Green Revolution menace returns with a vengeance

K.L. Heong

IRRI Rice Seminar Series

Current position:

Insect ecologist, Senior Scientist, IRRI

Education and training:

PhD and DSc Imperial College, UK.

Fellow of Malaysian Academy of Science

Fellow of the Third World Academy of Science

Fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science

Work experience:

Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI)

Research highlights:

Arthropod community structure in rice ecosystems

Impact of insecticides on arthropod food web structures

Insect predator-prey relationship in rice ecosystems

Biodiversity and ecosystem services in rice ecosystems

Farmers’ pest management decision making

Use of mass media and education entertainment approaches to reach millions of rice farmers

Awards:

Charles Black Award (US Council for Agricultural Science)

Prize for Agriculture (Third World Academy of Science)

Gold medals – Agricultural Development (Government of Vietnam)

Excellence Prize (Malaysian Plant Protection Society)

Return of the Green Revolution Menace with New Vengeance

K.L. Heong

Summary of Seminar

• Current situations of problems with planthoppers and related virus diseases

• Broad look at the problems and why they occur.

– Ecological reasons for such situations

– Root causes beyond the rice ecosystems

• Ecological engineering initiatives to restore resilience

• Mitigation options to reform pesticide policies regulations and marketing

UNWELCOME HARVESTAfter Conway & Pretty 1991

• Green Revolution - undisputed successes

– HYVs enabled increase in rice production

– Contributed to poverty reduction, food security

• Limitations

– Environmental degradation

– Created new threats – the planthoppers

• Doubly GREEN Revolution Conway 1997

– Increase food at an even greater rate

– So it in a sustainable manner without damage to

environment and its services

– Ensure equity

Menace 1 –Brown Planthopper (BPH)

Short winged

form

Long winged

form

Cabauatan et al 2008

Virus diseases

New Menace 2 –White backed planthopper (WBPH)

Long winged form

Short winged form

New virus carried by WBPH

• Discovered in Guangdong in 2001.

• Transmitted by WBPH

• Southern Rice Black Streak Dwarf virus (SRBSDV) because of its similarity with the RBSDV carried by sBPH in temperate areas.

• Spreading in southern provinces of China, Northern Vietnam areas.

middle-season rice damaged

Spread of new virus disease

Found in maize inShandong province

First discovered in 2001

Zhou 2010

Found in Kyushu Japan in 2010

Planthoppers are r – strategists

Landscape biodiversity

High……………….Low

Low habitat stability

escape from natural

control

r strategists tend to develop exponentially when they “escape” from natural control

When the natural enemy ravine is in place

Populations low

When the natural enemy ravine is removed

Population develop exponentially

Summary from Synoptic Model

• In habitats with low stability, pest population growth rates tend to increase when “released” from biocontrol services resulting in outbreaks.

• Rice production systems that have low landscape biodiversity will need to conserve biocontrol services more to avoid “release of pests” or outbreaks.

• Pests that strive in habitats with low stability have typical life strategies

– r strategists with high adaptability.

r - pests

• Common characteristics:– High reproductive capacities

– Small size, short life cycles

– High migratory tendency - essential for movement

from the “dying habitat” to a new one.

– Exogenous invaders into a crop.

– Normally not pests in low densities but can

occasionally outbreak when released from natural

control.

– Because of the ephemeral nature of the crop

habitats it is necessary to consider managing their

population on a regional scale – Macro level

(Southwood 1977).

Population ModelContinuous model

Nt + 1 = Nt exp {r(1 – Nt /K)}

Finite rate of increase λ = exp rr is per capita rate of increase

r ≈ (ln Ro)/Tc

Nett reproduction rate and generation time

K is carrying capacity

r – K continuumbiological strategies

• Rice planthoppers are

– Monophagous – live only on rice

– r strategists

– Mobile and invasive

• Sustainable strategies need to focus on population management at the macro level and not just developing “killing” methods.

• Using insecticides to control such pests is like “throwing petrol into fire” – completely unsustainable

Pest storms

in

Thailand

China

Indonesia

Hopperburn occur in patches with Hopperburn occur in patches with

ecosystem services disruptedecosystem services disrupted

Philippines

Vietnam

Malaysia

China

Thailand Bangladesh

India

Indonesia

Started in July 2009, outbreaks still persist in June,

2010. Damaged area > 1 million ha.

Govt revised production forecast by 1.1 m tons

16%Govt paid US$60 m in compensation to farmers.

Govt spent US$20 m in pesticide distribution,

campaigns

Virus diseases spread and become endemic and very

wide spread

Outbreaks continue – June 2011 11% damaged. Loss

600 million baht.

