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ArchitecturalDesign
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Edi lor ial !! ices
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Editor
Helen 4astle
E5e5cuti6e Editor
aggie *o$
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.i9ida :asheed
Ar i Dir ector
4hristian ;uslers , 4H;Design
Designer
#en 8e$ton Jones -, 4H;De A.r 1.,hltl'dur al esigt1
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?@?ollolsa6 Jonnslon. Bhl'to 8eter \E3Fe11l>
B I, courtes$ uture )~ le,u,, 11holo: ,*l +ichar d &:J$h:~. "I it'1Jt>l c /'10 and Par tr:cr ., ~1olo +ic.l'ilr d *la,.. 2, B % t-.&1&/ ((! r nn (d3ar-r lo:44 4, I+ I+A 5 -u #) 8hotcg,aBhs 4ollectior 6. B 1' tou1 La~v r u1u1 S6ste9s. no:o: tri + 1thar d a6r es> o l:l 1C Studto E. Ar ch,teGs
lid, ho:c: 6en•11.7 01l 8t:II, u 19 nctu *:7 r a/,4.t.l#ardt>1, 1t. ,, ,>>tiG>iel HB3>n>. ar r.I 8artner s, Bhoto· 1r l9 Har9ltnn-Da6 P~. r 1; < *: =Jnu=1h >e-ar19Sa!i "hd, B 1 Bhoto t "r al'I Eo#urd. B i ) <"u'l'.I sScliilJt,on, +K( ..111'9,h t E71, o 2idF + ,cnartl r )4int?An::aid: BGH111 aro lla old?Adom II son, B PKr 1 ~olo '.Dr,ool>d#ard-.G B 1)-1K1+e.n1& 8iano "t.1ldlnOJo..3shoB> Bitll lQ co.H>1/1nd 8ar lnars. Bhoto> + 1d 1=.1r d DilOI4=r.,, :n1n' G' osler -md8artner s. Bhoto> Figel Noung, B K?G ( r oster and
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,1 Editorial J· "
H Introduction
" Snol es in RtoBia A "riel Histor$ ol Sustaina?ilit$.I.r .It
.: 7 1'/•1 •ti l.' ...
+( Design 4halleng,, or Susta9a?ilit6
9@ %ortJ aster or *ha9es +4ir,i( ,r
0 Jan ;dBli 3$ nl utur e S$sle9s •I J I ', 1'1 1,1111
36 %ord :ogers .JI :i 6er-sids,I ' II
) Mlo?al 8ersBecti6es %earning !ro9 the tner S1de
0 "ringing *ogether Head, Hear t and Soul
S..1'>=ta1na?le Archllectut e in South Arr-u,e
+ *he Oie# !ro9 Australia Mreen %i9its in a %and o! 8lent$ l1J I l
60 ;en Neang u = 1, 111 JI'•
+ SustainGng Interactions "et#een the Fatural and "uilt En6iron9ent n SingaBore
) Mreen Ar-cnttectur-s in Hong ;ong, the Densest 4it$ rn the &or ld , , E
70 *ho9as HerTnQ ot HerTog and 8artner ,1 5 1 1 , 'r r
7 Sustaina?le Design 9 *he Fetherlands
)+ Mreen Archilecture in Forth A9er!ca · ·> 1:1
%U 1 In the :eal9 o! the Senses , ,r,m l , • : • '-'/
1 "uilding 8r o!ile· rhe Eden 8ro ect ' . · ,1?c/i
1&1~ 8ractice 8r-o!!le Po9?or$ aldo6an oore
1( "oo3 :e6ie#s
Architectural Design /
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4:
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m.o
...
..,.rt-&
.......J ,
'I' '·IR<
I 11, j;.;y Joi'bton, ro.H
ILmMi; tco Lodgc-s,WJ:.:;gnn
ll7l oral Pa/, u111e, Lallc$.Uu 1:-ailJ, @&&& Ohis ,ne o
!"!e :etu{ hc,J ?et d:iy.oo~ w.,.
