Green House Parameters

8/19/2019 Green House Parameters

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AND CONTROL OF GREEN HOUSE PARAMETERS

MONITOR

1. INTRODUCTION

We live in a world where everyhin! "an #e "onrolled and o$eraed a%o&ai"ally'

#% here are (ill a )ew i&$oran (e"or( in o%r "o%nry where a%o&aion ha( no

#een ado$ed or no #een $% o a )%ll*)led!ed %(e' $erha$( #e"a%(e o) (everal

rea(on( one (%"h rea(on i( "o(+ One (%"h )ield i( ha o) a!ri"%l%re+ A!ri"%l%re ha(

#een one o) he $ri&ary o""%$aion( o) &an (in"e early "ivili,aion( and even oday

&an%al inervenion( in )ar&in! are inevia#le+ Greenho%(e( )or& an i&$oran $ar

o) he a!ri"%l%re and hori"%l%re (e"or( in o%r "o%nry a( hey "an #e %(ed o !row

$lan( %nder "onrolled "li&ai" "ondiion( )or o$i&%& $rod%"e. A%o&ain! a

!reenho%(e envi(a!e( &oniorin! and "onrollin! o) he "li&ai" $ara&eer( whi"h

dire"ly or indire"ly !overn he $lan !rowh and hen"e heir $rod%"e+ A%o&aion i(

$ro"e(( "onrol o) ind%(rial &a"hinery and $ro"e((e(' here#y re$la"in! h%&an

o$eraor(+

Motivation:

A n%er o) )a"or( whi"h &oivaed hi( $ro-e" are "o&$le.iy involved in

&oniorin! "li&ai" $ara&eer( li/e h%&idiy' (oil &oi(%re' ill%&inaion' (oil $H'

e&$era%re' e" whi"h dire"ly or indire"ly !overn he $lan Growh' inve(&en in

he a%o&aion $ro"e(( are hi!h' a( oday0( !reenho%(e "onrol (y(e&( are de(i!ned

)or only one $ara&eer &oniorin! 1a( $er G232 re(ear"h "ener45 o "onrol &ore

han one $ara&eer (i&%laneo%(ly here will #e a need o #%y &ore han one (y(e&'

hi!h &ainenan"e and need )or (/illed e"hni"al la#or . The &odern $ro$o(ed (y(e&(

%(e he &o#ile e"hnolo!y a( he "o&&%ni"aion ("he&e( and wirele(( daa

a"6%i(iion (y(e&(' $rovidin! !lo#al a""e(( o he in)or&aion a#o% one0( )ar&(+

7% i (%))er( )ro& vario%( li&iaion( li/e de(i!n "o&$le.iy' in"onvenien re$airin!

and hi!h $ri"e+ Al(o he relia#iliy o) he (y(e& i( relaively low' and when here are


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MONITOR

&al)%n"ion( in lo"al devi"e(' all lo"al and ele daa will #e lo( and hen"e he whole

(y(e& "olla$(e(+ More over )ar&er( in India do no wor/ %nder (%"h (o$hi(i"aed

environ&en and )ind no ne"e((iy o) (%"h an advan"ed (y(e&' and "anno a))ord he

(a&e+ 2ee$in! he(e i((%e( in view' a &i"ro"onroller #a(ed &oniorin! and "onrol

(y(e& i( de(i!ned o )ind i&$le&enaion in he near )%%re ha will hel$ Indian

)ar&er(+

General:

The (y(e& i( an eedded (y(e& whi"h will "lo(ely &onior and "onrol he

&i"ro"li&ai" $ara&eer( o) a !reenho%(e on a re!%lar #a(i( ro%nd he "lo"/ )or

"%livaion o) "ro$( or ($e"i)i" $lan ($e"ie( whi"h "o%ld &a.i&i,e heir $rod%"ion

over he whole "ro$ !rowh (ea(on and o eli&inae he di))i"%lie( involved in he

(y(e& #y red%"in! h%&an inervenion o he #e( $o((i#le e.en+ The (y(e&

"o&$ri(e( o) (en(or(' &i"ro"onroller and a"%aor(+ When any o) he a#ove

&enioned "li&ai" $ara&eer( "ro(( a (a)ey hre(hold whi"h ha( o #e &ainained o

$roe" he "ro$(' he (en(or( (en(e he "han!e and he &i"ro"onroller read( hi(

)ro& he daa a i( in$% $or( a)er #ein! "onvered o a di!ial )or& #y he ADC+

The &i"ro"onroller hen $er)or&( he needed a"ion( #y e&$loyin! relay( %nil he

(rayed*o% $ara&eer ha( #een #ro%!h #a"/ o i( o$i&%& level+ Sin"e a

&i"ro"onroller i( %(ed a( he hear o) he (y(e&' i &a/e( he (e*%$ low*"o( and

e))e"ive neverhele((+ A( he (y(e& al(o e&$loy( an LCD di($lay )or "onin%o%(ly

alerin! he %(er a#o% he "ondiion in(ide he !reenho%(e' he enire (e*%$ #e"o&e(%(er )riendly+ Th%(' hi( (y(e& eli&inae( he draw#a"/( o) he e.i(in! (e*%$(

&enioned in he $revio%( (e"ion and i( de(i!ned a( an ea(y o &ainain' )le.i#le and

low "o( (ol%ion+


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MONITOR

Basic Theory:

The wo &a-or li)e*$ro"e((e( o""%rrin! in $lan( are $hoo(ynhe(i( and ran($iraion+

Photosynthesis i( he "onver(ion o) li!h ener!y ino "he&i"al ener!y #y livin!

or!ani(&(+ The raw &aerial( are "ar#on dio.ide and waer5 he ener!y (o%r"e i(

(%nli!h5 and he end* $rod%"( are o.y!en and 1ener!y ri"h4 "ar#ohydrae(' )or

e.a&$le (%"ro(e' !l%"o(e and (ar"h+ Thi( $ro"e(( i( ar!%a#ly he &o( i&$oran

#io"he&i"al $ahway' (in"e nearly all li)e on Earh eiher dire"ly or indire"ly

de$end( on i+ A "o&&only %(ed #% (li!hly (i&$li)ied e6%aion )or $hoo(ynhe(i(

i(8

6 CO2!" # 12 $2Ol" # %hotons & C6$12O6a'." # 6 O2!" # 6 $2Ol"

Car#on dio.ide 9 waer 9 li!h ener!y : !l%"o(e 9 o.y!en 9 waer

Li!h ener!y o#ained )ro& he (%n i( very e((enial )or $hoo(ynhe(i(+ The

$hoon( $re(en in li!h are re($on(i#le )or ri!!erin! he li!h*rea"ion in $lan(+

Plan( need an o$i&%& a&o%n o) e.$o(%re o li!h in a day+ Thi( o$i&%&

$eriod i( "alled i( $hoo* $eriod+ The $lan (en(iiviy "%rve )or $hoo(ynhe(i(

ha( i( $ea/ a he red (ide o) he ($e"r%&+ Thi( indi"ae( ha $rovidin! $lan(

wih he wavelen!h( #e( (%ied o $hoo(ynhe(i( i( &o( e))i"ien wih he %(e o)

ari)i"ial li!h+ Te(( (how a &ean deviaion )ro& he avera!e (en(iiviy "%rve o)

le(( han ;< )or a wide variey o) $lan(+ The "%rve (how( ha he &a.i&%&(en(iiviy )or $hoo(ynhe(i( lie( in he )ar red a a$$ro.i&aely =>; n&+ The

$lan (en(iiviy "%rve di($%e( wo "o&&on &i("on"e$ion(+ The )ir( i( ha an

?ideal? $lan !rowin! la&$ d%$li"ae( he ($e"ral ener!y di(ri#%ion o) he (%n+

S%nli!h ha( a "onin%al ($e"r%&' radiain! ener!y in wavelen!h( ha "onri#%e

le(( o $hoo(ynhe(i(' and are here)ore ?wa(ed? on he $lan+ For hi( rea(on'


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MONITOR

&any la&$( are &ore e))i"ien han (%nli!h )or $lan(+

Trans%iration i( he eva$oraion o) waer )ro& he aerial $ar( o) $lan(

e($e"ially leave( #% al(o (e&( )lower( and roo( Tran($iraion al(o "ool( $lan(

and ena#le( &a(( )low o) &ineral n%rien( and waer )ro& roo( o (hoo(+ Ma((

)low i( "a%(ed #y he de"rea(e in hydro(ai" 1waer4 $re((%re in he %$$er $ar( o)

he $lan( d%e o he di))%(ion o) waer o% o) (o&aa ino he a&o($here+ Waer

i( a#(or#ed a he roo( #y o(&o(i(' and anydi((olved &ineral n%rien( ravel wih

i hro%!h he .yle&+The rae o) ran($iraion i( dire"ly relaed o he de!ree o)

(o&aal o$enin!' and o he eva$oraive de&and o) he a&o($here (%rro%ndin! he

lea)+ The a&o%n o) waer lo( #y a $lan de$end( on i( (i,e' alon! wih he

(%rro%ndin! li!h inen(iy' e&$era%re' h%&idiy' and wind ($eed 1all o) whi"h

in)l%en"e eva$oraive de&and4+ Soil waer (%$$ly and (oil e&$era%re "an

in)l%en"e (o&aal o$enin!The &oi(%re "onen in he (oil i( a very "r%"ial )a"or

in he $ro"e(( o) ran($iraion a( he a#(or$ion o) &ineral (al( )ro& he (oil

hro%!h he $ro"e(( o) o(&o(i( i( dire"ly de$enden on he &oi(%re "onen in he

(oil. The !reenho%(e wor/( #e( when he e&$era%re i( no oo ho and no oo

"old+ Tho%!h i (o%nd( (i&$le in he ($rin! and a%%&n we "an ea(ily have a

wide ran!e o) e&$era%re( )ro& he "old in he &iddle o) he ni!h o he

e."e((ive hea o) he day when he (%n i( (hinin!+ D%rin! he day he ray( )ro&

he (%n $enerae he !reenho%(e and war& %$ and li!h %$ he (%rro%ndin!(+ Li!h

e("a$e( hro%!h he !la(( wall( #% he hea in )or& o) in)ra*red radiaion( !e(

ra$$ed in(ide he !reen ho%(e leadin! o an in"%#ain! e))e" and he e&$era%re

in(ide !rad%ally in"rea(e(+ Thi( in"rea(ed e&$era%re lead( o an in"rea(e in he

rae o) ran($iraion whi"h i( har&)%l o he $lan(+

H%&idiy i( he &ea(%re o) he 6%aniy o) waer va$or in he air+ In he !reenho%(e

h%&idiy i( i&$oran #e"a%(e he air h%&idiy a))e"( he rae a whi"h $lan(


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MONITOR

ran($ire+ 7y ran($iraion $lan( are drawin! waer alon! wih n%rien( )ro& roo(

o leave( where he waer hen eva$orae( )ro& lea) $ore( ino he air+ A( waer

eva$orae( he $lan( are "ooled down+ For #e( !rowin! "ondiion( he $re)erred

h%&idiy level( o) he $lan( in he !reenho%(e and hen "onrol he a&o%n o)

&oi(%re in he a&o($here o (%i he&+ H%&idiy &ay #e in"rea(ed #y vario%(

e"hni6%e( %(in! h%&idi)ier( and &ay #e red%"ed #y venilaion+ In he !reenho%(e

he h%&idiy level i( very i&$oran a( a very h%&id a&o($here &ay #e har&)%l o

(o&e $lan( #e"a%(e he rae o) ran($iraion and eva$oraion i( red%"ed in very

h%&id "ondiion(+ Many ro$i"al $lan( )ro& naive h%&id "li&ae( re6%ire hi!h

level( o) h%&idiy )or a healhy !rowh and will no (%rvive in a dry a&o($here+

I) he air i( oo dry and he h%&idiy level i( low han $lan( will ran($ire &ore

ra$idly' o)en lo(in! a !rea a&o%n o) &oi(%re+ In hi( "a(e' $lan( ha are no

ada$ed o "o$e wih low h%&idiy level( will wil %nle(( yo% will o))er he&

addiional waer o he roo(+ Dry "li&ae $an( have ($e"i)i" anao&i"al )ea%re ha

red%"e he ran($iraion rae in dro%!h "ondiion(+ The h%&idiy level( in yo%r

!reenho%(e de$end o he e&$era%re a( war& air i( "a$a#le o hold &ore &oi(%re

han "old air #e)ore i #e"o&e( (a%raed+ Relaive h%&idiy i( a &ea(%re o) he

a&o%n o) waer va$or in he air e.$re((ed a( a $er"ena!e o) (a%raion $oin( a he

(a&e e&$era%re+ A h%&id a&o($here i( de)ined a( havin! a relaive h%&idiy o)

a#o% >; $er "en' while a dry a&o($here ha( a relaive h%&idiy o) a#o% @; $er

"en+ For &ea(%rin! h%&idiy in he !reenho%(e "an %(e we and dry #%l#

her&o&eer( in "on-%n"ion wih hy!ro&eri" a#le(+ An ea(ier way i( o %(e

hy!ro&eer( whi"h have a dial ha !ive( readin!( )or #oh he e&$era%re and he

h%&idiy+ Mo( !reenho%(e $lan( will develo$ well d%rin! he !rowin! (ea(on in a

&edi%& wih h%&idiy #eween B and >; $er "en+ I) he h%&idiy level( are a#ove

B $er "en hen di(ea(e( li/e !rey &o%ld and &ildew &ay #e"o&e a $ro#le&+


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MONITOR

2. (IT)R*TUR) +UR,)-

A !reenho%(e i( a #%ildin! in whi"h $lan( are !rown+ The(e (r%"%re( ran!e in (i,e