Planthopper outbreaks in Asia in 2009/11

Predominantly WBPH on

hybrid rice

New virus disease spreading in

Northern Vietnam, and

southern provinces of China

300,000 ha estimated badly

infected

In Yunnan province WBPH

destroyed crops at young stages

400,000 ha seriously affected in 56

counties

Sukoharja-Solo-Klaten Wereng Triangle

BPH beginning to become problems

More than 10,000ha said to damaged

Reported loss US$ 1.4 million

Government and pesticide companies

launched “Operasi Mandi Pestisida”

Hopperburn along spray paths – Suphan Buri, Thailand

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue

to threaten rice production in Asia?

Vulnerability factors

• Low genetic biodiversity� Many rice areas grown with few or closely related varieties.

� In Central Thailand 72% of farmers grew 2 varieties, Chainat1 and Pathumtani1.

� In the Muda area 2005, 2 varieties MR219 and MR220 covered 75% of the area.

� Season 2008/09 the same 2 varieties grown in 95% of rice areas in Malaysia.

� Hybrid rice – narrow range of parental lines.

• Low habitat biodiversity� Large area rice monocrops with no other habitat. Low flora and

resources for natural enemies

� Double and triple cropping of rice and lack non rice habitats.

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue

to threaten rice production in Asia?

Vulnerability factors

• Low biodiversity in parasitoids and predators� Lack habitat and food resources for natural

enemies. Bunds sprayed with herbicides. � High insecticide pressure – farmers often apply 3

to 10 sprays.� High use of insecticides toxic to parasitoids and

predators.� Poor equipment used – low efficacy to pests, high

efficacy to non targets esp. aquatic fauna. � High use of cocktails that broaden the “kill”

spectrum. � Prophylactic spray (pre emptive strikes); mixed

with herbicide sprays.

Early season blanket spraying

Note

Spraying in early crop stages

Spraying on top of the canopy

Use equipment with poor delivery

12.3

45.6

28.2

12

1.9

0

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20

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50

60

0-15 16-40 41-60 61-70 > 70

Days after sowing

Pe

rce

nt

(%)

sp

ray

s

Early season

Tien Giang province 2011

Early season sprays increase farms’vulnerability to hopperburn

by >10 folds

8.1

91.4

73.3

0

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No spray 1st spray 0-40 DAS 1st >40 DAS

Pro

ba

bii

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of

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pp

erb

urn

Leaf folder control increases vulnerability to hopperburn

by 10 folds

86.5

8.1

0

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Control for leaffolders Did not control leaf folders

Pro

bab

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perb

urn

Food chain

Rice

Rice

Rice

Herbivores

HerbivoresPredators

Parasitoids

1

2

3

Vulnerable situation

Preferred situation

Outbreak

situation

Mean food chain lengths reduced

• Sprays reduced chain lengths significantly from 3 to about 2.

• Estimated time for food web to recover was 22 days after the last spray.

• Sprays bring about asynchrony in predator-prey relationships.

© KLH 2002

Early insecticide sprays create vulnerability

Vulnerable period

Effect of early season sprays on ecosystem services

0

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Weeks after transplanting

Ecossytem service

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Weeks after transplanting

Ecossytem services

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Weeks after transplanting

Hopper invasion

Early season

sprays increase

vulnerability to

invasions

Ecosyste

m s

erv

ices

Outbreak

More pesticide – more eggsResurgence

More pesticide – more BPH eggs

Resurgence – fipronil increase fecundity

2.3 X

Hopperburn in sprayed spots in Cantho province

Pictures by Pham van Quynh

No effect of insecticide sprays on plant hopper eggs in refuge

Small size and soft body make natural enemies more susceptible

BPH

Cyrtorhinus

Anagrus

Wolf spider

Sprayed rice fields are like mine fields to predators

and parasitoids in search of prey

Spider Biodiversity, Bund Biodiversity

and Pesticide Use

•High species richness

•High spider density

•Example Danzhou S=70

•Moderate species richness

•High spider density

•Example Lingshui S= 55

•Low species richness

•Low spider density

•Example Haikou S= 37

•Low species richness

•Low spider density

•Example Sanya S= 36

Bu

nd

Bio

div

ers

ity

Low

High

HighLow Insecticide Use

• After the sprays hopper eggs hatch into an enemy free environment and enjoy “exponential growth”.

