Green Innovations for Infrastructure Facility Management

FACULTY OF DESIGN AND CREATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

AUCKLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TE WANANGA ARONUI O TAMAKI MAKAU RAU

School of Engineering

Master of Engineering Project Management

Name AKSHAY ALAGUNDAGI

ID Number 15876949

Paper Name BUILT ASSET MANAGEMENT

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……………AKSHAY ALAGUNDAGI …………………………………………28-‐09-‐2015………… Signature Date

BUILT ASSET MANAGEMENT: ENBU811

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

GREEN INNOVATIONS FOR

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITY MANAGEMENT

BY

AKSHAY ALAGUNDAGI – 15876949

MASTER OF ENGINEERING PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Executive Summary

This report summarises the subject area of Facility Management. FM is a vast area of study and the research area is focused on green innovations for infrastructure FM (domestic buildings) for New Zealand. The energy expenses are gradually being increased for residential sector and it is important to overcome the same using the green techniques for residential sector.

The various energy efficient active techniques are identified and analysed with their relative advantages and barriers. Some of the techniques illustrate methods of generating own power and other helps in reducing energy consumption.

Altogether, it is interpreted how it is beneficial to the environment and its stakeholder by using any of the facilities of energy efficient active techniques for residential building.

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................. 1

2.1 Facility Management ................................................................................................................... 1

2.2 Infrastructure Facility Management ............................................................................................ 1

2.3 Green Innovations for Infrastructure Facility Management ........................................................ 1

2.4 Green Infrastructure -‐ How Does It Work? .................................................................................. 2

2.5 Green Building ............................................................................................................................. 2

2.6 Cost Myth in Implementing Green Innovations for a Building .................................................... 3

2.7 Analysis of Five Fundamentals of a Green Building Program ...................................................... 3

2.7.1 Sustainable Location Design ................................................................................................. 3

2.7.2 Water Quality and Preservation ........................................................................................... 3

2.7.3 Environment and Energy ....................................................................................................... 4

2.7.4 Indoor Environment Features ............................................................................................... 4

2.7.5 Material and Natural Resource Conservation ....................................................................... 4

3.0 Research Objective .......................................................................................................................... 4

3.1 Research questions ...................................................................................................................... 4

4.0 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 4

5.0 Findings ............................................................................................................................................ 5

5.1 An Overview of New Zealand’s Source of Energy (Renewable & Non Renewable) and Energy Consumptions of Residential Sector .................................................................................................. 5

5.1.1 Renewable Energy ................................................................................................................ 5

5.1.2 Non Renewable Energy ......................................................................................................... 6

5.1.3 Energy Usage ........................................................................................................................ 6

5.2 Methods to Overcome the Energy Expenses of a Residential Building by using Green Innovations (Bergman, 2012). ........................................................................................................... 7

5.2.1 Solar Thermal Collectors ....................................................................................................... 8

5.2.2 Photovoltaic Panels (Solar Panels) ........................................................................................ 9

5.2.3 Domestic Wind Turbines ..................................................................................................... 10

5.2.4 Hot Water Efficiency ........................................................................................................... 10

5.2.5 Efficient Lighting ................................................................................................................. 12

5.2.6 Light Emitting Diodes .......................................................................................................... 12

5.2.7 Smart Lighting Controls ....................................................................................................... 13

5.3 Discussion of findings ................................................................................................................. 14

6.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 15

References: .......................................................................................................................................... 16

Appendices: ......................................................................................................................................... 17

Green Innovations for Infrastructure Facility Management Akshay Alagundagi -‐ 15876949

AUT University | 1.0 Introduction 1

1.0 Introduction

The area of study is facility management for infrastructures. Facility management is a wide area and the various facilities lies under the field of facility management. Green facility for an infrastructure is focused on residential buildings in NZ. The residential buildings consume electrical energy for its various interior facilities.

NZ has majorly two renewable sources of energy, i.e. hydroelectricity and geothermal energy. The methods implemented in generating energy from the renewable sources is not sufficient and thus non renewable energy is also the source for electricity in NZ like coal. With the advancement in globalization, these sources may not be sufficient to fulfil the electricity needs for all residential houses in the future.