)ro& (&all (hed( o very lar!e #%ildin!(+ A &inia%re !reenho%(e i( /nown a(

a )ra&e+ A !reenho%(e i( a (r%"%re wih di))eren y$e( o) "overin! &aerial(' (%"h

a( a !la(( or $la(i" roo) and )re6%enly !la(( or $la(i" wall(5 i hea( %$ #e"a%(e

in"o&in! vi(i#le (olar radiaion 1)or whi"h he !la(( i( ran($aren4 )ro& he (%n i(

a#(or#ed #y $lan(' (oil' and oher hin!( in(ide he #%ildin!+ Air war&ed #y he hea

)ro& ho inerior (%r)a"e( i( reained in he #%ildin! #y he roo) and wall+ In addiion'

he war&ed (r%"%re( and $lan( in(ide he !reenho%(e re*radiae (o&e o) heir

her&al ener!y in he in)rared ($e"r%&' o whi"h !la(( i( $arly o$a6%e' (o (o&e o)

hi( ener!y i( al(o ra$$ed in(ide he !la((ho%(e+ However' hi( laer $ro"e(( i( a

&inor $layer "o&$ared wih he )or&er "onve"ive $ro"e((+ Th%(' he $ri&ary

heain! &e"hani(& o) a !reenho%(e i( "onve"ion+

Thi( "an #e de&on(raed #y o$enin! a (&all window near he roo) o) a !reenho%(e8

he e&$era%re dro$( "on(idera#ly+ Thi( $rin"i$le i( he #a(i( o)

he a%oven a%o&ai" "oolin! (y(e&+ Th%(' he !la(( %(ed )or a !reenho%(e wor/(

a( a #arrier o air )low' and i( e))e" i( o ra$ ener!y wihin he !reenho%(e+ The air

ha i( war&ed near he !ro%nd i( $revened )ro& ri(in! inde)iniely and )lowin!away+ Alho%!h hea lo(( d%e o her&al "ond%"ion hro%!h he !la(( and oher

#%ildin! &aerial( o""%r(' ne ener!y in"rea(e( 1and here)ore e&$era%re4 in(ide he

!reenho%(e+ Greenho%(e( "an #e divided ino !la(( !reenho%(e( and $la(i"

!reenho%(e(+ Pla(i"( &o(ly %(ed are PE )il& and &%liwall (hee in PC or PMMA+

Co&&er"ial !la(( !reenho%(e( are o)en hi!h*e"h $rod%"ion )a"iliie( )or

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_glass


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MONITOR

ve!ea#le( or )lower(+ Greenho%(e( $roe" "ro$( )ro& oo &%"h hea or "old and

hel$ o /ee$ o% $e((+ Li!h and e&$era%re "onrol allow( !reenho%(e( o %rn

inara#le land ino ara#le land' here#y i&$rovin! )ood $rod%"ion in &ar!inal

environ&en(+ 7e"a%(e !reenho%(e( allow "erain "ro$( o #e !rown hro%!ho% he

year' !reenho%(e( are in"rea(in!ly i&$oran in he )ood (%$$ly o) hi!h lai%de

"o%nrie(+ One o) he lar!e( !reenho%(e "o&$le.e( in he world i( in Al&eria' S$ain'

where !reenho%(e( "over al&o( ;B'BBB a"re( 1BB /&4+ I i( (o&ei&e( "alled

he (ea o) $la(i"(+ Greenho%(e( are o)en %(ed )or !rowin! )lower(' ve!ea#le('

)r%i(' and o#a""o $lan(+ 7%le#ee( are he $ollinaor( o) "hoi"e )or &o(

!reenho%(e $ollinaion' alho%!h oher y$e( o) #ee( have #een %(ed' a( well a(

ari)i"ial $ollinaion+

Hydro$oni"( "an #e %(ed in !reenho%(e(' a( well' o &a/e he &o( %(e o) he

inerior ($a"e+ 7e(ide( o#a""o' &any ve!ea#le( and )lower( are !rown in

!reenho%(e( in lae winer and early ($rin!' and hen ran($laned o%(ide a( he

weaher war&(+ Sared $lan( are %(%ally availa#le )or !ardener( in )ar&er(

&ar/e( a ran($lanin! i&e+ S$e"ial !reenho%(e varieie( o) "erain "ro$(' (%"h a(

o&aoe(' are !enerally %(ed )or "o&&er"ial $rod%"ion+ he "lo(ed environ&en o) a

!reenho%(e ha( i( own %ni6%e re6%ire&en(' "o&$ared wih o%door

$rod%"ion+ Pe(( and di(ea(e(' and e.re&e( o) hea and h%&idiy' have o #e

"onrolled' and irri!aion i( ne"e((ary o $rovide waer+ Si!ni)i"an in$%( o) hea and

li!h &ay #e re6%ired' $ari"%larly wih winer $rod%"ion o) war&*weaher

ve!ea#le(+


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MONITOR

$istory

The idea o) !rowin! $lan( in environ&enally "onrolled area( ha( e.i(ed

(in"e Ro&an i&e(+ The Ro&an e&$eror Ti#eri%( ae a "%"%er*li/e ve!ea#le

daily+ The Ro&an !ardener( %(ed ari)i"ial &ehod( (i&ilar o he !reenho%(e (y(e&

o) !rowin! o have i availa#le )or hi( a#le every day o) he year+ C%"%er( were

$laned in wheeled "ar( whi"h were $% in he (%n daily' hen a/en in(ide o /ee$he& war& a ni!h+ The "%"%er( were (ored %nder )ra&e( or in "%"%er ho%(e(

!la,ed wih eiher oiled "loh /nown a( ($e"%laria or wih (hee( o) (elenie

1a+/+a+ la$i( ($e"%lari(4' a""ordin! o he de("ri$ion #y Pliny he Elder +

Giant Greenhoses in the Netherlan/s

The )ir( &odern !reenho%(e( were #%il in Ialy in he @h "en%ry o ho%(e he

e.oi" $lan( ha e.$lorer( #ro%!h #a"/ )ro& he ro$i"(+ They were ori!inally

"alled !iardini #oani"i 1#oani"al !arden(4+ The "on"e$ o) !reenho%(e( (oon ($read

o he Neherland(and hen En!land' alon! wih he $lan(+ So&e o) he(e early

ae&$( re6%ired enor&o%( a&o%n( o) wor/ o "lo(e %$ a ni!h or o wineri,e+

There were (erio%( $ro#le&( wih $rovidin! ade6%ae and #alan"ed hea in he(e

early !reenho%(e(+ Today' he Neherland( ha( &any o) he lar!e( !reenho%(e( in he

world' (o&e o) he& (o va( ha hey are a#le o $rod%"e &illion( o) ve!ea#le(

every year+ The Fren"h #oani( Charle( L%"ien 7ona$are i( o)en "redied wih

#%ildin! he )ir( $ra"i"al &odern !reenho%(e in Leiden' Holland o !row &edi"inal

ro$i"al $lan(+ Ori!inally only on he e(ae( o) he ri"h' he !rowh o) he ("ien"e

o) #oany "a%(ed !reenho%(e( o ($read o he %niver(iie(+ The Fren"h "alled heir

)ir( !reenho%(e (oran!erie(' (in"e hey were %(ed o $roe" oran!e ree( )ro&

)ree,in!+ A( $inea$$le( #e"a&e $o$%lar' $inerie(' or $inea$$le $i(' were #%il+

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cucumberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cucumberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westland_s-gravenzande_2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonapartehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonapartehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_Pithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westland_s-gravenzande_2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_cucumberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonapartehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple_Pit


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MONITOR

E.$eri&enaion wih he de(i!n o) !reenho%(e( "onin%ed d%rin! he >h "en%ry in

E%ro$e' a( e"hnolo!y $rod%"ed #eer !la(( and "on(r%"ion e"hni6%e( i&$roved+

The !reenho%(e a he Pala"e o) 3er(aille( wa( an e.a&$le o) heir (i,e and

ela#oraene((5 i wa( &ore han ;BB )ee 1;B &4 lon!' )ee 1@ &4 wide' and ;

)ee 1 &4 hi!h+ n he h "en%ry' he lar!e( !reenho%(e( were #%il+ The

"on(ervaory a 2ew Garden( in En!land i( a $ri&e e.a&$le o) he 3i"orian+ They

were inended )or #oh hori"%l%ral and non hori"%l%ral e.hi#iion' and in"l%ded

London( Cry(al Pala"e' he New or/ Cry(al Pala"e and M%ni"h0( Gla($ala(+

o(e$h Pa.on' who had e.$eri&ened wih !la(( and iron in he "reaion o) lar!e

!reenho%(e( a( he head !ardener a Cha(worh' in Der#y(hire' wor/in! )or

he D%/e o) Devon(hire' de(i!ned and #%il he )ir(' London( Cry(al Pala"e+

A &a-or ar"hie"%ral a"hieve&en in &on%&enal !reenho%(e #%ildin! were

he Royal Greenho%(e( o) Lae/en 1>J;4 )or 2in! Leo$old II o) 7el!i%&+In

a$an' he )ir( !reenho%(e wa( #%il in B #y Sa&%el Co"/in!' a 7rii(h &er"han

who e.$ored her#(+In he Bh "en%ry' he !eode(i" do&e wa( added o he &any

y$e( o) !reenho%(e(+ A noa#le e.a&$le i( he Eden Pro-e"' in Cornwall+

Greenho%(e (r%"%re( ada$ed in he =B( when wider (hee( o) $olyehylene )il&

#e"a&e widely availa#le+ Hoo$ ho%(e( were &ade #y (everal "o&$anie( and were

al(o )re6%enly &ade #y he !rower( he&(elve(+ Con(r%"ed o) al%&ini%&

e.r%(ion(' ($e"ial !alvani,ed (eel %#in!' or even -%( len!h( o) (eel or P3C waer

$i$e' "on(r%"ion "o(( were !realy red%"ed+ Thi( &ean &any &ore !reenho%(e( on

(&aller )ar&( and !arden "ener(+ Polyehylene )il& d%ra#iliy in"rea(ed !realy

when &ore e))e"ive inhi#ior( were develo$ed and added in he >B(+ The(e U3

inhi#ior( e.ended he %(a#le li)e o) he )il& )ro& one or wo year( %$ o @ and

even%ally or &ore year(+ G%er*"onne"ed !reenho%(e( #e"a&e &ore $revalen in

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Industry_of_All_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaspalast_(Munich)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatsworth_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laekenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Leopold_II_of_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Versailleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Industry_of_All_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaspalast_(Munich)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatsworth_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laekenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Leopold_II_of_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cockinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall


10/77


MONITOR

he B( and B(+ The(e !reenho%(e( have wo or &ore #ay( "onne"ed #y a

"o&&on wall' or row o) (%$$or $o((+

Heain! in$%( were red%"ed a( he raio o) )loor area o roo) area wa( in"rea(ed

(%#(anially+ G%er*"onne"ed !reenho%(e( are now "o&&only %(ed #oh in

$rod%"ion and in (i%aion( where $lan( are !rown and (old o he $%#li"' a( well+

G%er*"onne"ed !reenho%(e( are "o&&only "overed wih a do%#le layer o) $olyehylene )il& wih air #lown #eween o $rovide in"rea(ed heain! e))i"ien"ie('

or (r%"%red $oly"ar#onae &aerial(+ The(e are he e"hni6%e( %(ed in he !reen

ho%(e in he $a(+

A( he e"hnolo!y #e"o&e( &ore and &ore advan"ed he !reen ho%(e "onrollin! and

&oniorin! e"hni6%e( ha( #een )or"ed o i&$rove a( a re(%l he !la(( !reenho%(e(

are )illed wih e6%i$&en (%"h a( ("reenin! in(allaion(' heain!' "oolin!' li!hin!'