3h th•~ dolled Jlcng o, I ! r to-- ,, .;:11c,1lyp1u:, 10est
! r nr:,t";d lc;:#•,Jrocl$%'
rn n; &l nu w -uer Il&r ;'
Jh ~""~ la8r c car oc).md or.- o",~r~#lg.$ #hich B-o6I! , r c,rr or 111$( nncda$
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pp11~d ln:i1ri p$::,lo2ol:01,3
J / nc.s !nd r rnn3a-o r s
toll .ht* 1, tan3s or 1 11.. root
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1-'\s
susta9a
?ilit6
enter s
lhe
rra9st-
ea9,
?ecornin
Q lhe
acceBte
d goal H
not
el#o6s
Brar tice
o! go6er-
r 19er ts
ar o a--$·I
itects al1I
e, it
see9s 1-
& ce
sl1((1nJ
through
o.r r
nnQer-s
Fo lo>
g8r ' an
alterneti6c
route ::J rl intne cold or PPn
erchWeclu-eis, as a
resi.lt, e6e - r.ur el$ in ter9s o' 3r at 1t cleer $ rs
not- It see9s l i ?e e6er 6th9Q lcr ' e6er$one #ho #ants it - ll'eVueen ar d 8r esident ot % 'ie r A@c. A 9r ludecIn tus i9Bortant issue ::i !r' #,t t $ 0al Dee%&, the gu~sl eouor,
"r ic111 Ed66ar d·J, has cr eeled an essenrel sur6@6 that 9 the #9est
and 9ost sBeci!ic sense cc 3s at #rat i1 9eans to ?e gres/1
$ tr 1 I 1ging t>Jgcthe>>#1g ;cr ci, *he
Fetlier 'lancis and Fodh Arr er ...1ca - a 61U66 l $ielded that l
sr r-iultaneousl6 Qlo?el and local Ir Soulh A .!r 'ica, !or · lrl'.>ild11c e,
4hrisna du >>>i1ess1s she#s sustaria?, I I l 6 to ?e rooted 11 ane5ist ing ecos6stern]> 66oJuest9nria 1---es' !
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Jt•
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nt-•
J
6
'/
JJ
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J
V.!
r] II
,,' r ).lorn=,, Pr oJP,1 led.11ncor , ,&%; *hii.
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n!4(s in 5topi!a "rie! Histor $o! Sustaina?ilit$
r-an E%i66,->..,c?, ...,..6r >>h ur //sna u !-lless·s, gi6es o l Si'I ! o$er$n3 %.J ir,r• u1/,/r,11 ·116r 1/-1/ril,I acing ~'lt:' Bi't'Rr I.,Z lcJI. u·1 DJ'.i I r 1c>l%H'% 9 +.r '% i ll4'%.> Rl'4 hot r I %1-·e J. K _.I h C'>u1//$ A.1 Jl'!>>>'
I r -r r-achir cl6 2r -11.!6ar r ls enc cu rles1 e5Blain 66ri$, to ?e etter ti6e c,ll' t.ur 15J1l1t) h.r .
he rc'ihce l) /, 1l161''' ,IO%' l,I' 1· ·1·d un6 call, nlo cuesncr the accented #cr -·lcl 'o.-·-@Jer ·
the Br e! or9nance oA 'de6e %Ji.JtA1J %>%>onur11lA-, r JOr A,, 'ur dc6clcBed' ones - %u> else1.1e
1 · cei6ed r. cu-1,,·c 1FJ1·id 6e# and o$er t#o centuries o! ulus I 1 ·1%li Bl 1iosQ i* ,)
# .ti l oo~i~4 or e PJr1 /11 r •,
Ii
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Ar chiQr erns #al3ing cit$ and or ganic ur?anis9
#ere e5tr e9e gr een 6isions Br edicated uBon thenotion o! 9igr ating sBecies and the integr ationo! co9Ble5 ecological and ar chitectur al order s.