It is very important to minimise the use of non renewable energy and maximise the use of renewable energy sources. The green innovations consists of techniques that helps in generating own power by using renewable energy sources. If such techniques are implemented for the residential sector, by using sources like solar energy and wind, the structure develops its own power and thus, energy consumed from the power station is reduced. As per the NZ climatic conditions, suggested suitable green techniques can perform better in developing and conserving the electricity.

Also the implementation of green techniques results more beneficial for the environment, surroundings and to the people. The main objective of implementing green innovations for domestic buildings is to eliminate the effect of climate change and to conserve the natural resources and as a result, this area of green innovations has appeared as a significant concern in the present.

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Facility Management Facility management is a field which is surrounded by various methods and practices which assures functionality of the built environment by incorporating people, place, operation and technology ("IFMA,").

2.2 Infrastructure Facility Management The term ‘infrastructure’ in adding the facilities can be landscapes/townscapes at regional level, neighborhoods/public spaces at surrounding society level and at site level it incorporates building/sites/constructions like office buildings, shopping malls, educational buildings, hospitals, or airports. At a basic level, facility management is understandable and an accurate label for the effort put in ensuring that, by using various facilities provided by diverse domain, the infrastructure is working adequately and conveniently, meeting the requirements of the people (Figgis, 2007).

2.3 Green Innovations for Infrastructure Facility Management The green innovations for the infrastructure’s facility is all about framing up with a broader dimension of environmental appearances that are managed at different levels. The efficient method of initiation of green innovations for an infrastructure has proven to be always through strategic planning. The initiation of green facilities through strategic planning ensures the green projects


AUT University | 2.0 Literature Review 2

makes actual difference to the environment and to the people ("Building a green infrastructure for Europe," 2013).

The green innovations for a built environment uses several natural resources like natural light, wind, water, soil, and plants to form the healthy and eco friendly environment. An infrastructure with the green built environment provides cleaner air, water, attracts and supports the habitat and also benefits in reducing landfill wastes on site. There exist various methods of green innovations for an infrastructure which can be implemented in or around the built environment: ("What is green infrastructure," 2014)

In the upcoming years, the green environment inside and surrounding the infrastructure is going to appear as a basic need for all the organizations. The green innovations comprising of healthy premises and spaces are associated with diverse benefits which adds value to the environment and stakeholders. The green innovations include essential aspects like lower operating costs, eco friendly and healthy building and as a result, this is related with economic and featuristic advantages ("Sustainability in the built environment," 2014).

2.4 Green Infrastructure -‐ How Does It Work? ("Regional plan association," 2012) Green infrastructure encompasses the natural land, functioning landscapes, free spaces and the built environment which preserves the environmental values and actions and also contribute the correlated benefits to the human population.

The combination of biological functions with green infrastructure makes the system more valuable, more reliable and economical than the normal systems.

The green infrastructure at the regional level incorporates conservation, rehabilitation, improvements in vegetation, prevention of soil erosion, society planning by using the green innovative methods like Land conservation, Wetlands, Stream corridors, Floodplain ordinances, Steep slope and erosion controls, Master plan and zoning, Conservation subdivision and best practices for forest, farm and rangeland.

At a particular site or location, green infrastructure i.e green building incorporates conservation of natural resources, own energy development, recycling the water and managing the wastes by using green innovative methods like green roofs, porous pavements, rain gardens, planter boxes and energy efficient techniques like solar panels, domestic wind mills, and efficient lighting systems.

The assurance of green infrastructure is that it provides quality and functions to the encompassed surrounding and the environment. Eventually the green infrastructure assures that the built environment not only helps in mitigating the development impacts, but also recreates and enhances the advantages contributed by undeveloped landscape.

2.5 Green Building A building’s construction and operation lifetime which ensures healthy and eco friendly environment while being the most ecomomical and using minimum amount of energy, natural resources, land and water is a green building (USEPA, 2014).

Implementation of green innovations on a built environment or building is a green building. Green building is an integrated approach which helps in understanding that a build environment has


AUT University | 2.0 Literature Review 3

impacts on the natural environment, people inhabiting buildings, both in a positive and negative way. Green building is a method to boost the positive and minimize the negative impacts throughout the building’s life cycle (Kriss, 2014).