and &ay #e a%o&ai"ally "onrolled #y a "o&$%er+ So an era o) &an%ally

"onrollin! he $ara&eer( (%"h a( e&$era%re and li!h #y o$enin!( in he !la((e('

he wind (hield( and "onrollin! he &oi(%re #y ($rayin! waer in inade6%ae

a&o%n "a&e in o an end+ The in)l%en"e o) e"hnolo!y in he a!ro ind%(ry $aved

he way )or &a!ni)i"en "han!e( in $rod%"ion and de"rea(in! he wor/&an (hi$+

The a%o&ai" "onrollin! (y(e& i( )%rher e.$o(ed o i&$rovi(aion( and a( a re(%l

he idea o) &oniorin! and a%o&ai" "onrollin! o) !reen ho%(e $ara&eer(

had #een evolved+ Thi( y$e o) a%o&ai" "onrollin! and !reen ho%(e $ara&eer( had

#een )%rher (%#-e"ed o he i&$rovi(aion( and )inally he e6%i$&en "a&e ino

realiy+

The $ro$o(ed (y(e& i( an eedded (y(e& whi"h will "lo(ely &onior and

"onrol he &i"ro"li&ai" $ara&eer( o) a !reenho%(e on a re!%lar #a(i(


11/77


MONITOR

ro%nd he "lo"/ )or "%livaion o) "ro$( or ($e"i)i" $lan ($e"ie( whi"h "o%ld

&a.i&i,e heir $rod%"ion over he whole "ro$ !rowh (ea(on and o eli&inae he

di))i"%lie( involved in he (y(e& #y red%"in! h%&an inervenion o he #e(

$o((i#le e.en+ When any o) he a#ove &enioned "li&ai" $ara&eer( "ro(( a

(a)ey hre(hold whi"h ha( o #e &ainained o $roe" he "ro$(' he

(en(or( (en(e he "han!e and he &i"ro"onroller read( hi( )ro& he daa a

i( in$% $or(+ Sin"e a &i"ro"onroller i( %(ed a( he hear o) he (y(e&' i &a/e(

he (e*%$ low*"o( and e))e"ive neverhele((+ A( he (y(e& al(o e&$loy( an LCD

di($lay )or "onin%o%(ly alerin! he %(er a#o% he "ondiion in(ide he !reenho%(e'

he enire (e*%$ #e"o&e( %(er )riendly+

A( a $ar o) an analy(i( i i( )o%nd ha in he older (y(e&( we had %(ed an &ore

"o&$le. (y(e& )or he &oniorin! and "onrollin! o) !reen ho%(e $ara&eer(

#e"a%(e in he older (y(e&( here %(ed an ADC and an &i"ro "onroller whi"h in

%rn in"rea(e( he "o&$le.iy and de"rea(e( he "o&$ai#iliy '(o here in he $ro-e"

an IC AT MEGA KF=K@ i( %(ed whi"h "o&$ri(e( o) ADC "onverer and

&i"ro"onroller+ In hi( $ro-e" we are %(in! di))eren y$e( o) (en(or( whi"h i( &o(

advan"ed "o&$ai#le and e))i"ien )or& o) (en(or( )ro& he $revio%( &odel( ha we

had o#(erved+ A h%&idiy and e&$era%re ine!raed )or& o) (en(or "alled

e&$era%re and h%&idiy (en(or8 HMTC A' where in he $revio%( &odel( hey are

(e$arae (en(or( whi"h in"rea(e( he "o&$le.iy+ The li!h (en(or %(ed here i(

L+D+R+ and a (e$arae "ir"%i )or analy(i( i( o) he &oi(%re "onen in he (oil+

A G+S+M+ &od%le ha( #een %(ed whi"h will $rovide he in)or&aion o) he $re(en

"ondiion o) he !reenho%(e $ara&eer( o he owner( hro%!h &o#ile e. &e((a!e('

i will al(o &e((a!e i) an e6%i$&en (ar( o wor/ wih he variaion o) any re6%ired

!reen ho%(e $ara&eer(+


12/77


MONITOR

0. CIRCUIT *N*(-+I+

i!re.1.Bloc Dia!ra3

The (en(or &od%le( (y(e& "on(i(( o) vario%( (en(or(' na&ely (oil &oi(%re'

h%&idiy' e&$era%re and li!h+ The(e (en(or( (en(e vario%( $ara&eer(*

e&$era%re' h%&idiy' (oil &oi(%re and li!h inen(iy and are hen (en o he&i"ro"onroller w h i " h i( he hear o) he $ro$o(ed eedded (y(e&+ I

"on(anly &onior( he di!ii,ed $ara&eer( o) he vario%( (en(or( and

veri)ie( he& wih he $rede)ined hre(hold val%e( and "he"/( i) any

"orre"ive a"ion i( o #e a/en )or he "ondiion a ha in(an o) i&e+ In "a(e

(%"h a (i%aion ari(e(' i a"ivae( he AC devi"e( o $er)or& a "onrolled


13/77


MONITOR

o$eraion+

The AC devi"e( (%"h a( &oor(' "ooler(' $%&$( are he AC devi"e( whi"h $er)or&

he "onrollin! o$eraion+ For he $%r$o(e o) de&on(raion LED0( are %(ed+ A

"o&$lee wor/in! (y(e& "an #e reali,ed #y (i&$ly re$la"in! he(e (i&%laion

devi"e( #y he a"%al devi"e( a)er &a/in! i o $a(( hro%!h (%ia#le relay(+ A

Li6%id "ry(al di($lay i( %(ed o indi"ae he $re(en (a%( o) $ara&eer( and here($e"ive AC devi(e(+ The GSM &ode& %(ed in he "ir"%i )or in)or&in! he %(er

a#o% he "%rren (a%( o) he !reen ho%(e $ara&eer( hro%!h e. &e((a!e(+

i!re.2.Circit Dia!ra3

4orin!

The (%$$ly %(ed )or he "ir"%i i( 3 AC (%$$ly whi"h i( hen $a((ed hro%!h a )%ll

wave re"i)ier and a >B; re!%laor whi"h $rovide a "on(an ;3+ The vario%( (en(or

&od%le( a((eled in he "ir"%i will (en(e he "li&ae $ara&eer variaion( and

$a((e( i o &i"ro"onroller where &any &a-or o$eraion( will oo/ $la"e+ The &i"ro

"onroller will $ro"e(( he (i!nal( (end #y he (en(or( a""ordin! o he $ro!ra&


14/77


MONITOR

de(i!ned+ Here when he e&$era%re (en(or (en(e( an a#nor&al ran!e 1e!+ #elow

B0C or a#ove @;0C4 i will a"ivae( he air "ondiion here #y "onrollin! he

e&$era%re in a (%rro%ndin! a he de(ired ran!e a%o&ai"ally+

I will al(o (end a e. &e((a!e( o he %(er hro%!h GSM &ode& "onne"ed o he

&i"ro "onroller+ Si&ilarly he h%&idiy i( al(o (en(ed and he &e((a!e will #e (end

when he val%e rea"he( an a#nor&al val%e 1e!+ >;


15/77


MONITOR

5. COMPON)NT D)+CRIPTION

Te3%eratre an/ $3i/ity sensor

i!re.0.$MTC1*

The HMTCA or h%&idiy &onior e&$era%re "onrol )ro& (in!le analy,in! (en(or

i( a "oinaion o) HIHBB and LM @; h%&idiy and e&$era%re (en(or(

re($e"ively+ 7y %(in! hi( (en(or we "onin%o%(ly &onior he variaion( in

e&$era%re and h%&idiy in (%rro%ndin!(+ The $in n%er wo i( )or h%&idiy

where a( $in i( )or e&$era%re( while he $in n%er one and hree i( 3CC and

!ro%nd re($e"ively+


16/77


MONITOR

Te3%eratre

eatres:

L Cali#raed dire"ly in Cel(i%( 1Ceni!rade4

L Linear 9 B+B &3KC ("ale )a"or

L B+;C a""%ra"y !%araneed 1a 9;C4

L Raed )or )%ll ;; o 9;BC ran!e

L S%ia#le )or re&oe a$$li"aion(

L Low "o( d%e o wa)er*level ri&&in!

L O$erae( )ro& o @B vol(

L Le(( han =B A "%rren drain

L Low (el)*heain!' B+BC in (ill air

L Nonlineariy only QC y$i"al

nctional /escri%tion:

LThe (en(or ha( a (en(iiviy o) B&3 KoC+

L The "ir"%iry &ea(%re( e&$era%re( wih a re(ol%ion o) %$ o B+; de!ree Cel(i%(+

L The o%$% vola!e i( "onvered o e&$era%re #y a (i&$le "onver(ion )a"or+ The

!eneral e6%aion %(ed o "onver o%$% vola!e o e&$era%re i(8

Te&$era%re 1oC4 13o% BB 4 K ;

oC

So i) 3o% i( ;3' hen' Te&$era%re BBoC

L The o%$% vola!e varie( linearly wih e&$era%re+

$3i/ity

Relaive h%&idiy i( a &ea(%re' in $er"ena!e' o) he va$or in he air "o&$ared o he

oal a&o%n o) va$or ha "o%ld #e held in he air a a !iven e&$era%re+

eatres :


17/77


2

MONITOR

L Linear vola!e o%$% v(+


18/77


MONITOR

Con(e6%enly' "onverin! i o relaive h%&idiy 1RH4 re6%ire( ha #oh he (%$$ly

and (en(or o%$% vola!e( #e a/en ino a""o%n a""ordin! o he )or&%la8

RH 113o% K 3(%$$ly4 J B+=4 KB+BB=' y$i"al a ;C+

+oil Moistre +ensor

i!re.5. Moistre +ensor

The "ond%"iviy o) (oil de$end( %$on he a&o%n o) &oi(%re $re(en in i+ I

in"rea(e( wih in"rea(e in he waer "onen o) he (oil+ The vola!e o%$% i( a/en a

he ran(&ier whi"h i( "onne"ed o a varia#le re(i(an"e+ Thi( varia#le re(i(an"e

i( %(ed o ad-%( he (en(iiviy o) he (en(or+ The wo "o$$er lead( a" a( he (en(or

$ro#e(+ They are i&&er(ed ino he ($e"i&en (oil who(e &oi(%re "onen i( %nder e(+

The IC %(ed )or he $%r$o(e o) inverin! i( a ($e"ial one >AC whi"h "an a" a( a

"ry(al o("illaor+ Sin"e he Char!e )lowin! hro%!h he (oil i( an AC he "han"e o)

r%(in! o) "o&$onen( i( le((+ The diode %(ed )or "onverin! i o DC whi"h i( $a((ed


19/77


MONITOR

hro%!h )iler $ar+ The "a$a"ior $rovided a )eed#a"/ will re"i)ie( he (i!nal and h%(

he )%ll "%rren )low will #e e(a#li(hed+ The $oenio&eer $rovided i( )or "onrollin!

he vola!e dro$ here #y he "ond%"iviy o) he (oil "an #e "hoo(ed+ The (oil i(

e.a&ined %nder hree "ondiion(8

Case.1: Dry con/ition The $ro#e( are $la"ed in he (oil %nder dry "ondiion(

and are in(ered %$ o a )air de$h o) he (oil+ A( here i( no "ond%"ion $ah #eweenhe wo "o$$er lead( he (en(or "ir"%i re&ain( o$en+ The vola!e o%$% in hi( "a(e

ran!e( )ro& B o B+;3+

Case.2: O%ti33 con/ition When waer i( added o he (oil' i $er"olae(

hro%!h he (%""e((ive layer( o) i and ($read( a"ro(( he layer( o) (oil d%e o

"a$illary )or"e+ Thi( waer in"rea(e( he &oi(%re "onen o) he (oil+ Thi( lead( o an

in"rea(e in i( "ond%"iviy whi"h )or&( a "ond%"ive $ah #eween he wo (en(or

$ro#e( leadin! o a "lo(e $ah )or he "%rren )lowin! )ro& he (%$$ly o he ran(i(or

hro%!h he (en(or $ro#e(+ The vola!e o%$% o) he "ir"%i in he o$i&%& "a(e

ran!e( )ro& + o @+3 a$$ro.i&aely+

Case.0: )7cess 8ater con/ition Wih he in"rea(e in waer "onen #eyond he

o$i&%& level' he "ond%"iviy o) he (oil in"rea(e( dra(i"ally and a (eady

"ond%"ion $ah i( e(a#li(hed #eween he wo (en(or lead( and he vola!e o%$%

)ro& he (en(or in"rea(e( no )%rher #eyond a "erain li&i+ The &a.i&%& $o((i#le

val%e )or i i( no &ore han +3+

(i'i/ crystal /is%lay

A li6%id "ry(al di($lay 1LCD4 i( a hin' )la di($lay devi"e &ade %$ o) any n%er o)

