. الخاصة بتحول دب إلى مدنة خضراء اإلستراتجةوالتحسن والتطور المستمر لها بما توافق مع األهداف

اهتماما كبرا ف وضع المواصفات واالشتراطات الفنة أولى المهندس خالد محمد صالح مدير إدارة المباني من جانبه

موجها بالعمل على تثقف جمع العاملن ف قطاع التشد والبناء بها ومن ثم تطبقها لذا كثفت إدارة ..للمبان الخضراء

. 2014و 2013المبان جهود التوعة والتدرب ف مجال المبان الخضراء خالل عام

BE GREEN MAGAZENE

Eco-friendly concrete mandatory in Dubai

Dubai Municipality has issued a circular to all

stakeholders of the construction sector to use

eco-friendly and sustainable concrete materials in

building construction, which will reduce carbon

emission and create a more environment-friendly

urban environment.

Dubai Municipality has recently issued a circular to all consultancy offices,

contracting companies, concrete factories and suppliers in the Emirate of Dubai

on the use of eco-friendly and sustainable concrete materials.

Khalid Mohammed Saleh, Director of the Buildings Department at Dubai

Municipality, said the move comes as part of Dubai Municipality’s efforts to

improve the quality of buildings and continuous development in line with the

strategic objectives of the Government of Dubai and its transformation into a

green city, and on the basis of its policy in the application of latest technologies

in the construction sector.

P- 1) Spencer Dock, Ireland, 2006It is one of Europe's largest inner-city redevelopment projects. It comprises some 6 million sq ft of retail, commercial and residential space. Concrete for the basement slabs and walls and foundation piles comprised a mixture of 50% GGBS and 50% OPC. GGBS was specified on this project for its enhanced durability to provide resistance to the aggressive chemicals encountered in the sub soils on the site.

9) Some projects that have been executed using cement alternatives:

P-2) Hanover residential Apartments, Dublin, 2003Concrete made with GGBS cement has enhanced resistance to sulphate and chloride attack, and has lower permeability and higher ultimate strength than concrete made with ordinary Portland cement, and was the obvious choice for the difficult ground conditions at this site.

GGBS cement was used at 70% replacement levels in all the subsurface concrete on this project: in the foundation piles, the basement slab and basement walls.

P.8- Pre-Cast Decorative Panels, Location: MeltonDate: 2012 Environmentally focused building and structures made from 25/32/40MPa grade E-CreteTM with high quality appearance and accurate specification required.

P. 12) Structural Beams Client: Private Client Scope: 50MPa Structural Beams Location: St Lucia, QueenslandDate: 2012 Comment: 33 Structural Beams (10.8m by 2.4m by 9.6m) Suspended Floor in 5 storey building at University of Queensland

P.13) Permeable Block Client: Private USBased Manufacturer Scope: Permeable Paver Block Production Trials Location: Besser, Michigan, USA Date: 2009 Comment: E-CreteTM cement binder with high fly ash content was used for a new permeable block technology.

P. 11) Dry Cast Spun Pipe –Full Scale Production Client: Private client Scope: High Strength Dry Cast Spun Pipe Trials Location: Victoria and Queensland Date: 2012

Therefore, and in the framework of Dubai Municipality's continuous

efforts to improve the quality of buildings in line with the strategic

objectives of Dubai government and its efforts to shift to a green

city, Dubai Municipality issued a circulation on 12/11/2014

announcing all consultants, contractors, suppliers and ready mixed

concrete factories to use Fly Ash and GGBS as substitutes for

Portland cement according to the following table that shows the

proper percentages of those materials:

10) DM Circulation (202) regarding using eco-friendly

cementitious materials in concrete:

According to the British code number (BS 8500-1: 2006), it

recommends to substitute Portland cement by Ground Granulated

Blast Slag (GGBS)) and Fly Ash materials with rates ranging

between 36% and 80%. This is based on the following factors:

1)Environment and climate of Dubai.

2)The structural elements being exposed to the air or under the surface

of the soil.

3)The class of concrete that is related to its Compressive Strength.

4)Weight ratio of water to cement in the concrete mixture (W/C

Ratio).

5)Concrete cover thickness for the rebar .

• Geopolymer Concrete by CPTP

A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: comparing

the traditional process with alternative technologies

Deborah N. Huntzinger a,*, Thomas D. Eatmon

a Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 1351 Beal Avenue

• Green concrete and its demand on the cement industry

Mette Glavind

Danish Technological Institute

• Novacem: Carbon Negative Cement and the Green Cement Bond

CSI Forum 2010 • Warsaw • 14 September 2010

Stuart M Evans – Chairman

•Alternative Binders for Concrete Other Than Cement

Jaime SK Yeung

Hong Kong Concrete Institute

•ALTERNATIVES TO TYPE II CEMENT

part I--- Preliminary Laboratory Studies

H. Celik Ozyildirim, Research Engineer, USA

•ALTERNATIVE CEMENTS FOR DURABLE CONCRETE IN

OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENTS

Philip S. Zacarias, ShawCor Ltd.

11) References :

•Construction Forecasts, News & AnalysisGreen Alternatives for Concrete07/21/2011 by RCD Staff, UK

•Building Green with White Concrete

Lehigh White Cement Technical Brief

•Cement and Concrete: Environmental Considerations

From EBN Volume 2, No. 2 -- March/April 1993

•Low Carbon Cements: Recent research and developments on alternatives to Portland Cement Programme

•Alternative energy sources in cement manufacturing

A Systematic Review of the Body of Knowledge

California Stormwater BMP Handbook 1 of 3New Development and Redevelopmentwww.cabmphandbook.comAlternative Building Materials SD-21

•Building a better future,2010 sustainable building development reportVirginia Highway and Transportation Research Council

Carbon concrete: Eco friendly alternative to cement, May 17 2006•Proceedings of the 11th الدول International Conference on التقلدة والمواد والتكنولوجات (NOCMAT 2009Non-conventional Materials and Technologies (NOCMAT), September 2009, Bath, UK

• STABILISED كتل األرض: STABILISED INTERLOCKING RAMMED EARTH BLOCKS: ALTERNATIVES TO CEMENT STABILISATION براون Gordon Browne

•Construction Forecasts, وتحليل News & Analysis Green Alternatives for Concrete من قبل 2011/7/21 الموظفن RCD 07/21/2011 by RCD Staff

•Pozzolans not only strengthen and seal the concrete, they have many other beneficial features you will

realize the moment you add them to the mix

آل راشد بن محمد الشيخ السمو لصاحب المأثورة األقوال من

:دبي حاكم الوزراء مجلس رئيس الدولة رئيس نائب مكتوم

واقع مع لتتكف التنمة قواعد وتتغر األام، مع رؤتنا تتطور »

وجد ال أنه تعلمنا الطولة تجربتنا خالل ومن جدد، ودول علم

«.توقف ال وتطور دائم، إبداع بل التنمة، ف واحد دائم نموذج

"Our vision is developed

with time, and the

development rules are

changed to adapt with the

new scientific and

international reality, and

through our long experience

we have learned that there is

no one permanent model in

the development, but

continuous innovation, and

non stopped development."

DM, Building Department

Qualification & Building Studies sec.

Building Researches and Studies unit

Fadel S. AbuShaban

Specialist in Building Studies

0504280085

[email protected]