Green Engine

Green Engine

ABSTRACT

The green engine is one of the most interesting discoveries of the new

millennium. It has got some unique features that were used for the first time in the

making of engines. This engine is a piston less one with features like sequential variable

compression ratio, direct air intake, direct fuel injection, multi-fuel usage etc. The

efficiency of this engine is high when compared to the contemporary engines and also

the exhaust emissions are near zero. The significance of the engine lies in the efficiency

when the present world conditions of limited resources of energy are considered.

Prototypes of the engine have been developed. Generators have been produced with the

green engine.

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1. GLOBAL ISSUES

Everyday radios, newspapers, televisions and the internet warn us of energy

exhaustion, atmospheric pollution and hostile climatic conditions. After few hundred

years of industrial development, we are facing these global problems while at the same

time we maintain a high standard of living. The most important problem we are faced

with is whether we should continue “developing” or “die”.

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, water and nuclear energy are the five main energy

sources that have played important roles and have been widely used by human beings.

The United Nations Energy Organization names all of them “elementary

energies”, as well as “conventional energies”. Electricity is merely a “second energy”

derived from these sources. At present, the energy consumed all over the world almost

completely relies on the supply of the five main energy sources. The consumption of

petroleum constitutes approximately 60 percent of energy used from all sources, so it is

the major consumer of energy.

Statistics show that, the daily consumption of petroleum all over the world today

is 40 million barrels, of which about 50 percent is for automobile use. That is to say,

auto petroleum constitutes about 35 percent of the whole petroleum consumption. In

accordance with this calculation, daily consumption of petroleum by automobiles all

over the world is over two million tonnes. At the same time as these fuels are burnt,

poisonous materials such as 500 million tonnes of carbon monoxides (CO), 100 million

tonnes of hydrocarbons (HC), 550 million tonnes of carbon (C), 50 million tonnes of

nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted into the atmosphere every year, severely polluting the

atmosphere. At the same time large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) gases, resulting

from burning, have also taken the major responsibility for the “green house effect”.

Atmospheric scientists now believe that carbon dioxide is responsible for about half the

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total “green house effect”. Therefore, automobiles have to be deemed as the major

energy consumer and atmosphere’s contaminator. Also, this situation is fast growing

with more than 50 million vehicles to be produced annually all over the world and place

into the market. However, at is estimate that petroleum reserve in the globe will last for

only 38 years . The situation is really very grim.

Addressing such problems is what a Green engine does or tries to do. The Green

engine as it is named for the time being, is a six phase engine, which has a very low

exhaust emission, higher efficiency, low vibrations etc. Apart from these features, is its

uniqueness to adapt to any fuel which is also well burnt. Needless to say, if

implemented will serve the purpose to a large extent.

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2. TECHNICAL FEATURES

Compared to conventional piston engines, operated on four phases, the Green

engine is an actual six phase internal combustion engine with much higher expansion

ratio. Thus it has six independent or separate working processes: intake, compression,

mixing, combustion, power and exhaust, resulting in the high air charge rate.

Satisfactory air-fuel mixing, complete burning, high combustion efficiency and full

expansion. The most important characteristic is the expansion ratio being much bigger

than the compression ratio. Also, the other main features are the revolutionary

innovations of the sequential variable compression ratio, constant volume combustion

and self-adapting sealing system. Therefore, an engine having extremely high thermal

efficiency, near-zero emissions, quietness, light and small, lower cost with capability of

burning of various fuels has come into being.

2.1 Direct Air Intake

Direct air intake means that there is no air inlet pipe, throttle and inlet valves on

the air intake system. Air filter is directly connected to the intake port of the engine, and

together with the less heating effect of air intake process, benefited from lower

temperature of independent intake chamber, a highest volumetric efficiency which

makes engine produce a high torque of output on all speed range is achieved . The pump

loss which consumes the part of engine power is eliminated .Also fuel measuring

facilities are built-in, and parts are saved.

2.2 Strong Swirling

As a tangential air duct in between combustion chamber and compression

chamber, a very swirling which could lost until gas port is opened, can be formed while

air is pumped into the combustion chamber. Consequently, the air-fuel mixing and the

combustion process can have a satisfying working condition.

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2.3 Sequential Variable Compression Ratio

This greatly revolutionary innovation can provide the most suitable compression

ratio for the engine whatever operation mode it works on with burning variety of fuels.