"olor or &ono"hro&e $i.el( arrayed in )ron o) a li!h (o%r"e or re)le"or+ Ea"h $i.el

"on(i(( o) a "ol%&n o) li6%id "ry(al &ole"%le( (%($ended #eween wo ran($aren


20/77


MONITOR

ele"rode(' and wo $olari,in! )iler(' he a.e( o) $olariy o) whi"h are $er$endi"%lar

o ea"h oher+ Wiho% he li6%id "ry(al( #eween he&' li!h $a((in! hro%!h one

wo%ld #e #lo"/ed #y he oher+ The li6%id "ry(al wi(( he $olari,aion o) li!h

enerin! one )iler o allow i o $a(( hro%!h he oher+ Many &i"ro"onroller devi"e(

%(e (&ar LCD di($lay( o o%$% vi(%al in)or&aion+

LCD di($lay( de(i!ned aro%nd Hia"hi( LCD HD>B &od%le' are ine.$en(ive'

ea(y o %(e' and i i( even $o((i#le o $rod%"e a reado% %(in! he .B $i.el( o) he

di($lay+ They have a (andard ASCII (e o) "hara"er( and &ahe&ai"al (yol(+ For

an *#i daa #%(' he di($lay re6%ire( a 9;3 (%$$ly $l%( IKO line(+ For a *#i daa

#%( i only re6%ire( he (%$$ly line( $l%( (even e.ra line(+ When he LCD di($lay i(

no ena#led' daa line( are ri*(ae and hey do no iner)ere wih he

o$eraion o) he &i"ro"onroller+ Daa "an #e $la"ed a any lo"aion on he LCD+ For

= LCD' he addre(( lo"aion( are8

irst line 9 91 92 90 95 9; 96 thro!h 91

+econ/ line C C1 C2 C0 C5 C; C6 thro!h C1

Ta


21/77


MONITOR

Wih he hel$ o) hi( line' he LCD iner$re( he y$e o) daa on daa line(+ When i i(

low' an in(r%"ion i( #ein! wrien o he LCD+ When i i( hi!h' a "hara"er i( #ein!

wrien o he LCD+

Pin /escri%tion

Mo( LCD( wih "onroller ha( Pin( and LCD( wih "onroller ha( = Pin( 1wo

$in( are e.ra in #oh )or #a"/*li!h LED "onne"ion(4+

i!re.;. Pin /ia!ra3 o= 2716 line (CD

TaB; i( a hree er&inal $o(iive vola!e re!%laor de(i!ned wih #%il in inernal

"%rren li&iin!' her&al (h%down and (a)e area "o&$en(aion )or &a.i&%&


22/77


MONITOR

)le.i#iliy and (a)ey+ Wih ade6%ae hea (in/in! $rovided' >B; "an deliver %$ o

+;A o%$% "%rren+>B; "an #e %(ed a( )i.ed vola!e re!%laor in a wide ran!e o)

a$$li"aion( where lo"al vola!e re!%laion i( $re)erred )or eli&inaion o) noi(e and

di(ri#%ion $ro#le&( a((o"iaed wih (in!le*$oin re!%laion+ >B; "an al(o #e %(ed

1#y addin! e.ernal "o&$onen(4 o o#ain ad-%(a#le o%$% vola!e( and "%rren(+

I i( no ne"e((ary o #y$a(( he o%$%' alho%!h hi( doe( i&$rove ran(ien

re($on(e+ In$% #y$a((in! i( needed only i) he re!%laor i( lo"aed )ar )ro& he )iler

"a$a"ior+

3ola!e re!%laor( "o&$ri(e a "la(( o) widely %(ed IC(+ Re!%laor IC %ni( "onain

he "ir"%iry )or re)eren"e (o%r"e' "o&$araor a&$li)ier' "onrol devi"e' and overload

$roe"ion all in a (in!le IC+ IC %ni( $rovide re!%laion o) eiher a )i.ed $o(iive

vola!e' a )i.ed ne!aive vola!e' or an ad-%(a#ly (e vola!e+ The re!%laor "an #e

(ele"ed )or o$eraion wih load "%rren( )ro& h%ndred( o) &illi a&$ere( o en( o)

a&$ere(' "orre($ondin! o $ower rain!( )ro& &illi wa( o en( o) wa(+ The )i.ed

vola!e re!%laor ha( an %nre!%laed d" in$% vola!e' 3i' a$$lied o one in$%

er&inal' a re!%laed o%$% d" vola!e' 3o' )ro& a (e"ond er&inal' wih he hird

er&inal "onne"ed o !ro%nd+

i!er.6.Dia!r3 o= ?9; IC


23/77


MONITOR

Fi!%re > (how( he #a(i" "onne"ion o) a hree*er&inal vola!e re!%laor IC o a

load+ The )i.ed vola!e re!%laor ha( an %nre!%laed d" in$% vola!e' 3i' a$$lied o

one in$% er&inal' a re!%laed o%$% d" vola!e' 3o' )ro& a (e"ond er&inal' wih

he hird er&inal "onne"ed o !ro%nd+

For a (ele"ed re!%laor' IC devi"e he hird vola!e ran!e over whi"h he in$%

vola!e "an vary o &ainain a re!%laed o%$% vola!e over a ran!e o) load "%rren+

The ($e"i)i"aion( al(o li( he a&o%n o) o%$% vola!e "han!e re(%lin! )ro& a

"han!e in load "%rren 1load re!%laion4 or in in$% vola!e 1line re!%laion4+

i!re.?.Circit o= ?9;

Per=or3ance:

The (erie( > re!%laor( $rovide )i.ed re!%laed vola!e( )ro& ; o 3+ An

%nre!%laed in$% vola!e 3i i( )ilered #y "a$a"ior and "onne"ed o he IC0( IN

er&inal+ The IC0( OUT er&inal $rovide( a re!%laed 9 3 whi"h i( )ilered #y

"a$a"ior 1&o(ly )or any hi!h*)re6%en"y noi(e4+The hird IC er&inal i( "onne"ed o

!ro%nd 1GND4+ While he in$% vola!e &ay vary over (o&e $er&i((i#le vola!e

ran!e' and he o%$% load &ay vary over (o&e a""e$a#le ran!e' he o%$% vola!e

re&ain( "on(an wihin ($e"i)ied vola!e variaion li&i(+ The ($e"i)i"aion( al(o li(

he a&o%n o) o%$% vola!e "han!e re(%lin! )ro& a "han!e in load "%rren 1load

re!%laion4 or in in$% vola!e 1line re!%laion4+ The (erie( > re!%laor( $rovide

)i.ed re!%laed vola!e( )ro& ; o 3+ The hird IC er&inal i( "onne"ed o !ro%nd


24/77


MONITOR

1GND4+ While he in$% vola!e &ay vary over (o&e $er&i((i#le vola!e ran!e' and

he o%$% load &ay vary over (o&e a""e$a#le ran!e' he o%$% vola!e re&ain(

"on(an wihin ($e"i)ied vola!e variaion li&i(+ Alho%!h he inernal "on(r%"ion

o) he IC i( (o&ewha di))eren )ro& ha de("ri#ed )or di("ree vola!e re!%laor

"ir"%i(' he e.ernal o$eraion i( &%"h he (a&e+

CentreTa% ll4ave Recti=ier8

In (%"h a re"i)ier' he a" in$% i( a$$lied hro%!h a ran()or&er' he anode( o) he wo

diode( D and D 1havin! (i&ilar "hara"eri(i"(4 are "onne"ed o he o$$o(ie end(

o) he "enre a$$ed (e"ondary windin! and wo "ahode( are "onne"ed o ea"h oher

and are "onne"ed al(o hro%!h he load re(i(an"e RL and #a"/ o he "enre o) he

ran()or&er' a( (hown+

i!re.9. Centreta%=ll8averecti=ier

When he o$ o) he ran()or&er (e"ondary windin! i( $o(iive' (ay d%rin! he )ir(

hal)*"y"le o) he (%$$ly' he anode o) diode D i( $o(iive w+r++ "ahode' and anode

o) diode D i( ne!aive w+r++ "ahode+ Th%( only diode D "ond%"(' #ein! )orward

#ia(ed and "%rren )low( )ro& "ahode o anode o) diode D hro%!h load re(i(an"e


25/77


MONITOR

RL and o$ hal) he ran()or&er (e"ondary &a/in! "ahode end o) load re(i(an"e RL

$o(iive+ D%rin! he (e"ond hal)*"y"le o) he in$% vola!e he $olariy i( rever(ed'

&a/in! he #oo& o) he (e"ondary windin! $o(iive w+r++ "enre a$ and h%( diode

D i( )orward #ia(ed and diode D i( rever(e #ia(ed+ Con(e6%enly d%rin! hi( hal)*

"y"le o) he in$% only he diode D "ond%"( and "%rren )low( hro%!h he load

re(i(an"e RL and #oo& o) he ran()or&er (e"ondary &a/in! he "ahode end o)

he load re(i(an"e RL $o(iive+ Th%( he dire"ion o) )low o) "%rren hro%!h he load

re(i(an"e RL re&ain( he (a&e d%rin! #oh halve( o) he in$%K(%$$ly vola!e+ Th%(

he "ir"%i (howed a"( a( a )%ll*wave re"i)ier+

Relays

A relay i( an ele"ri"al (wi"h ha o$en( and "lo(e( %nder he "onrol o) anoher

ele"ri"al "ir"%i+ In he ori!inal )or&' he (wi"h i( o$eraed #y an ele"ro&a!ne o

o$en or "lo(e one or &any (e( o) "ona"(+ I wa( invened #y o(e$h Henry in @;+

7e"a%(e a relay i( a#le o "onrol an o%$% "ir"%i o) hi!her $ower han he in$%

"ir"%i' i "an #e "on(idered o #e' in a #road (en(e' a )or& o) an ele"ri"al a&$li)ier+

i!. @. +!ar c


26/77


MONITOR

(%"h $rod%" i( he U(%!ar "%#e0 relay' (hown in he )i!%re a#ove' whi"h ha( $roved

%(e)%l o &any de(i!ner( who needed o (wi"h %$ o BA' whil( %(in! relaively lile

PC7 area+ Sin"e relay( are (wi"he(' he er&inolo!y a$$lied o (wi"he( i( al(o

a$$lied o relay(+ A relay will (wi"h one or &ore $ole(' ea"h o) who(e "ona"( "an

#e hrown #y ener!i,in! he "oil in one o) hree way(8

+ Nor3ally o%en NO" "ona"( "onne" he "ir"%i when he relay i( a"ivae d5 he

"ir"%i i( di("onne"ed when he relay i( ina"ive+ I i( al(o "alled a FORM A "ona"

or V&a/e "ona"+

+ Nor3ally close/ NC" "ona"( di("onne" he "ir"%i when he relay i( a"ivaed5

he "ir"%i i( "onne"ed when relay i( ina"ive+ I i( al(o "alled )or& 7 "ona" or

#rea/ "ona"

@+ Chan!eover or /o


27/77


MONITOR

ai!%o%( wheher he $ole i( nor&ally o$en or nor&ally "lo(ed+ The er&inolo!y

?SPNO? and ?SPNC? i( (o&ei&e( %(ed o re(olve he ai!%iy+

L +PDT * +in!le Pole Do%#le Throw8 A "o&&on er&inal "onne"( o eiher o) wo

oher(+ In"l%din! wo )or he "oil' (%"h a relay ha( )ive er&inal( in oal+

L DP+T * Do%#le Pole +in!le Throw8 The(e have wo $air( o) er&inal(+ E6%ivalen o

wo SPST (wi"he( or relay( a"%aed #y a (in!le "oil+ In"l%din! wo )or he "oil' (%"h a

relay ha( (i. er&inal( in oal+ I i( ai!%o%( wheher he $ole( are nor&ally o$en'

nor&ally "lo(ed' or one o) ea"h+

L DPDT * Do%#le Pole Do%#le Throw8 The(e have wo row( o) "han!e*over er&inal(+

E6%ivalen o wo SPDT (wi"he( or relay( a"%aed #y a (in!le "oil+ S%"h a relay ha(

ei!h er&inal(' in"l%din! he "oil+

L APDT * A%adr%$le Pole Do%#le Throw8 O)en re)erred o a( X%ad Pole Do%#le

Throw' or PDT+ The(e have )o%r row( o) "han!e*over er&inal(+ E6%ivalen o )o%r

SPDT (wi"he( or relay( a"%aed #y a (in!le "oil' or wo DPDT relay(+ In oal'

)o%reen er&inal( in"l%din! he "oil+The Relay iner)a"in! "ir"%iry %(ed in he

a$$li"aion i(8


28/77


MONITOR

i!. 11. Relay circitry

Crystal Oscillator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_oscillator_4MHz.jpg


29/77


MONITOR

i!. 12. Crystal Oscillator

A &inia%re MH, 6%ar, "ry(al en"lo(ed in a her&ei"ally (ealed HC*KUS

$a"/a!e' %(ed a( he re(onaor in a "ry(al o("illaor+ A "ry(al o("illaor i( an

ele"roni" o("illaor "ir"%i ha %(e( he &e"hani"al re(onan"e o) a vi#rain! "ry(al

o) $ie,oele"ri" &aerial o "reae an ele"ri"al (i!nal wih a very $re"i(e )re6%en"y+

Thi( )re6%en"y i( "o&&only %(ed o /ee$ ra"/ o) i&e 1a( in 6%ar, wri(wa"he(4'

o $rovide a (a#le "lo"/ (i!nal )or di!ial ine!raed "ir"%i(' and o (a#ili,e)re6%en"ie( )or radio ran(&ier( and re"eiver(+ The &o( "o&&on y$e o)

$ie,oele"ri" re(onaor %(ed i( he 6%ar, "ry(al' (o o("illaor "ir"%i( de(i!ned

aro%nd he& #e"a&e /nown a( ?"ry(al o("illaor(+?