0l, :,;,•
6i:in H,:,r 211, 72' l41J :~111
pt1J89I, 11/%.L f...,r .. ,~r y -n '•
l,111li1~llc .igcr 2 111 nJ• $-11
:y
10~,, 1+11 ,1 ~ '•-'I 1•,:Ic&2ir orlln(1 1~. i·d'' 110
r cSar ned Jt. au L•?l+%+%l'19l g ..cr-n21~1on c'
.,., @I 1..111rnr,n1 :1 Ar :ig~o~,011
noi, .1
c,1tu .-• ~
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*he close o!the centur$
#itnessed a
!ascinating
?lend o!?uilding
design3no#n as
eco-tech
or eco-cool,that e9?r ac
r ectstor . .
eng1 neer1ngco9Buting
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-
SE4*IF *H:RMH S% A: A4 AD!c
' \.'F n Arr %41\.'1FIJ ! :Rl'l
J IlI AFRt-ll 4,$ \%IR%l>'.1'I '8 AIJ4'ro$ l
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•hl1 ~ /n.$li.I. r.u;lnrn
1o1llll thrr c,l8ro#lrl,111*, JU >s
co9Bared lo the &est and their e5a9Bles o!
gr een design are rar el$ to ?e !ound r n thegro#ing genre o! ?oo3s and ournals lhD% deal
#ith susta9a?itit$ As a general state9ent, the
sBiri> ual aBBroach lo green design r s ! ound 9
lhe underde6eloBed #orld and t lie lo# ener g$,
high 9aterial aBBroach rn the de6eloBed
"o I h histor$ ar id geograBh$ Bro6ide 6al ua?le
lessons #hich allo# toda$'s Br actice to ?e set in
a #ider social and cultural conte5t. Sustaina?ilit$
has ?een a recurrinQ challenge !or 9an3ind
since 9en and #o9en ?eQan to settle the
sur!ace or the earth. "eing no9adic relie6ed thehu9an race o! a dut$ or car e to#ar ds the land
- as soon tis I he$ ! or 9ed 6illages the$ could
not hide lrorn lhe en6iron9ental conseQuences
o! Bh$sical de6eloB9ent *hese conseQuences
e5Br essed the9sel6es in a 6ariet$ o! #a$s>
Bolluuun, scar cit$ o! r esources and sic3ness.
Health has ?een a Ber ennial Br o?le9 as to#ns
ha6e 1 o#n - illness argua?l$ has ?een a Qr eater
9otor ol sustaina?ilit$ than ener g$. ll #as the
search *oe health$ h69Q that introduced r eluse
control in classr cat cities, that. ensur ed oBen
sBace e5isted In 9edie6al la#ns, %11al r egulated
lhe use or ?uilding rnatei lats. controlled the
e5tracuun and use or #aler , and laid do#na
net#or 3 o! dru9s in countless settle9ents lro9 the
:enaissance on#ards. *his legac$ rs aBBar ent tn the
countless 8utldmS acts and 9odel ?$-la#s o! the 1lh
centur$. #hat ts o?6ious rs that it #as not lo#- energ$
design or the need to Br eser6e ?iodi6er sit$ (1 Brotecten6iron9ental resour ces I hat structur ed earl$
EuroBean sellle9ents. ?ut Bu?lic health. And todo$
11 is health - ?oth gl.o?al and Ber sonal #hich rs
e9erging as the '#ild car d or suslc19a?1lt1$ *he !utur e
Bro9ises a ne# contr act ?et#een glo?.ii enet g$ useand health, and 9 this eQuation ?111ldings and
cures #ill Bla$ a cr ucial role
ne lesson o! histor$ Is that Ille constraint onsustaina?le de6eloB9ent ts rar el$ resour ce scarcit$.