Therefore, an excellent combustion performance is attained.

2.4 Direct Fuel Injection

Direct fuel injection can provide higher output and torque, while at the same

time it also enhances the response for acceleration.

2.5 Super Air-Fuel Mixing

Since the independent air-fuel mixing phase is having enough time for mixing

air and fuel under strong swirling and hot situation, the engine is capable to burn any

liquid or gas fuels without modifications. An ideal air-fuel mixture could delete CO

emission. Also centrifugal effect coming from both strong swirling and rotation of the

burner makes the air-fuel mixture more dense near the spark plug. It benefits to cold

starting and managing lean-burning.

2.6 Lowest Surface to Volume Ratio

The shape of combustion chamber herein can be designed as global as possible.

Thus, a lowest surface to is obtained, and the engine is having less heat losses and high

combustion efficiency.

2.7 Controllable Combustion Time

Due to the independent combustion phase, compared to the conventional engine

whose performances lack of efficient combustion time, resulting in heavy CO emission

and low fuel usage rate, the Green engine has a sufficient controllable combustion time

to match any fuels.

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2.8 Constant Volume Combustion

The fuels can generate more energy while the combustion occurs on the constant

volume. Also, the constant volume combustion technology can allow the engine to have

a stable combustion when the lean burning is managed. Moreover, more water can be

added in to make the much higher working pressure and drop down the combustion

temperature, so power is added; heat losses and NOx emissions are decreased.

2.9 Multi-Power Pulses

The green engine operates on multi-power pulses with a small volume of

working chamber contrasted to the conventional engine dose on the single power pulse

with a large working chamber. Obviously, a small volume of chamber only needs little

space, resulting in compact structure and limited size. Also, a small amount of air-fuel

mixtures being ignited on each power pulse can greatly cut down explosion noise.

2.10 High Working Temperature

Because the burner, which is made of high heat resistance and low expansion

rate material, such as ceramic, operates without cooling, a relatively high working

temperature can eliminate the quenching zone which is the main source of emission and

can greatly reduce the heat losses in the combustion chamber.

2.11 High Expansion Ratio

High expansion ratio can make the burnt gases to release much more power. In

other words, the waste gases while they run out of the engine are only bringing much

less energy with them. Therefore, the engine’s thermal efficiency is greatly raised, and

at the same time, the noise and temperature of the exhaust are tremendously dropped.

2.12 Self-Adapting Sealing System

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This is another revolutionary innovation applied in the Green engine: it can

eliminate a number of seal plates or strips to achieve gapless seal and to provide most

efficient and reliable sealing system with less friction.

2.13 Vibration Free

As major moving parts, vanes which are counted in little mass and operated

symmetrically, the performance of the engine is very smooth. Hence, vibrations are

eliminated.

2.14 Modular Design

Use of modular design is the best way for engine mass production. Thus

stacking of rotors easily extends range of available power.

2.15 Limited Parts and Small Size

There is only a few dozens of parts which can be easily manufactured in the

engine structure when compared with modern piston engine which comprises of more

than a thousand parts. It suggests that the cost will be very low. Also, due to the

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compact structure the package and the weight of the Green engine will be only 1/5 to

1/10 of the regular engine on the same output.

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3. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

As earlier mentioned, the Green engine is a six phase, internal combustion

engine with much higher expansion ratio. The term “phase” is used instead of “stroke”

because stroke is actually associated to the movement of the piston. The traveling of the

piston from bottom dead centre to the top dead centre or vice versa is termed a stroke.

But, in this engine pistons are absent and hence, the term “phase” is used. The six

phases are: intake, compression, mixing, combustion, power and exhaust.

The engine comprises a set of vanes, a pair of rotors which houses a number of

small pot-like containers. It is here, in these small containers that compression, mixing,

combustion are carried out. The engine also contains two air intake ports, and a pair of

fuel injectors and spark plugs. The spark plugs are connected in such a system so as to

deactivate them, when a fuel which does not need sparks for ignition is used. The rotor

is made of high heat resistance and low expansion rate material such as ceramic.

Whereas, the metal used is an alloy of steel, aluminium and chromium.