X%ar, "ry(al( are &an%)a"%red )or )re6%en"ie( )ro& a )ew en( o) /iloher, o en(

o) &e!aher,+ More han wo #illion 1B4 "ry(al( are &an%)a"%red ann%ally+ Mo(

are %(ed )or "on(%&er devi"e( (%"h a( wri(wa"he(' "lo"/(' radio(' "o&$%er(' and

"ell $hone(+ X%ar, "ry(al( are al(o )o%nd in(ide e( and &ea(%re&en e6%i$&en'

(%"h a( "o%ner(' (i!nal !eneraor(' and o("illo("o$e(+

O%eration

A "ry(al i( a (olid in whi"h he "on(i%en ao&(' &ole"%le(' or ion( are $a"/ed in a

re!%larly ordered' re$eain! $aern e.endin! in all hree ($aial di&en(ion(+ Al&o(

any o#-e" &ade o) an ela(i" &aerial "o%ld #e %(ed li/e a "ry(al' wih a$$ro$riae

ran(d%"er(' (in"e all o#-e"( have na%ral re(onan )re6%en"ie( o) vi#raion+ For

e.a&$le' (eel i( very ela(i" and ha( a hi!h ($eed o) (o%nd+ I wa( o)en %(ed in

&e"hani"al )iler( #e)ore 6%ar,+ The re(onan )re6%en"y de$end( on (i,e' (ha$e'

ela(i"iy' and he ($eed o) (o%nd in he &aerial+ Hi!h*)re6%en"y "ry(al( are

y$i"ally "% in he (ha$e o) a (i&$le' re"an!%lar $lae+ Low*)re6%en"y "ry(al(' (%"h

a( ho(e %(ed in di!ial wa"he(' are y$i"ally "% in he (ha$e o) a %nin! )or/ + For

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetically_sealedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuning_forkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetically_sealedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity#Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_receiverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wristwatchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_soundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuning_fork


30/77


MONITOR

a$$li"aion( no needin! very $re"i(e i&in!' a low*"o( "era&i" re(onaor i( o)en

%(ed in $la"e o) a 6%ar, "ry(al+

When a "ry(al o) 6%ar, i( $ro$erly "% and &o%ned' i "an #e &ade o di(or in an

ele"ri" )ield #y a$$lyin! a vola!e o an ele"rode near or on he "ry(al+ Thi(

$ro$ery i( /nown a( $ie,oele"ri"iy+ When he )ield i( re&oved' he 6%ar, will

!enerae an ele"ri" )ield a( i re%rn( o i( $revio%( (ha$e' and hi( "an !enerae a

vola!e+ The re(%l i( ha a 6%ar, "ry(al #ehave( li/e a "ir"%i "o&$o(ed o) anind%"or ' "a$a"ior and re(i(or ' wih a $re"i(e re(onan )re6%en"y+

X%ar, ha( he )%rher advana!e ha i( ela(i" "on(an( and i( (i,e "han!e in (%"h

a way ha he )re6%en"y de$enden"e on e&$era%re "an #e very low+ The ($e"i)i"

"hara"eri(i"( will de$end on he &ode o) vi#raion and he an!le a whi"h he

6%ar, i( "% 1relaive o i( "ry(allo!ra$hi" a.e(4+ There)ore' he re(onan )re6%en"y

o) he $lae' whi"h de$end( on i( (i,e' will no "han!e &%"h' eiher+ Thi( &ean( ha

a 6%ar, "lo"/' )iler or o("illaor will re&ain a""%rae+

(i!ht sensor

(i!ht De%en/ent Resistor 1LDR4 al(o /nown a( $hoo"ond%"or or $hoo"ell' i( a

devi"e whi"h ha( a re(i(an"e whi"h varie( a""ordin! o he a&o%n o) li!h )allin!

on i( (%r)a"e+ Sin"e LDR i( e.re&ely (en(iive in vi(i#le li!h ran!e' i i( well

(%ied )or he $ro$o(ed a$$li"aion+

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_resonatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_resonatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor


31/77


MONITOR

i!re.10. (DR

eatres o= the li!ht sensor:

The Li!h De$enden Re(i(or 1LDR4 i( &ade %(in! he (e&i"ond%"or Cad&i%&

S%l$hide 1CdS4+

The li!h )allin! on he #rown ,i!,a! line( on he (en(or "a%(e( he re(i(an"e o)

he devi"e o )all+ Thi( i( /nown a( a ne!aive "o*e))i"ien+ There are (o&e LDR( ha

wor/ in he o$$o(ie way i+e+ heir re(i(an"e in"rea(e( wih li!h 1"alled $o(iive

"oe))i"ien4+

The re(i(an"e o) he LDR de"rea(e( a( he inen(iy o) he li!h )allin! on i

in"rea(e(+ In"iden $hoon( drive ele"ron( )ro& he valen"e #and ino he "ond%"ion

#and+

i!re.15. +trctre o= a (DR

nctional /escri%tion

An LDR and a nor&al re(i(or are wired in (erie( a"ro(( a vola!e' a( (hown in he

"ir"%i #elow+ De$endin! on whi"h i( ied o he ;3 and whi"h o B3' he vola!e a

he $oin #eween he&' "all i he (en(or node' will eiher ri(e or )all wih in"rea(in!


32/77


MONITOR

li!h+ I) he LDR i( he "o&$onen ied dire"ly o he ;3' he (en(or node will

in"rea(e in vola!e wih in"rea(in! li!h

The LDR( re(i(an"e "an rea"h B / oh&( in dar/ "ondiion( and a#o% BB oh&(

in )%ll #ri!hne((+

The "ir"%i %(ed )or (en(in! li!h in o%r (y(e& %(e( a B /Y )i.ed re(i(or whi"h i(

ied o 9;3+ Hen"e he vola!e val%e in hi( "a(e de"rea(e( wih in"rea(e in li!h

inen(iy+

The (en(or node vola!e i( "o&$ared wih he hre(hold vola!e( )or di))eren level(

o) li!h inen(iy "orre($ondin! o he )o%r "ondiion(* O$i&%&' di&' dar/ and

ni!h+

The relaion(hi$ #eween he re(i(an"e R( and li!h inen(iy (7 )or a y$i"al

LDR i(8 R( ;BB K (7 /Y

Wih he LDR "onne"ed o ;3 hro%!h a B2 re(i(or' he o%$% vola!e o) he

LDR i( 8 3o ;RL K 1RL9B4

In order o in"rea(e he (en(iiviy o) he (en(or he val%e o) he )i.ed re(i(or in

(erie( wih he (en(or &%( #e red%"ed+

Microcontroller *TM)G* 9>169>029

eatres

Hi!h Per)or&an"e' Low Power A&el A3R *7i Mi"ro"onroller

Advan"ed RISC Ar"hie"%re

J @ Power)%l In(r%"ion( J Mo( Sin!le Clo"/ Cy"le E.e"%ion

J @ General P%r$o(e Wor/in! Re!i(er(

J F%lly Sai" O$eraion

J U$ o B MIPS Thro%!h$% a B MH,

J On*"hi$ *"y"le M%li$lier

Hi!h End%ran"e Non*volaile Me&ory (e!&en(


33/77


MONITOR

J KK= 2#ye( o) In*Sy(e& Sel)*$ro!ra&&a#le Fla(h $ro!ra& &e&ory

J ;=K;K; 7ye( EEPROM

J ;K2K2 7ye( Inernal SRAM

J WrieKEra(e "yle(8 B'BBB Fla(hKBB'BBB EEPROM

J Daa reenion8 B year( a ;CKBB year( a ;C

J O$ional 7oo Code Se"ion wih Inde$enden Lo"/ 7i(

In*Sy(e& Pro!ra&&in! #y On*"hi$ 7oo Pro!ra&

Tr%e Read*While*Wrie O$eraion

J Pro!ra&&in! Lo"/ )or So)ware Se"%riy

Peri$heral Fea%re(

J Two *#i Ti&erKCo%ner( wih Se$arae Pre("aler and Co&$are Mode

J One =*#i Ti&erKCo%ner wih Se$arae Pre("aler' Co&$are Mode' and Ca$%re

Mode

J Real Ti&e Co%ner wih Se$arae O("illaor

J Si. PWM Channel(

J *"hannel B*#i ADC in TXFP and XFNKMLF $a"/a!e

J =*"hannel B*#i ADC in PDIP Pa"/a!e

J Pro!ra&&a#le Serial USART

J Ma(erKSlave SPI Serial Iner)a"e

J 7ye*oriened *wire Serial Iner)a"e 1Phili$( IC "o&$ai#le4

J Pro!ra&&a#le Wa"hdo! Ti&er wih Se$arae On*"hi$ O("illaor J On*"hi$ Analo! Co&$araor

J Inerr%$ and Wa/e*%$ on Pin Chan!e

S$e"ial Mi"ro"onroller Fea%re(

J De#%!WIRE On*Chi$ De#%! Sy(e&

J Power*on Re(e and Pro!ra&&a#le 7rown*o% Dee"ion


34/77


MONITOR

J Inernal Cali#raed O("illaor

J E.ernal and Inernal Inerr%$ So%r"e(

J Five Slee$ Mode(8 Idle' ADC Noi(e Red%"ion' Power*(ave' Power*down' and

Sand#y

IKO and Pa"/a!e(

J @ Pro!ra&&a#le IKO Line(

J *$in PDIP' @*lead TXFP' *$ad XFNKMLF and @*$ad XFNKMLF

O$erain! 3ola!e8

J +3 * ;+;3 )or AT&e!a3K3K=3

J +>3 * ;+;3 )or AT&e!aKK=

Te&$era%re Ran!e8

J *BC o ;C

S$eed Grade8

J AT&e!a3K3K=38 B * MH, Z +3 * ;+;3' B * B MH, Z +>3 * ;+;3

J AT&e!aKK=8 B * B MH, Z +>3 * ;+;3' B * B MH, Z +;3 * ;+;3

Low Power Con(%&$ion

J A"ive Mode8 ;B [A a MH,' +3 ;

J Power*down Mode8B+[A a +3


35/77


MONITOR

i!. 1;. Pin Dia!ra3

Pin Descri%tions

+ 3CC8 Di!ial (%$$ly vola!e+

+ GND8 Gro%nd+

@+ Por 7 1P7>8B4 \TALK\TALKTOSCKTOSC8 Por 7 i( an *#i #i*dire"ional

IKO $or wih inernal $%ll*%$ re(i(or( 1(ele"ed )or ea"h #i4+ The Por 7 o%$%

#%))er( have (y&&eri"al drive "hara"eri(i"( wih #oh hi!h (in/ and (o%r"e

"a$a#iliy+ A( in$%(' Por 7 $in( ha are e.ernally $%lled low will (o%r"e "%rren i)

he $%ll*%$ re(i(or( are a"ivaed+ The Por 7 $in( are ri*(aed when a re(e

"ondiion #e"o&e( a"ive' even i) he "lo"/ i( no r%nnin!+


36/77


MONITOR

De$endin! on he "lo"/ (ele"ion )%(e (ein!(' P7= "an #e %(ed a( in$% o he

inverin! O("illaor a&$li)ier and in$% o he inernal "lo"/ o$erain! "ir"%i+

De$endin! on he "lo"/ (ele"ion )%(e (ein!(' P7> "an #e %(ed a( o%$% )ro& he

inverin! O("illaor a&$li)ier+ I) he Inernal Cali#raed RC O("illaor i( %(ed a( "hi$