&hat li9its hu9an action r s #aste and Its
conseQuences - the sin3'. not lac3 ol energ$ and olher
resources. tends to cur tail lhe s6storn. *he l191ts to
BrosBerit$ 111 cilr es li3e %ondon (1 long ;ong a1 e not
r esource constr ain ls ?ut Bollution ones And #rth
Bollution heauh goes and disease co9es Rr?an road
Bollution r s no# lhe second ?iggest 3ilter tn EuroBe.
accounting ! or H&.&&& deaths a $ear ! ro9 lung cancer ,
heart disease and ?ronchitis. :oad tra!!ic and ur?an
e5haust air ! ro9 ?uildings 3il I 9or e BeoBle than
s9o3ing. Sin3 lir ruts thr eaten the hu9an r ace mor e9sr dr ousl$ than r esour ce li9its And at lhe r oot or
Bollution lies ccnsurnBuon - that r nsidious sear ch !or
consu9er haBBiness Bro9oted ?$ countless glo?al
9u lt mauona ls
&ith this change 111 e9Bhasis co9es a clear ne#agenda ! or ?uilding design Ar chitectur e, #hich
accounts !or roughl$ hal! or c1II resource consu9Btion
r n I he #or lei K9aterials, energ$, #aler and the loss o!
! er tile agricultur al landY. has lo co9e 1& ter9s #ith the
!act that the #astes ! r o9 ?uildinQs ar c ?us$ Bolluting
the Blanet and destr o$ing lhe health or BeoBle. &hat
r s at r is3 here is the health and #ell?eing not onl$
o! BeoBle in ?uildrnQs ?ul also o! cities, and #ith this
the 6r a?ilu$ o! hu9an ci6ilisation r tsol r
4onsu9Btion is itsel! a Bro?le9. &e no#
consu9e 9ore Ber caBita than ever ?e lor e -
consu9er goods, car s and sBace itsel!. E5cess
consu9Btion is clten e5Br essed in e5cess archuecturatdisBla$, 111
e5aggerated High *ech Bostui inu and o$er -arn8u loussBcce and co9! or t le6els "ullr Jings are ! ashion
accessories - the ?ac3cloth to co99ercial and Bri6ate
li6es. &1th1n our ho9es #e create sBace tor gadgets
rather than BeoBle, #e !ill out ollices #ith co9Buter s.
our airBorts #ith shoBs So #her eas ?uildings consu9e
halt or all en6iron9ental r esour ces, the$ e1lhc1 house
the sBace #het e the other hall is consu9ed or lor9
%he desunatr on ! or the essential ourne$s reQuir ed !or
hu9an connection As a s$ste9. cities are lhe locus
o! r esour ce use and Bollution - ?uildr nQs are an ecoloQ$
or glo?al i9Bacts #hich #e ar c onl$ ?eginning
lo under stand.
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,D ir-$-
Gic$!(l t oc4:; y1d
.:ir1r~~. Lr 21:•+1l2 r,I
@otlg$!J Jllller Ca -nnuc. 1%%% i9u,1 Ion t$( ),t( o% "J tmmor dcrcuct
tuEdt' % :i• +01 ,. 1 $,... no.1u11,
:1r iI I carnBc $~~ d l#'-'8:.y
tr (!t(d IJ~( ,h I''= cr -ntr c
~r( 9h~ p1 .. 2.u , ...1 nauna
$d~11u1 l::1 $,..**li# l" and JE5Gllt
-.prc1'+t $ic$ cornhtru' In err-
ate an (::ol:JIJ+ld,ly ?al 9ccdp!r4
ocl .ur ,>. otsc p,c4".+d . p I r nrn
tt't' a3e ~.u, '!c( !nr1 ..., us(d
to &'(&&t1L;:11l 1$i:- u,puss
Jr 4" lin saces Dl11tl;I
n1 the rnJI& rcu ll3 l1111t,iln1J mcor or.u- c:,t..$le
:,% lht-J I p,r1~•rgy o;J2ing l
chr1ulu1../1:-; r undcd +3 an 1 1
I IMreen> the Search !or an Earthl$ 8aradise In
#or ld o! uni6er sal sBace and increasingl$ standa
6alues. sustaina?ilit$ o!!ers a chance to de6eloB
sBeci!ic Blace-r elated design. I! gr een rs ta3en as