Although there are various definition of green building, usually accepted for the all phases of a building like planning, designing, construction and usage are with various essential attentions to the energy and water usage, domestic environmental condition, selection of material and impacts of building on site (Kriss, 2014).

2.6 Cost Myth in Implementing Green Innovations for a Building Although many green innovative technologies and materials are expensive, it has been determined that most of the green techniques and ideas have expenses to the same price and some of them have the price expense lower than the traditional non green techniques. By incorporating the appropriate lower cost green techniques with the equivalent or comparatively higher cost non green techniques, it is feasible to achieve the green building project at the same budget of the normal non green traditional project (USEPA, 2014).

Most of the times, the fundamentals to the economical green building endures within the alliance and interrelated cost and performance tradeoffs which emerges between various building systems. For example, choosing the best quality windows and frame may add up the extra expenses in the construction cost of a building, but it will result in reduction of expenses of heating and cooling systems than compared to expenses of better aesthetic systems. The outcome is the building which has a comparative or sometimes a lower cost of construction but results in reduced energy usage, usage bills and operating expenses for the building life which also provides high level of comfort (USEPA, 2014).

2.7 Analysis of Five Fundamentals of a Green Building Program (USEPA, 2014).

This section outlines the key standards, ideas and technologies that are correlated with five major fundamentals of green building plan. They are:

• Sustainable location design • Water quality and preservation • Environment and energy • Indoor environment features • Material and natural resource conservation

2.7.1 Sustainable Location Design Employ in an initial and execution stage of construction which helps in reducing site disruption and also which gives importance to the preservation and restoring of valuable habitat, green landscapes and relative eco-‐systems which are essential for sustaining life.

2.7.2 Water Quality and Preservation Conservation of the presently available natural water cycle and the initiation of locality design and building enhancements so that the system carefully follows the actions of location’s natural hydrological systems prior to development. The methods like Storm water retention, site infiltration


AUT University | 3.0 Research Objective 4

and rainwater harvesting, which carefully imitate natural systems have to be given higher priority. On-‐site reduction in unwanted and poor usage of potable water.

2.7.3 Environment and Energy Eliminating the adverse effects on the environment by enhanced building siting, design, selection of material and hostile use of energy conservation methods. The performance result of the structure has to surpass the international energy code (IEC) level by 30 to 40 % or higher. Make the best use of renewable energy and less impacting energy sources.

2.7.4 Indoor Environment Features To make accessible for productive, comfortable and a well interior environment for the people using the building. To make use of such a building design which provides best potential conditions regarding interior air quality, aeration, thermal comfort, natural aeration and daylight, and efficient control of the building’s acoustics.

2.7.5 Material and Natural Resource Conservation With the effective engineering, planning, building and efficient methods of reusing the construction debris, it is necessary to reduce the utilization of construction materials which are non-‐renewable and also natural resources like energy and water. The utilization of recycled materials, efficient designed materials, proficient composite structural elements, recyclable, renewable, and sustainably developed materials has to be maximized.

3.0 Research Objective The objective of this report is to study green innovations and its various methods for NZ’s domestic buildings. By implementing which, it proves beneficial for the environment, nonrenewable energy sources and to the people.

3.1 Research questions Ø What are the energy efficient green innovations (for construction/buildings)? Ø Which are the various energy efficient green facilities that can be implemented to a

residential structure in NZ? Ø How the green project is beneficial to the environment and people? With what barriers?

4.0 Methodology This study area follows the quantitative based research to identify the green techniques for the residential sector. The various energy efficient green techniques are analysed with their relative advantages and relative barriers.

By implementing these efficient techniques on a residential structure, the stakeholders getting affected through the execution of the project are identified. Also by using the green techniques, it is interpreted that to which stakeholder the green technique would be more beneficial.

A conclusion is provided by analysing the advantages and barriers of each energy efficient project through which, it will be beneficial in opting the appropriate green techniques for residential sector in New Zealand.