"lo"/ (o%r"e' P7>++= i( %(ed a( TOSC++ in$% )or he A(yn"hrono%(

Ti&erKCo%ner i) ela#oraed in VAlernae he AS #i in ASSR i( (e+

+ Por C 1PC;8B48 Por C i( a >*#i #i*dire"ional IKO $or wih inernal $%ll*%$re(i(or( 1(ele"ed )or ea"h #i4+ The PC;++B o%$% #%))er( have (y&&eri"al drive

"hara"eri(i"( wih #oh hi!h (in/ and (o%r"e "a$a#iliy+ A( in$%(' Por C $in( ha

are e.ernally $%lled low will (o%r"e "%rren i) he $%ll*%$ re(i(or( are a"ivaed+ The

Por C $in( are ri*(aed when a re(e "ondiion #e"o&e( a"ive' even i) he "lo"/ i(

no r%nnin!+

;+ PC=KRESET8 I) he RSTDIS7L F%(e i( $ro!ra&&ed' PC= i( %(ed a( an IKO $in+

Noe ha he ele"ri"al "hara"eri(i"( o) PC= di))er )ro& ho(e o) he oher $in( o)

Por C+ I) he RSTDIS7L F%(e i( %n$ro!ra&&ed' PC= i( %(ed a( a Re(e in$%+ A low

level on hi( $in )or lon!er han he &ini&%& $%l(e len!h will !enerae a Re(e'

even i) he "lo"/ i( no r%nnin!+ The &ini&%& $%l(e len!h i( !iven in Shorer $%l(e(

are no !%araneed o !enerae a Re(e+

=+ Por D 1PD>8B48 Por D i( an *#i #i*dire"ional IKO $or wih inernal $%ll*%$

re(i(or( 1(ele"ed )or ea"h #i4+ The Por D o%$% #%))er( have (y&&eri"al drive"hara"eri(i"( wih #oh hi!h (in/ and (o%r"e "a$a#iliy+ A( in$%(' Por D $in( ha

are e.ernally $%lled low will (o%r"e "%rren i) he $%ll*%$ re(i(or( are a"ivaed+ The

Por D $in( are ri*(aed when a re(e "ondiion #e"o&e( a"ive' even i) he "lo"/ i(

no r%nnin!+


37/77


MONITOR

>+ A3CC8 A3CC i( he (%$$ly vola!e $in )or he AKD Converer' PC@8B' and

ADC>8=+ I (ho%ld #e e.ernally "onne"ed o 3CC' even i) he ADC i( no %(ed+ I)

he ADC i( %(ed' i (ho%ld #e "onne"ed o 3CC hro%!h a low*$a(( )iler+ Noe ha

PC=++ %(e di!ial (%$$ly vola!e' 3CC+

+ AREF8 AREF i( he analo! re)eren"e $in )or he AKD Converer+

+ ADC>8= 1TXFP and XFNKMLF Pa"/a!e Only4In he TXFP and XFNKMLF

$a"/a!e' ADC>8= (erve a( analo! in$%( o he AKD "onverer+ The(e $in( are

$owered )ro& he analo! (%$$ly and (erve a( B*#i ADC "hannel(+

Overvie8

The AT&e!aKK= i( a low*$ower CMOS *#i &i"ro"onroller #a(ed on he

A3R enhan"ed RISC ar"hie"%re+ 7y e.e"%in! $ower)%l in(r%"ion( in a (in!le

"lo"/ "y"le' he AT&e!aKK= a"hieve( hro%!h$%( a$$roa"hin! MIPS $er

MH, allowin! he (y(e& de(i!ned o o$i&i,e $ower "on(%&$ion ver(%(

$ro"e((in! ($eed+ The A3R "ore "oine( a ri"h in(r%"ion (e wih @ !eneral

$%r$o(e wor/in! re!i(er(+ All he @ re!i(er( are dire"ly "onne"ed o he

Arih&ei" Lo!i" Uni 1ALU4' allowin! wo inde$enden re!i(er( o #e a""e((ed in

one (in!le in(r%"ion e.e"%ed in one "lo"/ "y"le+ The re(%lin! ar"hie"%re i( &ore

"ode e))i"ien while a"hievin! hro%!h$%( %$ o en i&e( )a(er han "onvenional

CISC &i"ro"onroller(+ The AT&e!aKK= $rovide( he )ollowin! )ea%re(8

2K2K=2 #ye( o) In*Sy(e& Pro!ra&&a#le Fla(h wih Read*While*Wrie"a$a#iliie(' ;=K;K; #ye( EEPROM' ;K2K2 #ye( SRAM' @ !eneral

$%r$o(e IKO line(' @ !eneral $%r$o(e wor/in! re!i(er(' hree )le.i#le

Ti&erKCo%ner( wih "o&$are &ode(' inernal and e.ernal inerr%$(' a (erial

$ro!ra&&a#le USART' a #ye*oriened *wire Serial Iner)a"e' an SPI (erial $or' a


38/77


MONITOR

=*"hannel B*#i ADC 1 "hannel( in TXFP and XFNKMLF $a"/a!e(4' a

$ro!ra&&a#le Wa"hdo! Ti&er wih inernal O("illaor' and )ive (o)ware (ele"a#le

$ower (avin! &ode(+ The Idle &ode (o$( he CPU while allowin! he SRAM'

Ti&erKCo%ner(' USART' *wire Serial Iner)a"e' SPI $or' and inerr%$ (y(e& o

"onin%e )%n"ionin!+ The Power*down &ode (ave( he re!i(er "onen( #% )ree,e(

he O("illaor' di(a#lin! all oher "hi$ )%n"ion( %nil he ne. inerr%$ or hardware

re(e+

i!.16.Bloc Dia!ra3 o= *TM)G*

In Power*(ave &ode' he a(yn"hrono%( i&er "onin%e( o r%n' allowin! he %(er o


39/77


MONITOR

&ainain a i&er #a(e while he re( o) he devi"e i( (lee$in!+ The ADC Noi(e

Red%"ion &ode (o$( he CPU and all IKO &od%le( e."e$ a(yn"hrono%( i&er and

ADC' o &ini&i,e (wi"hin! noi(e d%rin! ADC "onver(ion(+ In Sand#y &ode' he

"ry(alKre(onaor O("illaor i( r%nnin! while he re( o) he devi"e i( (lee$in!+ Thi(

allow( very )a( (ar*%$ "oined wih low $ower "on(%&$ion+ The devi"e i(

&an%)a"%red %(in! A&el0( hi!h den(iy non*volaile &e&ory e"hnolo!y+ The On*

"hi$ ISP Fla(h allow( he $ro!ra& &e&ory o #e re$ro!ra&&ed In*Sy(e& hro%!h

an SPI (erial iner)a"e' #y a "onvenional non*volaile &e&ory $ro!ra&&er' or #y an

On*"hi$ 7oo $ro!ra& r%nnin! on he A3R "ore+ The 7oo $ro!ra& "an %(e any

iner)a"e o download he a$$li"aion $ro!ra& in he A$$li"aion Fla(h &e&ory+

So)ware in he 7oo Fla(h (e"ion will "onin%e o r%n while he A$$li"aion Fla(h

(e"ion i( %$daed' $rovidin! r%e Read*While*Wrie o$eraion+ 7y "oinin! an *

#i RISC CPU wih In*Sy(e& Sel)*Pro!ra&&a#le Fla(h on a &onolihi" "hi$' he

A&el AT&e!aKK= i( a $ower)%l &i"ro"onroller ha $rovide( a hi!hly

)le.i#le and "o( e))e"ive (ol%ion o &any eedded "onrol a$$li"aion(+ The

AT&e!aKK= A3R i( (%$$ored wih a )%ll (%ie o) $ro!ra& and (y(e&

develo$&en ool( in"l%din!8 C Co&$iler(' Ma"ro A((eler(' Pro!ra&

De#%!!erKSi&%laor(' In*Cir"%i E&%laor(' and Eval%aion /i(+

*,R CPU Core Overvie8

Thi( (e"ion di("%((e( he A3R "ore ar"hie"%re in !eneral+ The &ain )%n"ion o) he

CPU "ore i( o en(%re "orre" $ro!ra& e.e"%ion+ The CPU &%( here)ore #e a#le oa""e(( &e&orie(' $er)or& "al"%laion(' "onrol $eri$heral(' and handle inerr%$(+

*rchitectral Overvie8


40/77


MONITOR

In order o &a.i&i,e $er)or&an"e and $aralleli(&' he A3R %(e( Harvard

ar"hie"%re J wih (e$arae &e&orie( and #%(e( )or $ro!ra& and daa+ In(r%"ion(

in he $ro!ra& &e&ory are e.e"%ed wih a (in!le level $i$elinin!+ While one

in(r%"ion i( #ein! e.e"%ed' he ne. in(r%"ion i( $re*)e"hed )ro& he $ro!ra&

&e&ory+

i!.1?.*rchitectre

Thi( "on"e$ ena#le( in(r%"ion( o #e e.e"%ed in every "lo"/ "y"le+ The $ro!ra&

&e&ory i( In*Sy(e& Re$ro!ra&&a#le Fla(h &e&ory+ The )a(*a""e(( Re!i(er File

"onain( @ *#i !eneral $%r$o(e wor/in! re!i(er( wih a (in!le "lo"/ "y"le

a""e(( i&e+ Thi( allow( (in!le*"y"le Arih&ei" Lo!i" Uni 1ALU4 o$eraion+ In a

y$i"al ALU o$eraion' wo o$erand( are o%$% )ro& he Re!i(er File' he o$eraion

i( e.e"%ed' and he re(%l i( (ored #a"/ in he Re!i(er File J in one "lo"/ "y"le+


41/77


MONITOR

Si. o) he @ re!i(er( "an #e %(ed a( hree =*#i indire" addre(( re!i(er $oiner(

)or Daa S$a"e addre((in! J ena#lin! e))i"ien addre(( "al"%laion(+ One o) he he(e

addre(( $oiner( "an al(o #e %(ed a( an addre(( $oiner )or loo/ %$ a#le( in Fla(h

$ro!ra& &e&ory+ The(e added )%n"ion re!i(er( are he =*#i \*re!i(er' *re!i(er'

and ]*re!i(er' de("ri#ed laer in hi( (e"ion+ The ALU (%$$or( arih&ei" and lo!i"

o$eraion( #eween re!i(er( or #eween a "on(an and a re!i(er+ Sin!le re!i(er

o$eraion( "an al(o #e e.e"%ed in he ALU+ A)er an arih&ei" o$eraion' he Sa%(

Re!i(er i( %$daed o re)le" in)or&aion a#o% he re(%l o) he o$eraion+ Pro!ra&

)low i( $rovided #y "ondiional and %n"ondiional -%&$ and "all in(r%"ion(' a#le o

dire"ly addre(( he whole addre(( ($a"e+ Mo( A3R in(r%"ion( have a (in!le =*#i

word )or&a+ Every $ro!ra& &e&ory addre(( "onain( a =*#i or @*#i in(r%"ion+

Pro!ra& Fla(h &e&ory ($a"e i( divided in wo (e"ion(' he 7oo Pro!ra& (e"ion

and he A$$li"aion Pro!ra& (e"ion+ 7oh (e"ion( have dedi"aed Lo"/ #i( )or

wrie and readKwrie $roe"ion+ The SPM in(r%"ion ha wrie( ino he A$$li"aion

Fla(h &e&ory (e"ion &%( re(ide in he 7oo Pro!ra& (e"ion+ D%rin! inerr%$(

and (%#ro%ine "all(' he re%rn addre(( Pro!ra& Co%ner 1PC4 i( (ored on he Sa"/+

The Sa"/ i( e))e"ively allo"aed in he !eneral daa SRAM' and "on(e6%enly he

Sa"/ (i,e i( only li&ied #y he oal SRAM (i,e and he %(a!e o) he SRAM+ All

%(er $ro!ra&( &%( iniiali,e he SP in he Re(e ro%ine 1#e)ore (%#ro%ine( or

inerr%$( are e.e"%ed4+ The Sa"/ Poiner 1SP4 i( readKwrie a""e((i#le in he IKO

($a"e+ The daa SRAM "an ea(ily #e a""e((ed hro%!h he )ive di))eren addre((in!