Norowi

Insecticides cause BPH to produce

more long winged formsMore pesticide – more migration

The ecology of planthoppers well documented

• Impact of insecticides on herbivore-natural enemy communities in tropical rice ecosystems. Heong & Schoenly

• The role of biodiversity in the dynamics and management of insect pests of tropical irrigated rice – a review. Way and Heong

• Insect pest management in tropical Asian irrigated rice. Matteson

• Planthoppers – New threats to the sustainability of intensive rice production systems in Asia. Heong and Hardy

New reviews to follow

• New book on “Rice Planthoppers” from the ADB-IRRI Rice Planthopper Project.

• New paradigms in Rice hopper resistance

Horgan et al

• Asia’s planthopper problems: The re-emergence of an old enemy. Horgan and Heong

• Resurrecting the Ghost of the Green Revolutions Past: The Rice Brown Planthopper as a Recurring Threat to High Yielding Rice Production in Tropical Asia. Bottrell and Schoenly

Insecticide resistance

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Philippines Thailand Vietnam China

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Philippines Thailand Vietnam China

X6

X32

X127

X2

X59

X33

X0.9

X19

X27

BPMC

Imidacloprid

Fipronil

Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services

BiodiversityNumber of species

Abundance

Composition

Interactions

Ecosystem

Functions

Ecosystem ServicesProvisioning services•Food, fuel, fiber

•Genetic resources

•Fresh water

Supporting services•Primary production

•Provision of habitats

•Nutrient and water cycling

•Soil formation and retention

Cultural services•Spiritual and religious values

•Education and inspiration

•Recreation and aesthetic values

Regulating services

•Invasion resistance

•Pollination

•Pest and disease regulation•Climate regulation

•Natural hazard protection

•Water purification

Regulating services

•Invasion resistance

•Pollination

•Pest and disease regulation

Pest regulation

– In many agricultural areas, pest control provided by natural enemies has been replaced by the use of pesticides

– And such pesticide use (and misuse) has itself degraded the capacity of agroecosystems to provide pest control

MA 2005

Regulating Services

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2008

2010

20092011

Light trap records in Chai Nat Thailand

100,000 fold increase !!

MISUSE

Local ES weakening

Promote BPH populations

Panicsprays

Increase in BPHload

Wide scale increase In insecticide use

MassiveOUTBREAKS

Use of resurgence insecticides

Prophylactic & early spraying

Spray mixtures

Landscape ES weakening

Vicious cycle of planthopper outbreaks

Local outbreaks

Social effects on farmers

Wichian

Anti histamine

Punjab's Malwa region feeds the nation

but farmers here fall prey to cancer far

too often. They take the 'Cancer Train'

to Bikaner for cheap treatment.

Times of India The lush fields hide a scary

tale. Farmers live in a

disturbing cesspool of

toxicity, a result of excessive

and unregulated use of

pesticides and chemical

fertilizers. For one, Punjab

farmers' use of pesticides is

923 g/ha, way above the

national average of 570

g/ha (grams per hectare).

Cancer train

Relationships between farmers’ yields

and pesticide spending in Jiaxing, China.

1st season

y = 3.641x + 5564.7

R2 = 0.0036

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 20 40 60

Spray cost (CN yuan/(1/15ha))

Yielda(kg/ha)

2nd season

y = -23.008x + 6531.2

R2 = 0.2481

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

0 20 40 60

Spray cost (CN yuan/(1/15ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

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Number of sprays

Yie

ld t

/ha

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Number of sprays

Yie

ld t/h

a

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Number of sprays

Yie

ld t

/ha

Cai Lay, Vietnam Cai Be, Vietnam

Chainat, Thailand

0

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7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of sprays

Yie

ld t

/ha

Lingui, China

R2= 0.015 R2= 0.019

R2 <0.001 R2= 0.019

Tiengiang province

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2004 N= 6352003 N= 584

Cantho province

2002 N= 790

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0 1 2 3 4

Vinh Long province

Number of insecticide sprays

Yie

ld in t

ons

2004 N= 904

2004 N= 286 2005 N= 604

0

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5

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9

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0

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0

1

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Yie

ld in t

ons

Number of insecticide sprays

y = 0.15x + 6.709

R2 = 0.022 F=13.59 p ,0.001y = 0.197x + 7.184

R2=0.04 F=24.05 p<0.001

y = -0.357x + 3.306

R2=0.127 F>260 p<0.001

Mekong wide 2006

Can Tho 2006 Can Tho 2007

Pest management today

Generalized Rice Pesticide Information Supply Chain

CAPITAL

MAJOR RICE

BOWL/GRANARY

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OTHERS

PRIVATE SECTOR

BIG BOYS LOCAL

FARMERS

DEALER

GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DOA RESEARCH INSTITUTE OTHERS