AUT University | 5.0 Findings 5

5.0 Findings From the literature review, one can evaluate that the facility management is a very wide area of study which involves provision of all types of facilities for an infrastructure. The green innovation is one of the facilities provided to an infrastructure to transform a traditional infrastructure to a green infrastructure which benefits to the environment and people.

The word infrastructure comprises of natural land, functioning landscapes, free spaces and the built environment, of the which, the green innovations in this report is being focused for domestic buildings (residential houses).

There exist a variety of green innovations concerning in different fields as mentioned in the five fundamentals of a green building. As a result, it is very essential to study and identify the appropriate green techniques required for a domestic building as per its geographical location, climatic conditions and abundantly available natural resources.

The major cause of implementing the green innovations for a domestic building in New Zealand is to maximize the utilization of renewable energy sources, minimize the use of non renewable energy and ultimately reduce the operating cost of a building throughout its life cycle, through which, it is beneficial to the environment and stakeholders of the building.

5.1 An Overview of New Zealand’s Source of Energy (Renewable & Non Renewable) and Energy Consumptions of Residential Sector As per the records of ministry of economic development, in New Zealand, the energy services had ended up around 2.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) (MED, 2001). The energy required in transforming fossil fuels and carbohydrates of marine life into hydrocarbons is about 69% of NZ energy supply, which actually avails a major share. The hydroelectricity and geothermal energy represent as a key part of the balance. Biogas, wind, industrial waste and wood and water heating through solar are additional minor energy sources (MED, 2005).

The transformation of primary energy (total amount of energy) to delivered energy comprise heat, the major amount of energy is vanished. The primary energy in waste and geothermal steam, which is converted to electricity is only about 15%. Where as, it is 33% for coal, 35% for gas and 100% for hydro energy and wind energy (MED, 2005). This interprets the net energy consumption is substantially higher than the suggested end usage.

5.1.1 Renewable Energy With nothing being reduced, the resources which are created or produces as far they are consumed are the renewable sources (Barnett, 1995). In 2004, the ratio of primary energy sources to renewable energy sources was 0.31 i.e 31% in New Zealand and 1.4% in UK (DTI, 2006). The two main sources of energy in New Zealand are hydroelectricity, which is 58% and geothermal energy accounts for 13% of total primary energy (MED, 2012). Also other available renewable sources in New Zealand are sunlight, wind, biofuels, industrial waste and wood, of the which, it is more windier when compared to other countries as NZ is a narrow set of islands (Mithraratne, 2007). When compared to the 2010 values, the energy gereration from wind in 2011 had a growth of 19% (1931GWh) (MED, 2012).



5.1.2 Non Renewable Energy The resources which has less or with limited supply or which can be exhausted, of which the recovery results expensive are the non renewable sources (Pilatowicz, 1995). In New Zealand, the main non renewable sources are natural gas, oil and coal, all together, which adds up to 69% of primary energy (Mithraratne, 2007).

5.1.3 Energy Usage The average use of primary energy per person per year in New Zealand was 126 GJ3 of the which, around 1/3rd of which is lost in extracting and transforming it to consumer energy and remaining is consumed as electricity and fuels (MED, 2005). The exhausted primary energy from renewable sources is ineffective where as the exhausted primary energy from nonrenewable sources accounts as harm to the environment.

As per the the Ministry of Development report 2012, the electricity information for residential purpose is tabulated below (NZ)

Average cost Average consumption 22.59 c/KWh 7.76 MWh

The graph below shows the observed electricity consumption in GWh, according to different sectors from the year 1975 to 2011. The graph shows the increase in consumption of electricity in all sectors majorly in Industrial and Commercial sector.

Image: Observed Electricity Consumption (MED, 2012).



The graph below shows the actual electricity consumer prices according to various sectors from the year 1974 to 2011 in NZ. The graph interprets, though the residential electricity consumtion has not increased much compared to other sectors (above graph), the electricity consumer prices for this sector has increased throughout years and now is with highest price compared to other sectors.

Image: Comparison of consumer electricity prices (MED, 2012).