&ode( (%$$ored in he A3R ar"hie"%re+ The &e&ory ($a"e( in he A3R

ar"hie"%re are all linear and re!%lar &e&ory &a$(+ A )le.i#le inerr%$ &od%le ha(

i( "onrol re!i(er( in he IKO ($a"e wih an addiional Glo#al Inerr%$ Ena#le #i in

he Sa%( Re!i(er+


42/77


MONITOR

All inerr%$( have a (e$arae Inerr%$ 3e"or in he Inerr%$ 3e"or a#le+ The

inerr%$( have $rioriy in a""ordan"e wih heir Inerr%$ 3e"or $o(iion+ The lower

he Inerr%$ 3e"or addre((' he hi!her he $rioriy+

The IKO &e&ory ($a"e "onain( = addre((e( )or CPU $eri$heral )%n"ion( a(

Conrol Re!i(er(' SPI' and oher IKO )%n"ion(+ The IKO Me&ory "an #e a""e((ed

dire"ly' or a( he Daa S$a"e lo"aion( )ollowin! ho(e o) he Re!i(er File' B.B *

B.;F+ In addiion' he AT&e!aKK= ha( E.ended IKO ($a"e )ro& B.=B * B.FFin SRAM where only he STKSTSKSTD and LDKLDSKLDD in(r%"ion( "an #e %(ed+

*(U *rith3etic (o!ic Unit

The hi!h*$er)or&an"e A3R ALU o$erae( in dire" "onne"ion wih all he @

!eneral $%r$o(e wor/in! re!i(er(+ Wihin a (in!le "lo"/ "y"le' arih&ei" o$eraion(

#eween !eneral $%r$o(e re!i(er( or #eween a re!i(er and an i&&ediae are

e.e"%ed+ The ALU o$eraion( are divided ino hree &ain "ae!orie( J arih&ei"'

lo!i"al' and #i*)%n"ion(+ So&e i&$le&enaion( o) he ar"hie"%re al(o $rovide a

$ower)%l &%li$lier (%$$orin! #oh (i!nedK%n(i!ned &%li$li"aion and )ra"ional

)or&a+ See he VIn(r%"ion Se (e"ion )or a deailed de("ri$ion+

+tats Re!ister

The Sa%( Re!i(er "onain( in)or&aion a#o% he re(%l o) he &o( re"enly

e.e"%ed arih&ei" in(r%"ion+ Thi( in)or&aion "an #e %(ed )or alerin! $ro!ra&

)low in order o $er)or& "ondiional o$eraion(+ Noe ha he Sa%( Re!i(er i(

%$daed a)er all ALU o$eraion(' a( ($e"i)ied in he In(r%"ion Se Re)eren"e+ Thi(

will in &any "a(e( re&ove he need )or %(in! he dedi"aed "o&$are in(r%"ion('

re(%lin! in )a(er and &ore "o&$a" "ode+ The Sa%( Re!i(er i( no a%o&ai"ally

(ored when enerin! an inerr%$ ro%ine and re(ored when re%rnin! )ro& an

inerr%$+ Thi( &%( #e handled #y (o)ware+


43/77


MONITOR

General Pr%ose Re!ister ile

The Re!i(er File i( o$i&i,ed )or he A3R Enhan"ed RISC in(r%"ion (e+ In order

o a"hieve he re6%ired $er)or&an"e and )le.i#iliy' he )ollowin! in$%Ko%$%

("he&e( are (%$$ored #y he Re!i(er File8

One *#i o%$% o$erand and one *#i re(%l in$%

Two *#i o%$% o$erand( and one *#i re(%l in$%

Two *#i o%$% o$erand( and one =*#i re(%l in$%

One =*#i o%$% o$erand and one =*#i re(%l in$%

Fi!%re (how( he (r%"%re o) he @ !eneral $%r$o(e wor/in! re!i(er( in he CPU+

i!.19.Re!ister +trctre

Mo( o) he in(r%"ion( o$erain! on he Re!i(er File have dire" a""e(( o all

re!i(er(' and &o( o) he& are (in!le "y"le in(r%"ion(+ A( (hown in Fi!%re ea"h

re!i(er i( al(o a((i!ned a daa &e&ory addre((' &a$$in! he& dire"ly ino he )ir(

@ lo"aion( o) he %(er Daa S$a"e+ Alho%!h no #ein! $hy(i"ally i&$le&ened a(

SRAM lo"aion(' hi( &e&ory or!ani,aion $rovide( !rea )le.i#iliy in a""e(( o) he


44/77


MONITOR

re!i(er(' a( he \*' * and ]*$oiner re!i(er( "an #e (e o inde. any re!i(er in he

)ile+ The \*re!i(er' *re!i(er' and ]*re!i(er The re!i(er( R=++R@ have (o&e

added )%n"ion( o heir !eneral $%r$o(e %(a!e+ The(e re!i(er( are =*#i addre((

$oiner( )or indire" addre((in! o) he daa ($a"e+

*,R Me3ories

Overvie8

Thi( (e"ion de("ri#e( he di))eren &e&orie( in he AT&e!aKK=+ The A3R ar"hie"%re ha( wo &ain &e&ory ($a"e(' he Daa Me&ory and he Pro!ra&

Me&ory ($a"e+ In addiion' he AT&e!aKK= )ea%re( an EEPROM Me&ory )or

daa (ora!e+ All hree &e&ory ($a"e( are linear and re!%lar+

In+yste3 Re%ro!ra33a


45/77


MONITOR

i!re .2. Pro!ra3 Me3ory Ma% *T3e!a99 an/ *T3e!a169

+R*M Data Me3ory

Fi!%re (how( how he AT&e!aKK= SRAM Me&ory i( or!ani,ed+

AT&e!aKK= i( a "o&$le. &i"ro"onroller wih &ore $eri$heral %ni( han "an

#e (%$$ored wihin he = lo"aion( re(erved in he O$"ode )or he IN and OUTin(r%"ion(+ For he E.ended IKO ($a"e )ro& B.=B * B.FF in SRAM' only he

STKSTSKSTD and LDKLDSKLDD in(r%"ion( "an #e %(ed+ The lower >=KBKB

daa &e&ory lo"aion( addre(( #oh he Re!i(er File' he IKO &e&ory' E.ended IKO

&e&ory' and he inernal daa SRAM+ The )ir( @ lo"aion( addre(( he Re!i(er

File' he ne. = lo"aion he (andard IKO &e&ory' hen =B lo"aion( o) E.ended

IKO &e&ory' and he ne. ;KBKB lo"aion( addre(( he inernal daa SRAM+

The )ive di))eren addre((in! &ode( )or he daa &e&ory "over8 Dire"' Indire" wih

Di($la"e&en' Indire"' Indire" wih Pre*de"re&en' and Indire" wih Po(*

in"re&en+ In he Re!i(er File' re!i(er( R= o R@ )ea%re he indire" addre((in!

$oiner re!i(er(+ The dire" addre((in! rea"he( he enire daa ($a"e+ The Indire"

wih Di($la"e&en &ode rea"he( =@ addre(( lo"aion( )ro& he #a(e addre(( !iven

#y he *re!i(er or ]*re!i(er+


46/77


MONITOR

When %(in! re!i(er indire" addre((in! &ode( wih a%o&ai" $re*de"re&en and

$o(*in"re&en' he addre(( re!i(er( \' ' and ] are de"re&ened or in"re&ened+

The @ !eneral $%r$o(e wor/in! re!i(er(' = IKO Re!i(er(' =B E.ended IKO

Re!i(er(' and he ;KBKB #ye( o) inernal daa SRAM in he

AT&e!aKK= are all a""e((i#le hro%!h all he(e addre((in! &ode(+

))PROM Data Me3oryThe AT&e!aKK= "onain( ;=K;K; #ye( o) daa EEPROM &e&ory+ I i(

or!ani,ed a( a (e$arae daa ($a"e' in whi"h (in!le #ye( "an #e read and wrien+ The

EEPROM ha( an end%ran"e o) a lea( BB'BBB wrieKera(e "y"le(+ The a""e((

#eween he EEPROM and he CPU i( de("ri#ed in he )ollowin!' ($e"i)yin! he

EEPROM Addre(( Re!i(er(' he EEPROM Daa Re!i(er' and he EEPROM Conrol

Re!i(er

))PROM Rea/>4rite *ccess

The EEPROM A""e(( Re!i(er( are a""e((i#le in he IKO ($a"e+ A (el)*i&in!

)%n"ion' however' le( he %(er (o)ware dee" when he ne. #ye "an #e wrien+ I)

he %(er "ode "onain( in(r%"ion( ha wrie he EEPROM' (o&e $re"a%ion( &%(

#e a/en+ In heavily )ilered $ower (%$$lie(' 3CC i( li/ely o ri(e or )all (lowly on

$ower*%$Kdown+ Thi( "a%(e( he devi"e )or (o&e $eriod o) i&e o r%n a a vola!e

lower han ($e"i)ied a( &ini&%& )or he "lo"/ )re6%en"y %(ed+ In order o $reven

%ninenional EEPROM wrie(' a ($e"i)i" wrie $ro"ed%re &%( #e )ollowed+ Re)er o

he de("ri$ion o) he EEPROM Conrol Re!i(er )or deail( on hi(+ When he

EEPROM i( read' he CPU i( haled )or )o%r "lo"/ "y"le( #e)ore he ne. in(r%"ion

i( e.e"%ed+ When he EEPROM i( wrien' he CPU i( haled )or wo "lo"/ "y"le(

#e)ore he ne. in(r%"ion i( e.e"%ed+


47/77


MONITOR

Preventin! ))PROM Corr%tion

D%rin! $eriod( o) low 3CC' he EEPROM daa "an #e "orr%$ed #e"a%(e he (%$$ly

vola!e i( oo low )or he CPU and he EEPROM o o$erae $ro$erly+ The(e i((%e(

are he (a&e a( )or #oard level (y(e&( %(in! EEPROM' and he (a&e de(i!n

(ol%ion( (ho%ld #e a$$lied+ An EEPROM daa "orr%$ion "an #e "a%(ed #y wo

(i%aion( when he vola!e i( oo low+ Fir(' a re!%lar wrie (e6%en"e o he

EEPROM re6%ire( a &ini&%& vola!e o o$erae "orre"ly+ Se"ondly' he CPU i(el)

"an e.e"%e in(r%"ion( in"orre"ly' i) he (%$$ly vola!e i( oo low+ EEPROM daa

"orr%$ion "an ea(ily #e avoided #y )ollowin! hi( de(i!n re"o&&endaion8 2ee$ he

A3R RESET a"ive 1low4 d%rin! $eriod( o) in(%))i"ien $ower (%$$ly vola!e+ Thi(

"an #e done #y ena#lin! he inernal 7rown*o% Dee"or 17OD4+ I) he dee"ion

level o) he inernal 7OD doe( no &a"h he needed dee"ion level' an e.ernal low

3CC re(e Proe"ion "ir"%i "an #e %(ed+ I) a re(e o""%r( while a wrie o$eraion i(

in $ro!re((' he wrie o$eraion will #e "o&$leed $rovided ha he $ower (%$$ly

vola!e i( (%))i"ien+

I>O Me3ory

All AT&e!aKK= IKO( and $eri$heral( are $la"ed in he IKO ($a"e+ All IKO

lo"aion( &ay #e a""e((ed #y he LDKLDSKLDD and STKSTSKSTD in(r%"ion('

ran()errin! daa #eween he @ !eneral $%r$o(e wor/in! re!i(er( and he IKO ($a"e+

IKO Re!i(er( wihin he addre(( ran!e B.BB * B.F are dire"ly #i*a""e((i#le %(in!

he S7I and C7I in(r%"ion(+ In he(e re!i(er(' he val%e o) (in!le #i( "an #e

"he"/ed #y %(in! he S7IS and S7IC in(r%"ion(+ Re)er o he in(r%"ion (e (e"ion

)or &ore deail(+ When %(in! he IKO ($e"i)i" "o&&and( IN and OUT' he IKO

addre((e( B.BB * B.@F &%( #e %(ed+ When addre((in! IKO Re!i(er( a( daa ($a"e

%(in! LD and ST in(r%"ion(' B.B &%( #e added o he(e addre((e(+


48/77


MONITOR

The AT&e!aKK= i( a "o&$le. &i"ro"onroller wih &ore $eri$heral %ni( han

"an #e (%$$ored wihin he = lo"aion re(erved in O$"ode )or he IN and OUT

in(r%"ion(+ For he E.ended IKO ($a"e )ro& B.=B * B.FF in SRAM' only he

STKSTSKSTD and LDKLDSKLDD in(r%"ion( "an #e %(ed+ For "o&$ai#iliy wih

)%%re devi"e(' re(erved #i( (ho%ld #e wrien o ,ero i) a""e((ed+ Re(erved IKO

&e&ory addre((e( (ho%ld never #e wrien+ So&e o) he Sa%( Fla!( are "leared #y

wriin! a lo!i"al one o he&+ Noe ha' %nli/e &o( oher A3R(' he C7I and S7I

in(r%"ion( will only o$erae on he ($e"i)ied #i' and "an here)ore #e %(ed on

re!i(er( "onainin! (%"h Sa%( Fla!(+ The C7I and S7I in(r%"ion( wor/ wih

re!i(er( B.BB o B.F only+

General Pr%ose I>O Re!isters

The AT&e!aKK= "onain( hree General P%r$o(e IKO Re!i(er(+ The(e re!i(er(

"an #e %(ed )or (orin! any in)or&aion' and hey are $ari"%larly %(e)%l )or (orin!