DEALER

RETAILER

“Mobile

Plant

Clinics”

Extension

Training/FFS

Media campaigns

Me

dia

ca

mp

aig

ns\

cell

ph

on

es

Tra

inin

g/F

FS

Ad

ve

rtis

ing

/sa

les

pro

mo

tio

ns

Credits

Advice

Samples

MAIN SOURCE FOR

INFORMATION, ADVICE,

GIFTS, CREDITLimited reach; limited resource to sustain

Hands up those who get their pest management advice from the local pesticide retailer

FMCGFast Moving Consumer Goods

FMCG or Fast-moving consumer goods (also known as Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) are products that have quick turnover, require less thinking by

consumers and utilize advertising and promotional strategies to create

emotional buying.

Insecticide use based on IPM Insecticide use based on FMCG

Driven by rational decision making skills. Judicious use.

Driven by product packaging, brand names, attractiveness, recalls.

Need to use knowledge on pests, natural enemies, predation, insecticide actions

Less (or no) thinking needed. Eg. calendar applications mixing several ingredients together.

Maximize value of knowledge Maximize value of sales

Economic rationale based

Emotional based, viz status, desire, fear, perceptions, attitudes, sense of power, price.

Inefficient market /Market failureSigns and symptoms

• Information asymmetries

– Farmers buying insecticides thinking that they are

controlling planthoppers but instead they induce

hopper outbreaks. And seek to spray more.

• Externalities

– Pollution. Health. Wildlife. Fish supply

• Public goods

– Insecticides destroy ecosystem services

– Insecticides create more planthoppers that infest

other farmers’ fields.

Current system favor YIN

PositivesEcological researchResistant varietiesEcological engineering IPM trainingInsecticide reduction programs

PositivesEcological researchResistant varietiesEcological engineering IPM trainingInsecticide reduction programs

NegativesPesticide promotion by private and Public sectorsGovt subsidies, free distributionsLow costs of pesticidesPesticide misuses

NegativesPesticide promotion by private and Public sectorsGovt subsidies, free distributionsLow costs of pesticidesPesticide misuses

Structures/Policies favoring NegativesInadequate pesticides regulatory systemEcosystem services not factored into policiesIncentives for short term profit gainsLack incentives for sustainable practicesAccess to emergency pesticide allocations

Structures/Policies favoring NegativesInadequate pesticides regulatory systemEcosystem services not factored into policiesIncentives for short term profit gainsLack incentives for sustainable practicesAccess to emergency pesticide allocations

China’s Pesticide Production (metric tons a.i.) 2000 – 2009.

[source: ICAMA]

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1800000

2000000

1990199219

94199619982000200220

0420

062008

Mil

lio

n U

S$ Chn exp

Jpn exp

Kor exp

EU exp

Data from FAOSTAT updated June 2011

EU exports

China

exports

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008M

illi

on

US

$

Indonesia Thailand Viet Nam Philippines IndiaData from FAOSTAT updated June 2010

Insecticide imports

0

20

40

60

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100

120

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160

180

1973

1974

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1977

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2009

Pesticides in rice (US$ M)

Year

Indonesia

Resistant varieties, IPM,Biological control, Biodiversity, Ecological

Engineering

Pesticide Tsunami

Unsustainable Response

Operation “Showering With Pesticides”

in Indonesia.

Root Causes of Planthopper problems

Inadequate regulationsFMCG

Retailers provide adviceUntrained retailers.

Unnecessary insecticide useMisuse / Overuse

Wrong insecticides

Increase in outbreak pestsIncrease in chemical pollution

Insecticide resistance

Farmers’ income lossNational loss in export earning

Health problem -Unstable production

Loss in chemical effectiveness

ROOT CAUSES

CAUSES

SITUATION

IMPACT

Banning resurgence

causing insecticides

Revise pesticide marketing regulations

Reclassify pesticides/ License retailers

RESPONSES

Immediate term

Medium/Long term

House with No Roof

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue

to threaten rice production in Asia?

• Planthoppers have unique traits for adaptation

� A macro problem and cant be managed using micro tools.

� Planthopper outbreaks have ecological, sociological, economic

and political dimensions

• Need ecological tools at landscape level – eco agriculture

� Pest control tools rely in chemicals, plant resistance, GMOs.

� Tools do not tackle the “root causes” of outbreaks which have

ecological, sociological and political dimensions.

• Need changes in policies, institutional structures and concepts

� Lack ecological understanding particularly at the macro or

landscape level.