Even though the engine is of symmetric shape, the vanes traverse an

unsymmetrical or uneven boundary. This shape cannot be compromised as this a result

of the path taken by the intake and exhaust air. This uneven boundary is covered by the

vanes in a very unique fashion. The vanes are made in such a way that it comprises of

two parts: one going inside a hollow one. At the bottom of the hollow vane is a

compressive spring. On top of this spring is mounted the other part of the vane. Now, let

us come to the working of the engine.

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3.1 Intake

The air arrives to the engine through the direct air intake port in the absence of

an air inlet pipe, throttle and inlet valves on the air intake system. A duct is provided on

the sides of the vane and rotor. The duct is so shaped that when the air moves through,

strong swirls generate when it gets compressed in the chamber. The air pushes the vane

blades which in turn impart a proportionate rotation in the small rotor which houses the

chambers. The inlet air duct ends with a very narrow opening to the chamber.

3.2 Compression

The rushing air from the duct is pushed by the blades into the small chambers in

the rotor. The volume of these chambers is comparatively very small. Naturally, the

compression obtained by such a procedure is very satisfactory. As earlier mentioned,

the compressed air is in a swirling state, ready to be mixed with the fuel which will be

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injected into the chamber when it will be place before the injector by the already

rotating rotor.

3.3 Mixing

As soon as the chamber comes in front of the fuel injector, the injector sprays

fuel into the compressed air. Because of the shape of the chamber, the fuel mixes well

with the compressed air. The importance of ideal mixing leads to deletion of CO

emission. And also because of the strong swirling, a centrifugal effect is exerted in the

air-fuel mixture. Moreover, the rotation of the burner, makes this centrifugal effect all

the more effective. Mixing phase has enough time to produce an ideal air-fuel mixture

as the spark plug is positioned towards the other end of the rotor or burner.

3.4 Combustion

As the chamber rotates towards the “end” of its path, it is positioned before the

spark plug. A spark flies from the plug into the air-fuel mixture. Because of the mixing

phase, the air-fuel mixture is denser near the spark plug, thereby, enabling lean-burning

of the charge and also a uniform flame front. As soon as the whole charge is ignited, the

burner rotates to position itself in front of the narrow exit.

3.5 Power

The expanded gas rushes out of the chamber through the narrow opening,

thereby pushing the name in the process. The sudden increase in volume ensures that

more power is released. Or in other words, the thermal energy is fully utilized.

3.6 Exhaust

As the thermal energy is fully utilized, the exhaust gases bring along

comparatively less heat energy. This mainly helps in the thermal efficiency of the

engine. It raises the engine’s thermal efficiency and also because of the complete

burning of the charge, poisonous gases like CO are absent in the exhaust emissions.

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4. ADVANTAGES

As obvious from the technical features which include effective innovations, the

advantages of the Green engine over the contemporary piston engines are many.

4.1 Small Size and Light Weight

As Green engine is very compact with multi-power pulses, the size and weight

could be 1/5 to 1/10 of the conventional piston engines on same output. Its power to

weight ratio could be more than 2 hp per pound without supercharge or turbo charge.

4.2 Limited Parts

There are only some dozens of parts easy to be manufactured in the engine

structure.

4.3 High Efficiency

Because many great innovations are being employed in the engine design such

as: direct air intake, sequential variable compression ratio, super mixing process,

constant volume combustion, controllable combustion time, high working temperature

of the burner, high expansion ratio and self adapting sealing system etc., the thermal

efficiency of the engine could be potentially as high as 65 %, even more if water add-in

technology is to be considered.

4.4 Multi-fuels

Due to six phases of working principle, super air fuel mixing process and

constant volume combustion with controllable time, the Green engine becomes the only

real multi-fuel engine on our planet; any liquid or gas fuels can be burnt well. Also it

would be ideal to coal powder if special anti-wearing material is employed.

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4.5 Near-zero Emissions

With perfect air-fuel mixture, complete combustion under lower peak

temperature and free of quenching effect, the emission of CO, HC and NOx could be

near zero, thereby, a catalytic converter could be not required at all.

4.6 Smooth Operation

Due to inherence of good dynamic and static balance the performance of the

Green engine is as smooth as an electric motor.

4.7 Fast Accelerating Response

Direct injection, little rotating inertia and deleted reciprocating motion can

characterize the Green engine with operating at a very fast accelerating response.