!lo#al varia#le( and Sa%( Fla!(+ General P%r$o(e IKO Re!i(er( wihin he addre((

ran!e B.BB * B.F are dire"ly #i*a""e((i#le %(in! he S7I' C7I' S7IS' and S7IC

in(r%"ion(.

G+M Mo/e3

GSMKGPRS TTL *Mode& i( #%il wih SIMCOM Ma/e SIMBB X%ad*#and

GSMKGPRS en!ine' wor/( on )re6%en"ie( ;B MH,' BB MH,' BB MH, and BB

MH,+ I i( very "o&$a" in (i,e and ea(y o %(e a( $l%! in GSM Mode&+ The Mode&

i( de(i!ned wih @3@K;3 TTL iner)a"in! "ir"%iry' whi"h allow( yo% o dire"ly

iner)a"e o ;3 &i"ro"onroller(1 PIC' Ard%ino' A3R e"4 a( well a( @3@

Mi"ro"onroller( 1 ARM'ARM Core. \\' e"4 +The #a%d rae "an #e "on)i!%ra#le


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MONITOR

)ro& =BB*;BB hro%!h AT "o&&and+ Iniially Mode& i( in A%o#a%d &ode+ I i(

(%ia#le )or SMS a( well a( DATA ran()er a$$li"aion in MM iner)a"e+ The

&ode& needed only wo wire( 1T.'R.4 e."e$ Power (%$$ly o iner)a"e wih

&i"ro"onrollerKHo(+ The #%il in Low Dro$o% Linear vola!e re!%laor allow( yo%

o "onne" wide ran!e o) %nre!%laed $ower (%$$ly 1+3 *@34+

eatres

•Hi!h X%aliy Prod%" 1No ho##y !rade4

• X%ad*7and GSMKGPRS ;BK BBK BBK BB MH,

• @3@ or ;3 iner)a"e )or dire" "o&&%ni"aion wih MCU /i

• SMA "onne"or wih GSM L Ty$e Anenna+

• 7%il in SIM Card holder+

• 7%il in Newor/ Sa%( LED

• In#%il Power)%l TCPKIP $roo"ol (a"/ )or inerne daa ran()er over GPRS+

• A%dio iner)a"e Conne"or

• Mo( Sa%( ^ Conrollin! Pin( are availa#le a Conne"or

• Nor&al o$eraion e&$era%re8 *B C o 9;; C

• In$% 3ola!e8 ;3*3 DC

i!re .21. Mo/e3 Di3ensions


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Ta


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i!.22. Trn on G+M Mo/e3 sin! O%en collector circit

Trn O== G+M Mo/e3Followin! way( "an #e %(ed o %rn o)) he GSM Mode&8

+ Nor&al $ower down $ro"ed%re8 T%rn o)) GSM Mode& %(in! he PWR2E $in

+ Nor&al $ower down $ro"ed%re8 T%rn o)) GSM Mode& %(in! AT "o&&and

@+ Over*vola!e or %nder*vola!e a%o&ai" (h%down8 Ta/e e))e" i) over*vola!e or

%nder*vola!e i( dee"ed

+Over*e&$era%re or %nder*e&$era%re a%o&ai" (h%down8 Ta/e e))e" i) over*

e&$era%re or %nder*e&$era%re i( dee"ed

Trn O== G+M Mo/e3 Usin! the P4R)- Pin Po8er /o8n"

o% "an %rn o)) he GSM Mode& #y drivin! he PWR2E o a low level vola!e

)or a (hor i&e 1*@ (e"4 and hen relea(e+ Plea(e re)er o he %rn on "ir"%i a#ove+

The $ower down ("enario ill%(rae( a( )ollowin! )i!8 +Thi( $ro"ed%re le( he

&ode& lo! o)) )ro& he newor/ and allow( he (o)ware o ener ino a (e"%re (ae


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and (ave daa #e)ore "o&$leely di("onne"in! he $ower (%$$ly+ 7e)ore he

"o&$leion o) he (wi"hin! o)) $ro"ed%re he GSM Mode& will (end o% re(%l

"ode8 VNORMAL POWER DOWN A)er hi( &o&en' he AT "o&&and( "an0 #e

e.e"%ed+ The &ode& ener( he POWER DOWN &ode+ POWER DOWN "an al(o

#e indi"aed #y STATUS $in' whi"h i( a low level vola!e in hi( &ode+

Trn O== G+M Mo/e3 Usin! *T Co33an/o% "an %(e he AT "o&&and VAT9CPOWD o %rn o)) he &ode&+ Thi(

"o&&and le( he GSM Mode& lo! o)) )ro& he newor/ and allow( he GSM

Mode& o ener ino a (e"%re (ae and (ave daa #e)ore "o&$leely di("onne"in! he

$ower (%$$ly+ 7e)ore he "o&$leion o) he (wi"hin! o)) $ro"ed%re he GSM

Mode& will (end o% re(%l "ode8 VNORMAL POWER DOWN A)er hi( &o&en'

he AT "o&&and( "an0 #e e.e"%ed+ The GSM Mode& ener( he POWER DOWN

&ode' only he RTC i( (ill a"ive+ POWER DOWN "an al(o #e indi"aed #y

STATUS $in' whi"h i( a low level vola!e in hi( &ode+

Restart G+M Mo/e3 Usin! the P4R)- Pin

The GSM MODEM "an #e (ared #y drivin! he PWR2E o a low level vola!e

)or a (hor i&e 1*@ (e"4 and hen relea(e' he (a&e a( %rnin! on GSM MODEM

%(in! he PWR2E $in+ 7e)ore re(arin! he GSM MODEM' yo% need delay a

lea( ;BB&( )ro& dee"in! he STATUS low level on+ The re(arin! ("enario

ill%(rae( a( he )ollowin! )i!%re+

Po8er +avin!

There are wo &ehod( )or he GSM Mode& o ener ino low "%rren "on(%&$ion

(a%(+ VAT9CFUN i( %(ed o (e GSM Mode& ino &ini&%& )%n"ionaliy &ode


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MONITOR

and DTR hardware iner)a"e (i!nal "an #e %(ed o lead (y(e& o #e in SLEEP &ode

1or (low "lo"/in! &ode4+

Mini33 nctionality Mo/e

The &ini&%& &ode i( (e wih he VAT9CFUN "o&&and whi"h $rovide( he

"hoi"e o) he )%n"ionaliy level( _)%n`B，，

• B8 &ini&%& )%n"ionaliy5

• 8 )%ll )%n"ionaliy 1de)a%l45

• 8 di(a#le $hone #oh ran(&i and re"eive RF "ir"%i(5

I) GSM MODEM ha( #een (e o &ini&%& )%n"ionaliy #y VAT9CFUNB' he RF

)%n"ion and SIM "ard )%n"ion will #e "lo(ed+ In hi( "a(e' he (erial $or i( (ill

a""e((i#le' #% all AT "o&&and( "orrelaive wih RF )%n"ion or SIM "ard )%n"ion

will no #e a""e((i#le+ I) GSM MODEM ha( #een (e #y VAT9CFUN' he RF

)%n"ion will #e "lo(ed' he (erial $or i( (ill a"ive+ In hi( "a(e all AT "o&&and(

"orrelaive wih RF )%n"ion will no #e a""e((i#le A)er GSM MODEM ha( #een (e

#y VAT9CFUNB or VAT9CFUN' i "an re%rn o )%ll )%n"ionaliy #y

VAT9CFUN+

+lee% Mo/e +lo8 Cloc Mo/e"

We "an "onrol SIMBB GSM Mode& o ener or e.i he SLEEP &ode in "%(o&er

a$$li"aion( hro%!h DTR (i!nal+ When DTR i( in hi!h level and here i( no on air

and hardware inerr%$ 1(%"h a( GPIO inerr%$ or daa on (erial $or4' GSM

MODEM will ener SLEEP &ode a%o&ai"ally+ In hi( &ode' GSM MODEM "an

(ill re"eive $a!in! or SMS )ro& newor/ #% he (erial $or i( no a""e((i#le+ Noe8

For GSM MODEM' i re6%e(( o (e AT "o&&and VAT9CSCL2 o ena#le he


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(lee$ &ode5 he de)a%l val%e i( B' ha "an0 &a/e he GSM Mode& ener (lee$

&ode+ For &ore deail( $lea(e re)er o o%r AT "o&&and li(+

4ae U% G+M MOD)M =ro3 +())P Mo/e

When GSM MODEM i( in SLEEP &ode' he )ollowin! &ehod( "an wa/e %$ he

GSM Mode&+

• Ena#le DTR $in o wa/e %$ GSM MODEM+ I) DTR $in i( $%lled down o a

low level hi( (i!nal will wa/e %$ GSM MODEM )ro& $ower (avin! &ode+

The (erial $or will #e a"ive a)er DTR "han!ed o low level )or a#o% ;B&(+

• Re"eivin! a voi"e or daa "all )ro& newor/ o wa/e %$ GSM MODEM+

• Re"eivin! a SMS )ro& newor/ o wa/e %$ GSM MODEM+

+33ary o= +tate Transitions e7ce%t +())P 3o/e"

The )ollowin! )i!%re (how( how o $ro"eed )ro& one &ode o anoher+

i!.20. +tate Transition Bloc

+erial Inter=aces

The GSM &od%le i( de(i!ned a( a DCE 1Daa Co&&%ni"aion E6%i$&en4'

)ollowin! he radiional DCE*DTE 1Daa Ter&inal E6%i$&en4 "onne"ion+ The


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GSM Mode& and he "lien 1DTE4 are "onne"ed hro%!h he )ollowin! (i!nal 1a(

)ollowin! )i!%re (how(4+ A%o#a%din! (%$$or( #a%d rae )ro& BB#$( o ;>=BB#$(+

+erial %ort

• T\D8 Send daa o he R\D (i!nal line o) he DTE

• R\D8 Re"eive daa )ro& he T\D (i!nal line o) he DTE

Serial $or o) he GSM en!ine (%$$or( a%o#a%din! )or he )ollowin! #a%d rae(8

BB' BB' BB' =BB' BB'@BB and ;>=BB#$(+ Fa"ory (ein! i( a%o#a%din!

ena#led+ Thi( !ive( yo% he )le.i#iliy o $% he GSMen!ine ino o$eraion no &aer

wha #a%d rae yo%r ho( a$$li"aion i( "on)i!%red o+ To a/e advana!e o)

a%o#a%din! &ode' ($e"i)i" aenion (ho%ld #e $aid o he )ollowin! re6%ire&en(8

Syn"hroni,aion #eween DTE and DCE8 When DCE $ower( on wih he

a%o#a%din! ena#led' %(er &%( )ir( (end VA o (yn"hroni,e he #a%d rae+ I i(

re"o&&ended o wai o @ (e"ond( #e)ore (endin! VAT "hara"er+ A)er re"eivin!

he VO2 re($on(e' DTE and DCE are "orre"ly (yn"hroni,ed+ The &ore in)or&aion

$lea(e re)er o he AT "o&&and VAT9IPR+

Re(ri"ion( on a%o#a%din! o$eraion

• The (erial $or ha( o #e o$eraed a daa #i(' no $ariy and (o$ #i

1)a"ory (ein!4+

• The Un(oli"ied Re(%l Code( li/e ?RD?' ?9CFUN8 ? and ?9CPIN8

READ are no indi"aed when yo% (ar%$ he ME while a%o#a%din! i(

ena#led+ Thi( i( d%e o he )a" ha he new #a%d rae i( no dee"ed %nle((

DTE and DCE are "orre"ly (yn"hroni,ed a( de("ri#ed a#ove+


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MONITOR

*T Co33an/ +ynta7

When DCE $ower( on wih he a%o#a%din! ena#led' %(er &%( )ir( (end VA o

(yn"hroni,e he #a%d rae+ I i( re"o&&ended o wai o @ (e"ond( #e)ore (endin!

VAT "hara"er+ A)er re"eivin! he VO2 re($on(e' DTE and DCE are "orre"ly

(yn"hroni,ed The VAT or Va $re)i. &%( #e (e a he #e!innin! o) ea"h

Co&&and+ To er&inae a Co&&and line ener _CR` ' oherwi(e /nown a( "arria!e

re%rn or r+

Green House Parameters

Documents