� Plant protection policies and structures continue to favor pesticide

use – no change in > 50 years – Need reform.

� Plant protection regulatory system have stagnated and weakened

and need restructure.

Causal factors

Why do planthopper outbreaks continue to

threaten rice production in Asia?

• No change in paradigm

� Using micro tools to deal a macro problem.

� Planthoppers outbreaks macro - related ecological, sociological,

economic and political issues.

• No change in tools

� Pest control tools rely in “magic bullets” - chemicals, genes, GMOs.

� Tools do not tackle the “root causes” of outbreaks.

� Tools do not tackle ecological, sociological and political issues.

• No change in concepts/structure

� Lack ecological understanding perspectives particularly at the macro

or landscape level.

� Plant protection policies and structures continue to favor pesticide

use – status quo for 40 years.

� Plant protection regulatory system stagnant and weakened and need

reform.

Causal factors

Summary

1. Large proportion of insecticides used are unnecessary.

2. Planthopper problems are insecticide induced.

3. The mechanisms have been thoroughly researched, simulation models built, well understood and documented.

4. Planthoppers are r strategists and management strategies are ecologically based at the landscape level.

5. Insecticide misuse is caused by the failed market conditions, misguided policies, R and D biases toward favoring pesticide use.

6. Farmers are the victims of the failed market, the biases

and disconnected information supply chain.

7. It does NOT have to be like this, especially since we have the knowledge to help solve the problem.

Two Main Components of Ecological Engineering to restore Resilience to Pests

Ecological Engineering techniques

Genetic biodiversity

Habitat biodiversitySpecies

Space

Time

Species Biodiversity Parasitoids, Predators

Ecosystem ServicesPest invasion resistance,

Pest and disease regulation

Pollination

Rationalize

pesticide useReduction, pro environment products,

timing

Ecosystem functionsPollination, parasitism, predation

Ecological engineering in Jin Hua

Increase in parasitoids in rice field with sesame and no

insecticide useJin Hua, Zhejiang

Lu et al 2009

Frog densities increase in eco eng fields

0

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Booting Milky

Fro

g d

en

siti

es

in #

/mu

Ecological

Engineering

Farmers’

Fields

Ecological

Engineering

Farmers’

Fields

R. limnocharis

R. limnocharisR. nigromaculattaR. nigromaculatta

0

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Booting Milky

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Ecological

Engineering

Farmers’

Fields

Ecological

Engineering

Farmers’

Fields

R. limnocharis

R. limnocharisR. nigromaculattaR. nigromaculatta

Farmer’s Friend/Cobbler’s pegs

(Bidens pilosa)

Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus)

Butter daisy(Melampodium divaricatium)

Sesame

(Sesamum indicum)Chinese Wedelia

(Wedelia chinensis )

Mung bean (Vigna radiata)

Abundance of bees, syrphids and ladybirds

Parasitoid Species RichnessRarefaction curves

Egg parasitoids in ecological engineering fieldsIncrease

Egg parasitism in ecological engineering fields increase significantly - Vietnam

0

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Booting Ripening

% egg parasitism

Eco eng

Control

Multi media campaign in Vietnam to motivate rural communities to restore biodiversity, reduce pesticides and

increase their profits in several provinces

Heuristic cluster for biodiversity

Bees as enablers for change

n Flowers along bunds bring in bees and their

relatives

n The bee relatives attack eggs that

planthoppers lay

n Insecticides will kill bees and their relatives.

KLH

Landscape transformation

in many Vietnam provinces

0

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Thoai Son Chau Thanh Chau Phu

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Ecol Eng

Control

Natural enemies increase

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)

Ecol Eng

Control

Egg predatory bug increase

Biodiversity can benefit rice farmers

• Adopt macro level thinking

� Use a macro framework for management.

� Incorporate ecological, sociological, economic and political dimensions.

• Develop ecological tools at landscape level – eco agriculture

� Develop ecological engineering tools and techniques to re store biodiversity to rice ecosystems.

� Develop and sustain educational and motivational programs to change farmers’ attitudes to become “ecosystem managers” not just producers.

� Explore PES schemes and create new incentive systems.

• Changes in policies, institutional structures and concepts

� Adjust R and D funding policies to factor in ecosystem services benefits at the macro or landscape level.

� Review and reform agricultural policies and structures that will favor sustainable agriculture.

� Reform and strengthen regulatory systems, particularly pesticidelegislations.

Challenges

Motivations

We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.

Knowing is NOT enough

We have to APPLY

Willing is NOT enough

We have to ACT

IRR

I

Pesticides destroy

ecosystem functions

and

threaten food

security