4.8 Quietness and Low Exhaust Temperature

Burst out under small amount of mixtures, free of vibrations, and high expansion

ratio make the Green engine much quieter. It is really environment-friendly. Green

engine vehicles could transport troops on the battlefield of the future, and could serve as

a vital source of auxiliary power in combat. This is because these engines are quiet,

flexible and operate at low temperature, making them ideal for use in “stealth” vehicles.

4.9 Ideal to Hydrogen Fuel

Separation of working chambers from each other is an ideal design for any fuel

to prevent backfire, especially for the hydrogen fuel.

4.10 Highly Reliable

As there are fewer moving parts operating smoothly, no crankshaft, valves,

connecting rods, cams and timing chains, and intake and exhaust actions are

accomplished directly by the motion of the vanes. Thus, it is highly reliable.

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4.11 Low Cost

Limited parts, small in size, light in weight and depending upon current mature

materials and manufacturing technologies, mean that it would be done at much lower

cost on manufacture, transportation, installing to other devices, and maintenance.

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5.Green vehicle

A green vehicle or environmentally friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle

that produces less harmful impacts to the environment than comparable conventional

internal combustion engine vehicles running on gasoline or diesel, or one that uses

alternative fuels. Presently, in some countries the term is used for any vehicle

surpassing the Euro6-norm such as LEVs and ULEVs, and also more informally it is

used for California's zero emissions vehicles and other low-carbon emission vehicles.

Green vehicles are powered by alternative fuels and advanced vehicle

technologies and include hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,

battery electric vehicles, compressed-air vehicles, hydrogen and fuel-cell vehicles, neat

ethanol vehicles, flexible-fuel vehicles, natural gas vehicles, clean diesel vehicles, and

some sources also include vehicles using blends of biodiesel and ethanol fuel or

gasohol. Several author also include conventional motor vehicles with high fuel

economy, as they consider that increasing fuel economy is the most cost-effective way

to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector in the

short run. As part of their contribution to sustainable transport, environmentally friendly

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vehicles reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to energy

independence by reducing oil imports.

5.1Energy efficiency

Cars with similar production energy costs can obtain, during the life of the car

(operational phase), large reductions in energy costs through several measures:

The most significant is by using alternative propulsion:

o An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle's consumption of petroleum

(i.e. petroleum electric hybrid vehicle), or, preferably, that uses

renewable energy sources throughout its working life.

o Using biofuels instead of petroleum fuels.

Proper maintenance of a vehicle such as engine tune-ups, oil changes, and

maintaining proper tire pressure can also help.

Removing unnecessary items from a vehicle reduces weight and improves fuel

economy as well.

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Comparison of several types of green car basic characteristics(Values are overall for vehicles in current production and may differ between types)

Type of vehicle/

powertrain

Fuel economy(mpg equivalent)

Range

Production cost

for given range

Reduction in CO2

compared to conventional

Payback period

Conventional 10-78Long

(400-600 mi)

Low 0% -

Biodiesel 18-71Long

(360-540 mi)

Low 100% -

All-electric

Excluding battery cost: 99

Including battery cost: 10-50

Shorter(73-150 mi)

High varies

-

Hydrogen fuel 87 High

Hybrid electric 30-60 380 mi Medium 5 years

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5.2 Types

Comparison of energy efficiency between battery and hydrogen fuel-cell cars.

Sales of both the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid (top) and the Nissan Leaf all-electric car

(bottom) began in December 2010.

Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully or partly on alternative energy

sources other than fossil fuel or less carbon intensive than gasoline or diesel.

Another option is the use of alternative fuel composition in conventional fossil fuel-

based vehicles, making them function partially on renewable energy sources. Other

approaches include personal rapid transit, a public transportation concept that offers

automated, on-demand, non-stop transportation on a network of specially built

guideways.

5.2.1 Electric and fuel cell-powered

Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum consumption include electric cars, plug-in

hybrids and fuel cell-powered hydrogen cars.

Electric cars are typically more efficient than fuel cell-powered vehicles on a wheel-to-

wheel basis.[10] For this reason, battery powered vehicles and plug-in hybrids are gaining

popularity. They have better fuel economy than conventional internal combustion

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engine vehicles but are hampered by range or maximum distance attainable before

discharging the battery. The electric car batteries are their main cost. They provide a

55% to 99.9% improvement in CO2 emissions compared to an ICE (gasoline, diesel)

vehicle, depending on the source of electricity.[11]

5.2.2 Hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid cars may be partly fossil fueled and partly electric or hydrogen-powered. They

are more expensive to purchase but cost redemption is achieved in a period of about 5

years due to better fuel economy.