5.2 Methods to Overcome the Energy Expenses of a Residential Building by using Green Innovations (Bergman, 2012). To overcome the building’s operating costs from energy expenses, The identification and implementation of energy efficient techniques is essential. There are two types of energy efficient techniques which can be implemented on residential buildings. They are:

Passive Techniques Active Techniques § Thermal Mass § Solar Thermal Collectors § Double Envelope Construction § Solar Panels (Photovoltaics) § Solar Orientation § Domestic Wind Turbines § Windows and Glazing § Hot Water Efficiency § Insulation § Efficient Lighting § Radiant Barriers § Light Emitting Diodes § Ventilation and Circulation § Smart Lighting Controls

Passive techniques: These ideas are generally based on the thermodynamic concepts, i.e flow of energy through the material, the flow of heat energy through the air. Therefore the passive techniques generally comprise with low level technologies and are not new. These techniques make use of ideas that are centuries old. These techniques generally have less moving parts, as a result, less operating and maintenance costs. Considering mutually, this makes the efficiency from passive techniques more simpler, reliable and economical than active techniques. These techniques are suitable to adopt from the design phase of a structure as most of the techniques cannot be implemented on a traditional structure, provided major modifications.



Active techniques: These innovations have a tendency to have much advanced technology. These ideas are cutting edge technologies and have comparatively more operating costs and requires periodic maintenance.

In this report, as the focus is on green innovations for domestic buildings, the innovations are more focused on active techniques to obtain outcomes in a way to show how energy efficient green innovations can be implemented on an existing domestic building and with what benefits.

5.2.1 Solar Thermal Collectors

Image: Thermal collectors mounted on roof ("Solar Water Heating,").

The solar thermal collectors compared to other active techniques is comparatively mature and older technology. This contains a series of heat absorbent tubes which are connected to the water tank through pipes. The tubes absorb heat from sunlight and when water is passed through the tubes, it is heated and stored in reservoir.

Image: Domestic hot water system ("Understanding Solar Thermal Systems,").

The hot water can be directly used for daily purpose like plumbing or heating a pool. As this is a time tested technology, the benefits and drawbacks can be well understood. Depending on the unit, local utility tariffs, available subsidies from the Government, the payback period for this technology lies between 5 and 20 years. To enhance the effectiveness, this can be utilized in combination with



efficient water plumbing like low-‐flow showers and faucets which reduce the requirement of hot water.

5.2.2 Photovoltaic Panels (Solar Panels)

Image: Solar panels installed on roof ("Solar panel installation,").

The solar collectors make use of solar radiant heat to heat water directly, while the solar panels avails a complex method in converting solar energy into electricity. The solar technology is contiouously evolving with more technology advancements and new ways of enhancing efficiency and feasibility. A conventional solar panel comprises of crystalline-‐silicon cell which converts light energy into electricity. The electricity output from solar panels is in the form of direct current (DC) and thus it cannot be directly used for AC electrical appliances. As a result, this system also needs more equipments to store and convert electricity like batteries and inverter. If the system sufficient enough to generate and store electricity in day time and use the stored energy for night time, then the building becomes off-‐grid which means the outer power source is no more required. This technology has more benefits beyond the utility charges.

Image: New generation solar film ("3rd Generation of Solar Panels,").



With its evolution, the advanced PV’s size has tremendously reduced and have overcome from traditional panels to thin flexible films or amorphous silicon panel. Ahead of cost savings, the exiting factor of this technology is that it opens door for design possibilities in considering PV’s into materials of building and making them as an integrated part rather than as an additional facility. This new method of using PV’s as integrated part is called building-‐integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).

The expected results of the system’s amount of energy developed and cost efficiency for a building depend on system’s capacity and initial investment.

5.2.3 Domestic Wind Turbines

Image: Small wind turbines -‐ HAWT (Left) and VAWT (Right) ("All Small Wind Turbines,").

In practice, generating own power with green techniques rather obtaining from wind farms or power stations crafts more logic. The wind turbine techniques are also evolving as PV technology and are expected to be less expensive with time. Wind turbines with advanced technologies have factors like better aesthetics, quite in operation and more efficient. The design of this technology is evolving to develop as building-‐integrated unit. The wind turbine design also varies in terms of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) and horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). The output electricity is again DC and this system also needs storage and converting devices. For this kind of projects, it is essential to analyse the location and weather conditions to identify the project’s suitability.