r eBresenting a s$9Bathetic aBBr oach to cultur e a
as cli9ate. then susla9a?le ar chitecture #ill e9
as asigni! icant li!e-enhancing ! or ce. *here rs not one
design cullur e lthal is. late odern &estern ?ut
co9Ble5 #e? o! cultural di6er sit$ e6en #ithin a sicountr $, let alone the #orld. *her e rs also not on
cli9ate to ?e r esBonded to 6ia uni6er sal air-
conditioning and standardised ?uilding ! ootBrints
Sustaina?ilit$ ?r ea3s the 9onoBol$
o! ?oth &estern cultur al Bri9ac$ and High *ech
ar chitectur al solutions. Hence the resistance
in the RSA lo an$ serious co99it9ent to
sustaina?ilit$ and the a6oidance in the R; or
signi!icant 9ention o! sustaina?le design in the
Egan BroBosals.Sustaina?ilit$ is deeBl$ su?6ersi6e Boliticall$.
*her e 9a$ ?e no other en6iron9ental cour se tha?eco9e sustaina?le> ci6ilisation reQuires %o reth
9or e than t#o centuries o! &estern industrial
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to uni6er sall$
Blaceless citr es
#ith their
u?iQuitous shoBBing
9alls. su?ur ?an
estates. ?usinessBar 3s, airBorts. etc
are challenged ?$
he green
9o6e9ent.
S#a9B$' 9a$ stoB
a stretch o! road
?uilding ?ut the "rundtland de! inition o!
sustaina?le de6eloB9ent 2adoBted ?$ %he RF and
1) #orld go6er n9ents at the :io su99it rn
1+#ill 9a3e e6en %hc 9ost 9easur ed
ar chitect into a S#a9B$.
*he K ;$olo 4on! er ence on 4li9ate 4hange21)
and the &orld 4li9ate 4hange 4on! er ence at
*he Hague l+(((Jthreatened to ?rea3 the
9onoBol$ o! uni6ersal ar chitectur al solutions
as Bro9ulgated ?$ ?ig &estern design Br actices.
"uildings #ill no longer ?e the sa9e again, and
in ti9e. neither #ill cities 4ar?on Quotas and
e9issions targels 9ean #e #ill ha6e to ?urn less
! uel - in our car s. industr$ and, 9ost i9Bortantl$.
?uildings. *he loss o! deBth o! Blace, li9e and !u
#ill disaBBear cures #ill again ?eco9e identi!ia?
Blaces ?ased uBon a s$nthesis ol cultur al anden6ir on9ental 6alues.
*here is no tena?le argu9ent #hich can seBa
en6iron9ental action ! ro9 cultural action. 8tace
state9ent a?oul altitude to geograBh$, histor$ a
r esources. 8lacelessness 2the Bre6alent +(th-cen
9ode o! de6eloB9ent #as 9dillerent to all thr ee
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r r6 11•, oQ•
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.J eel lJ8o, a 1,(GG 8et3een I he
Er t>J?l·>ih9cnt and 1ndJstr$
IC 111,41_4•7•.,Sdle the B,G11a9t>ler >.
c• l'·i'ill I h$, lo# P.-...,*r S•? 3or
B.oltcoGG! or the +1 G.GI centur $
A/.. # ll d' tit/llmS ...111riSt.AnlnPr =_4) 4ir gr t~ o/ JKI e, Vnt.es>, EJn .urr er.t ·cGGI
nr 411 2~ ii': h111 :7I dlh-=d &1
9eet ne# C/ tar gets #e need to 6alue ! ossil
! uels as scarce and di9inishing resour ces. and#e need lo e5Bloit r ene#a?le energ$ sources
Ksun, #ind, ?io9ass &e need lo de6eloB ne#
technologies and ne# solutions to ?uilding
Brogra99es. Since each Blace is di! ! erent
Kresour ces. cli9ate. e5Bosur e ?uilding
solutions #ill need lo diller enuale the9sel6es
9ore e!!ecti6el$ I hon r n the Bast. *his 9eans
selecting 9ore aBBroBriate technologies. using
the ?est.