5.2.3 Compressed air cars, stirling vehicles, and others

Compressed air cars, stirling-powered vehicles, Liquid nitrogen vehicles are even less

polluting than electrical vehicles, as the vehicle and its components can be made more

environmentally friendly.

Solar car races are held on a regular basis in order to promote green vehicles and other

"green technology". These sleek driver-only vehicles can travel long distances at

highway speeds using only the electricity generated instantaneously from the sun.

5.2.4 Improving conventional cars

A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in renewable fuels or

using less carbon intensive fossil fuel. Typical gasoline-powered cars can tolerate up to

10% ethanol. Brazil manufactured cars that run on neat ethanol, though there were

discontinued. Another available option is a flexible-fuel vehicle which allows any blend

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of gasoline and ethanol, up to 85% in North America and Europe, and up to 100% in

Brazil.[12] Another existing option is to convert a conventional gasoline-powered to

allow the alternative use of CNG. Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Iran, India, Italy, and

China have the largest fleets of natural gas vehicles in the world.[13]

Diesel-powered vehicles can often transition completely to biodiesel, though the fuel is

a very strong solvent, which can occasionally damage rubber seals in vehicles built

before 1994. More commonly, however, biodiesel causes problems simply because it

removes all of the built-up residue in an engine, clogging filters, unless care is taken

when switching from dirty fossil-fuel derived diesel to bio-diesel. It is very effective at

'de-coking' the diesel engines combustion chambers and keeping them clean. Biodiesel

is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines. Diesel engines are the most

efficient car internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is the only fuel allowed in some

North American national parks because spillages will completely bio-degrade within 21

days. Biodiesel and vegetable oil fuelled, diesel engined vehicles have been declared

amongst the greenest in the US Tour de Sol competition.

This presents a problem, however, as biofuels can use food resources in order to provide

mechanical energy for vehicles. Many experts point to this as a reason for growing food

prices, particularly US Bio-ethanol fuel production which has affected maize prices. In

order to have a low environmental impact, biofuels should be made only from waste

products, or from new sources - like algae.

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5.2.5 Other

Solar vehicle.

Public transportation vehicles are not usually included in the green vehicle

category, but Personal rapid transit (PRT) vehicles probably should be. All

vehicles that are powered from the track have the advantage of potentially being

able to use any source of electric energy, including sustainable ones, rather than

requiring liquid fuels. They can also switch regenerative braking energy between

vehicles and the electric grid rather than requiring energy storage on the

vehicles. Also, they can potentially use the entire track area for solar collectors,

not just the vehicle surface. The potential PRT energy efficiency is much higher

than that which traditional automobiles can attain.

Solar vehicles are electric vehicles powered by solar energy obtained from solar

panels on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells

convert the Sun's energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not

practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily

demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by

government agencies.

Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a

strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy

which causes the vehicle to propel.

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5.2.6 Animal powered vehicles

Horse and carriage are just one type of animal propelled vehicle. Once a

common form of transportation, they became far less common as cities grew and

automobiles took their place. In dense cities, the waste produced by large numbers of

transportation animals was a significant health problem. Oftentimes the food is

produced for them using diesel powered tractors, and thus there is some environmental

impact as a result of their use.

5.2.7 Human powered vehicles

Human powered transport includes walking, bicycles, velomobiles, row boats, and other

environmentally friendly ways of getting around. In addition to the health benefits of

the exercise provided, they are far more environmentally friendly than most other

options. The only downside is the speed limitations, and how far one can travel before

getting exhausted.

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6. CONCLUSION

The Green engine’s prototypes have been recently developed, and also because

of the unique design, limitations have not been determined to any extent. But even in

the face of limitations if any, the Green engine is sure to serve the purpose to a large

extent.The efficiency of this engine is high when compared to the contemporary engines

and also the exhaust emissions are near zero.

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7. REFERENCE

http://www.greenenginetech.com

Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines by Richard Stone

Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine by

Pulkrabek

Internal Combustion Engines by K.K. Ramalingam

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