5.2.4 Hot Water Efficiency

The hot water systems for residential purpose are additional considerable energy consumer in buildings. Usually the heating of water is done through using gas or electricity, in which the major drawback for energy loss is -‐ all the time the tank has to store hot water despite of usage.

Image: Electric On-‐demand water heater



The alternative technique is to make use of on-‐demand heating. This method can also be called a tankless hot water system. Only when there is a requirement of hot water, the unit starts heating the water and as a result, it eradicates the wastage of energy lost in maintaining hot water all the time.

Image: Working principle of electric On-‐demand water heater

Additional considerable advantage of this system is it consumes very less space and can be mounted on wall or in cabinet due to its compactness than compared to conventional hot water tanks.

Though using this system, more amount of hot water is wasted through the bath outlet. An additional simple system can be implemented to utilise the heat energy from outgoing bathing water. It is called drain water heat recovery (DWHR) system.

Image: Line diagram of DWHR system ("Drain-‐water heat-‐recovery ").

This system contains copper tubings spiraled around the bathing outlet pipes. The fresh water to the tanks is supplied through copper tubings which becomes warm by the heat of outgoing water. This



method will not completely heat the fresh water, but at least raises its temperature to a certain extent and consecutively saves energy of the water heater.

5.2.5 Efficient Lighting The CFL’s produce the light more effectively than the incandescent light. The incandescent bulbs transforms only 10% of electrical energy into light and the rest is radiated as heat. The technical unit to calculate bulb’s efficiency is ‘lamp efficacy’ which measures the electricity required in producing a certain amount of light i.e. Lumens/Watt (LPW). The efficacy of an incandescent bulb is 10 to 20 LPW which wastes 90% of the electricity it uses. The efficacy is slightly higher for the halogen bulbs than the incandescent bulb. The efficacy is much better for the CFL’s which is up to 50 to 60 LPW. The efficacy is much better ranging from 60 to 90 LPW for fluorescent lamps depending on size and span.

Image: Comparison of different bulbs ("Light bulb graph,").

The major advantage of CFLs is its long life which lasts from 750 to 2000 hours. Also the amount of electricity required is equivalent for illuminating an incandescent bulb for five years and producing 10mg of mercury used in bulbs. When compared to CFL, it requires only 25% of the energy producing 2.4 mg of mercury for use of five years. As a result, CFL bulbs are more preferable in terms of low consumption and economical manufacturing.

5.2.6 Light Emitting Diodes An alternative method for mercury and florescent is the advanced light emitting diode (LED) which is rapidly acquiring the lighting industry. The LED has various advantages over fluorescent and incandescent bulbs. The LED are more efficient and have the potential to become extremely efficient in the future. The efficacy of LED which reaches up to 200 LPW is an amazing number compared to incandescent 10 to 20 LPW and CFLs which is 50 to 60 LPW.



Also the LED technology has longer life over others. Another advantage of the LED is it does not burn out immediately as other bulbs but, fades gradually.

Image: Comparison between LED and traditional bulbs ("Advantages of LED lighting,").

70% fading of LED bulbs occur approximately after 50000 hours as specified by its manufacturers, which is 6 times than that of CFLs and 50 times than that of incandescent bulbs. The bulbs used in traffic signals were and are still being replaced by LEDs due to its low energy costs and low maintenance. The factors like cost and brightness are the current barriers in adopting LED for household lighting applications. As this technology evolves and attracts more users, the production increases for the LED and fixtures and undoubtedly the cost will reduce in the future.

The another advancement in LED in its underlying chemical structure which is based on organic compounds and thus it is called OLED. As the LED and OLED technologies evolve, it comprises energy efficient, non mercury consuming sources which results in replacement for incandescent and fluorescent bulbs.

5.2.7 Smart Lighting Controls Another innovative technology in minimizing the energy wastage is by using automatic lighting control systems. This system has the capability to dim and turn off the unwanted lights during usage. When the light is in use, the control device minimizes the amount of energy used by bulbs in terms of wattage and thus, lowers the brightness. The timers and sensors work on their own and are more preferable than the manual dimmers which needs regular user interaction. Recent advancement in this is occupancy sensors which sense the presence of people and acts accordingly and thus users can be less worried in turning the lights off.