not cheaBest, 9ethod o! constr uction. e9Blo$ing
li! e-c$cle assess9ent, see3ing out local sources
o! energ$ and 9aterials. e9Blo$ing local?uilding s3ills and 3no#-ho#.
"ut di! ! erentiation is not Sust a Question o!
ne# ! utur es. It is a?out 6aluing old Basts. *he6ernacular #as the e6olution o! Batterns o!
?uilding ?est surled to local conditions.
Ine! !icient sotuuons ?eca9e e5tinct o6er ti9e,
lea6ing onl$ the ! ittest to sur6i6e. ld to#ns.
#hether in Asia. A!rica or EuroBe, are
re9inders o! ho# to ?uild #hen 9aterials ar e
scar ce>
la?our is 6alued !or its #or39anshiB Kas against
sBeed> resour ces o! energ$, !ood and #ater are
locall$ sour ced. *he Aga ;han A#ards !or
Ar chitectur e are a9ong lhe !e# that gi6e
scarcit$ - lessons #e need to relearn !or the r esou
hungr$ !utur e. And it rs not onl$ a 9atter o!
constr uction - such lessons e5tend lo the #hole
ecos$ste9 o! cities #ith their Batterns o! rec$clingr euse and rene#al.
8articular Blaces, #hether 6ernacular or design
ar e 6alued !or the 9eanings the$ carr$. Social 9e
allo#s to#ns and their ?uildings lo ?e cherished.
our 9ulticultural societ$ 9eaning in its ?r oader s
has to ha6e #ide aBBeal. lls roots ar e 9an$ and 6a
and 9uch deBends uBon cultural conditioning. &h
ar chitects 6alue 2tectonics. 9aterialit$, tr ansBar enc$
etc 9a$ not ?e the sa9e as #hat r s 6alued ?$ soc
al large. Nou ha6e onl$ lo 6isn a cDonald's ha9?
?ar lo see the 9is9atch ?et#een Bro! essional and
Bu?lic taste. Sustaina?ilit$ o!! er s the chance to un
6alues ar ound co99on en6ir on9ental goals. ?ring
shared agendas ?ac3 on lo the ar chitectural staQe.
or lhis to haBBen #e need lo loo3 ?e$ond lo#·
ener g$ design as tho Banacea !or sustaina?ilit$. %o
energ$ ?uildings can Broduce dull. cultur all$
i9Bo6erished architectur e. *rue sustaina?le desig
%a3es on ?oard lhc ! ull co9Ble5it$ o! ecolog$ #ith
li!e-enhancing agenda. Fatur e uses the 9ini9u9
resources lo cr eate the 9a5i9u9 o! r ichness and
?eaut$, e9Blo$ing !ull r ec$cling in the Brocess. &e
9an, on the other hand, uses the 9a5i9u9 o!
r esour ces to ?uild cr ties o! 9ini9u9 richness and
?eaut$, e9Blo$ing less than 1( Ber cent o! r ec$cling
the Brocess. an and natur e urgentl$ need to gel
t#o s$ste9s together &hen this haBBens Kand this
needs to ?e our goal lor the +1 st centur$l our 9a l
#or ld cities #ill ?egin to aBBroach the co9Ble5it$
?eaut$ o! r ain!or ests or cor al ree! s. *her e #ill ?e
o! inter action, #ith each s$ste9 using the #astes
lo#er order s to cr eate richness. ?eaut$ and sell
sullicr enc$, *he sBir al o! social, cultur al and
ar chitectural a9?ition #ill ?e uB#ar ds. nol do#n#a
as at Bresent. &hat #ill dri6e this sBir al #ill ?e lhe
!r esh currents o! sustaina?le i9Ber ati6e #hich. li3e
Mul! Strea9. deri6e uturnatot$ !ro9 %he li! e ! or ce o
sun. ur old di6isions ?et#een to#n and countr $, 9
and nature> ecolog$ and cul lure #ilt ?e ?ro3en
Architecture #ill at last ?e !r ee o! the t$r ann$ o!
e5Blor tati6e 9odernis9> #e #ill ha6e r n sight a ne#
Earthl$ 8aradise
Knsustaina 8le i 8lical rigins
It could ?e argued %hat 4hr istian BhilosoBh$ helBed
the seeds al unti-en6iron9entalis9 in 9uch o! the
&estern #or ld *he )1 ?le r s I u ll o! re!er ences to co
order and do9inance o! the natural #orld. an's ro
li!e #as lo su?due %he earth 2Menesis 1 +)1 and to ro6er the garden 2Menesis +.1. &hat %he "i?le
descri?es as 9an3ind's 'do9inion o6er !ish ... !o#l
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do9inance. ur cities ar e a dir ect conseQuence
or ?i?lical unsustaina?ilit$. *he 4hristian
!oundation uBon #hich &estern societ$ is ?uilt
had an un! or lunale tendenc$ to Blace 9an aBar t
! ro9 lhe natur al or der . "$ #a$ o! contrast.
Eastern religions integr ate 9an3ind into a glo?al
ecological s$ste9. Such integr ation is not onl$
Bh$sical ?ut, 9or e i9Bor tantl$, is also sBiritual.
*he #orldliness o! 4hristianit$ - the call lo
9ultiBl$, e5Bloit and BrosBer - has ?eco9e r n
9an$ asBects the international order o! ?ig
?usiness. It is the 9otor o! stoc3 e5changes
! ro9 *o3$o to %i9a. the ?asis uBon #hich
co9Banies conduct their ?usiness and
go6ern9ents rnanaQe resour ces. Ine6ita?l$ it is
the ?asis. too. lor cuies and t?e countless
?uildings #hich. in their su?tle 6ariet$, still
e5Bress the 4hr istian e5Bloitati6e ideal.
J de! inition or 'Sustaina?le De6eloB9ent' coined in
1)7 ?$ Mr o Har le9 )1 uncuonc - a #o9an #hose
#ords ha6e changed the cour se or histor $. *he 'he-ness
o! the "i?le has ?een usur Bed ?$ the 'she-noss' o!sustaina?ilit$. "r undlland lollo#ed in the steBs o! othe
Bro9inent ! e9ale en6iron9cntahsts. :achel 4ar son
4 /i l e&t /pr i &5 6. "ar?ar a &ar d #ho !ir sl coined the
Bhr ase 'sustaina?le dc6cloBrncnt, and Donella
eado#s o! the 4lu? or :o9e 4 Limit ) t 0 7r0$ t#l.
*he r elationshiB ?et#een 9an and natur e is 9or e
or ganic than cer e?r al. *hough mlcllectual a?str action
a necessar$ co9Bonent o! hu9an lhought. the gener a
altitude lo lhe natur al #or ld is 6ital. i99ediate and
r e6ol6es ar ound the Question o! sur 6i6al. Ho#e6er .
lhough lhe outer ! ace o! nature aBBear s incr easingl$
hostile and unBr edicta?le, the hu9an condr tr on alsoassigns a 9eaning ?e$ond deBendenc$ ! or li! e lo the
en6ir on9ent. 1 his sear ch lor deeBer insight is
Jur ?uilding technolog$ has ?eco9e leaner ', 9or e e.Iicient andcetter integr ated. It has allo#ed gr eater e!! icienc$ t:J ?e acrne6edn ter 9s o! energ$ use, cor-str uclion outBut Ber nan Kor #o9anYand inter nal sBece Ber unit o! structur al resource.