In regards to personal comfort and energy efficiency, it is beneficial to implement localised lighting controls which have the capability to control each workspace independently. This technique increase productivity and improve the user’s well being. The technology of control system for the whole house is high-‐tech and provide opportunities for considerable energy savings.

This system is also comprised of monitoring systems applicable for offices and homes which provides information about the energy being consumed per day and current amount of energy being used or saved. These advanced techniques are as important as high efficiency techniques as it engages users in saving the energy.



5.3 Discussion of findings Advantages Barriers

§ Solar Thermal Collectors

Ø Renewable and non polluting Ø Simple technology, low maintenance Ø Nearly zero operating costs Ø Mature technology and quiet in

operation Ø Highly efficient with good ROI

Ø High Initial cost than conventional heaters

Ø High installation cost Ø Limited scalability

§ Solar Panels (Photovoltaics)

Ø Clean, no combustion, emission or pollution

Ø The source is inexhaustible and abundantly available

Ø No moving parts, less maintenance Ø Rapidly evolving technology

Ø The System consists more units (Batteries and inverter)

Ø High initial cost Ø Relatively low efficiency

and energy intensity Ø Risk of evolution -‐ might

release with a much better system

§ Domestic Wind Turbines

Ø Clean energy, Renewable and sustainable

Ø Comparatively low initial costs Ø Abundant domestic supply Ø Electricity is free once ROI is

obtained

Ø System and its procurement results comparatively expensive

Ø To remain competitive, it depends on Govt subsidies

Ø Wildlife impacts -‐ birds § Hot Water

Efficiency Ø Potentially minimises energy loss Ø No limit in quantity of hot water Ø Compact, requires less space Ø Can be easily installed anywhere

Ø Difficulties in supplying hot water simultaneously at different places

Ø Have certain flow rate threshold for effective heating

Ø Might result expensive depending on electric supply modifications

§ Efficient Lighting Ø Lowers energy consumption Ø Have high Lumens per Watt (LPW) Ø Longer life and more efficient

Ø Lumens cannot be dimmed with energy efficient dimmers

Ø Need extra cover or protection if used outdoors

Ø Sensitive to temperatures Ø Dangerous if not disposed

properly § Light Emitting

Diodes Ø Extremely energy efficient Ø Longer life Ø Instant, no warm up time required Ø Environmentally friendly Ø Unaffected to cold temperatures

Ø High initial and replacement cost

§ Smart Lighting Controls

Ø No user interaction required Ø Turns off unwanted light Ø Effectively saves energy Ø Easy to monitor and control usage

Ø High initial cost Ø High maintenance cost


AUT University | 6.0 Conclusion 15

The advantages and barriers for each active green technique are interpreted. The barriers are common problems in implementing the projects and some of the projects have only high cost as its barrier. The benefits of each project are potentially more advantageous that helps in overcoming through its barriers.

The stakeholders engaged in these projects are:

Stakeholders being affected Beneficial to which stakeholder • Investor/client • Users/tenants • Companies • Engineers • Contractors • Technicians

• Implementing team/companies – for short run

• User – for the long run

6.0 Conclusion By implementing the energy efficient techniques on a residential building/house, it is easy to achieve distinguished results for reduction in energy consumption of a house. Talking about the early design phase of a structure, the implementation of passive techniques can also be considered, through which, the amount of energy consumption of a house is naturally reduced. Where as, it is always open and feasible to identify and implement energy efficient active techniques on a pre constructed structure.

As per the New Zealand’s geographical location and its climatic conditions, the active techniques analysed in this report are suitable for NZ residential houses and can be considered to put into action, which results beneficial in -‐ Eco friendly and healthy, conservation of non renewable sources, reduced energy consumption of a structure, reduced operating costs of a structure, reduced energy bills for users.

Though the barriers exist individually for each green technique, it is not difficult to overcome the same and consider employing the active techniques on a residential structure.

As for investors, the series of benefits of using green techniques are evident enough to understand that the duration for payback period is not long, the advantages are potentially more beneficial than the barriers and can be invested for such green innovations without any second thought.


AUT University | References: 16

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Ministry of Economic Development. MED. (2005). New Zealand Energy Data File -‐ July 2005 Energy Modelling and Statistics Unit: Ministry

of Economic Development. MED. (2012). New Zealand Energy Data File -‐ 2012 Energy Modelling and Statistics Unit: Ministry of

Economic Development. Mithraratne, N., Vale, B., & Vale, R. (2007). Sustainable Living: the Role of Whole Life Costs and

Values. Pilatowicz, G. (1995). Eco-‐Interiors: A Guide to Environmentally Conscious Interior Design: John Wiley

and Sons Inc. . Regional plan association. (2012) 9 ways to make green infrastructure work. NY. Solar panel installation. from http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/275127/solar-‐panel-‐

installation-‐trebles Solar Water Heating. from http://www.milestonesolar.in/solar-‐water-‐heating . Sustainability in the built environment. (2014) Green market study. Understanding Solar Thermal Systems. Photovoltaic Systems Vs. Solar Thermal Systems. from

http://www.easywaystogogreen.com/page/2/ USEPA. (2014). Building Green in Pennsylvania Fundamental Principles of Green Building and

Sustainable Site Design. What is green infrastructure. (2014, June 13, 2014). from

http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/gi_what.cfm

Appendices:

Peer Assessment Form on Individual Assignments

(Version2; 7SEP)

(1) Please give specific feedback with detailed arguments. (Use hamburger approach). (2) The student who receives feedback should become aware of his/her gaps in the learning

outcomes. This feedback should help the student in improving the quality of the paper. (3) Furthermore, preparing the feedback should help student(s) who give the feedback in

assessing and enlarging their own current knowledge in the subject. (Insert your remarks on page 4).

(4) Feedback should only be given after thorough thinking & discussion, and a good understanding of the individual’s intention with his/her material in the presentation.

(5) This should be comparable to giving feedback to a colleague or peer in a professional environment. Mention specific sources (internet / documents) to back up your specific arguments.

(6) All feedback forms must be annexed to the final documents of all participants.

Name and ID student:

Akshay Alagundagi – 15876949

Date:

03-‐09-‐2015

Names of the person(s) giving the feedback:

Rakesh Sethi -‐ 14871768

1. On the Research Objective, Questions & Methodology (e.g. clear, consistent,

Objective is clear and relates to green innovations in NZ context

realistic)

2. On the Context and Content (e.g. subject and current situation, business relevance, how it will improve or help the profession / organisation).

The topic focuses on green and sustainability and related to kiwi environment

3. On concepts: Use of relevant theory, tools and concepts

Concepts are good and Methodologies relate to sustainable energies

4. On concepts: relates theory to organisation and/or assignment

Theories relevant to NZ housing sector

5. Shows coherence, original approach & choices of issues

Focus is on energy efficient active techniques which are always possible to implement.

6. Content of paper will be clear to decision makers and incorporates demands of various stakeholders.

yes

7. Discussions will lead to clear conclusions & recommendations. They have

yes

business / management relevance.

8. In summary, your brief recommendation: What should student continue to do (& why)

Focus on one or two active techniques can help in indepth analysis.

9. In summary, your brief recommendation: What should student change or skip (& why)

10. Any other suggestions or remarks that can help the student

What I learnt from the poster presentation and subsequent reflection & discussion was:

Wrt learning outcome 1 Demonstrate evidence of advanced knowledge of the theories and concepts of asset and facilities management, and relating to both a commercial or a (non-‐) residential setting. My learning was the NZ status with respect to sustainable and renewable solutions, active and passive techniques. Wrt learning outcome 2 identify service requirements for assets/facilities, establishment and implementation of asset and facilities management programmes. Wrt learning outcome 3 Critically evaluate different built asset and facilities management programmes and their inter-‐relationship with owners’ and users’ goals and objectives. Wrt learning outcome 4 Understand the relevant management perspectives and tools and techniques.

Other ….

Green Innovations for Infrastructure Facility Management

Documents