*he 9eans ?$ #hich do9inance o6er nalure
has ?een achie6ed is lur gel$ !acilitated ?$
science and technolog$. and lo an incr easing
e5tent ?$ design. "oth ar e at the centr e o!
ar chitectur al Br actice. ur ?uilding lechnolog$
has ?eco9e leaner . 9ore e!! icient and ?etter
integr ated. !l has allo#ed Qr calcr cllicienc$ to ?e
achie6ed 111 ter 9s o! ener g$ use, construction
outBut Ber 9an 2or #o9an and internal sBace
Ber unit o! structural r esource. *hese o? ecti6e
Qarns ha6e. ho#e6er . ! ailed to addr ess the
other r ealit$ that #hich is ?ehind the rational
and
under lies the scienti!ic *he inner li! e. not onl$o!
BeoBle ?ut o! cities. has su!! ered. In e!! ect #e
ha6e lost sight o! the ?uilding as a li6ing thing.
ur 9odern ugl$ cities #ilh their Bollution and
stress ar e a 3ind o! illness that r e!lects not
onl$ glo?al en6iron9ental sic3ness ?ut also a
#ider crisis in the hu9an condition.
Al the root o! 9uch green thin3ing lies an
atte9Bt to con! ront these issues and to Br o6ide
a ?etter ?alance ?et#een 9an and nature.
4onceBtuall$, sustaina?ilit$ r e6er ses ?i?lical
leaching. It see3s not do9inion o6er Mod's
cr eation ?ut gentle guar dianshiB o! the earth's
?ounteous resour ces. *he hu9an race is not
aBart !ro9 the glo?al s$ste9 ?ut is integrated
interBr eted di!! er entl$ according to cultur e or r eligion
*hough all BeoBle deBend uBon nature ! or sustenance.6ar $ing cultural constructions are assigned to ecolog$
ar ound the #orld. or e5a9Ble, Jesus eQuated Mod #it
natur e - the 4hr istian Bosition has al#a$s ?een that
?e$ond natur e is the hand o! a suBer ior !or ce o6er
#hich 9an3ind has guardianshiB. 4hr istians loo3ed
through natur e at Mod and 9 the Br ocess ga6e
the9sel6es do9inion o6er all l16ing things.
M croBs. the u,1 cr isis, cloning and cli9ate chanQe
all de9onstr ate the ! oll$ o! this Bosition.
*he Mree3s. on the other hand. loo3ed through I
he gods at nature. *he role o! the gods #as to e5Bress
natural la#s and lo ?e go-?et#eens lor the hu9anr ace. 4lassicis9 cele?rated natur e not as a natur al or
Br i9e6al !or ce . ?ut as an o? ect o! har9on$ and ?eaut$
Ecolog$ #as r educed lo cull o? Sects. Eastern r eligions
adoBt a Quite di!! erent 9r crBr otauon to that o! either
the 4hr istian or the classical #or ld. *he "uddhist
Bosition treats natur e as ar t. cr eating illusion 111. and
distor ting. the natur al #orld. *here ar e no deeB
9essages her e - the hu9an 9ind tr anscends the
ter tiar$ realit$ o! nature ·, "uddhist BhilosoBh$ is a
contr act ?et#een 9an and Mod. acted oul, #ith natur e
gi6en a su?li9e r ole as a tr anQuil selling ! or 9editation
*her e is a interdeBendence ?et#een 9an3ind and the#orld al large - an inner and outer har 9on$ #hich
Blaces natur e #ithin a ?igger cos9ic order . *he *aoist
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/
Al, !
:r,tugo C..1t=.11 a$ r 1,, :ntlh
A1r-rrG11. :,lh,1(, 6Ban, @&&&
. ".." # .$' ' 'I arr huectu ·e >n>'i>>.t lo :1%
1.-11 d ·K,>>1gcr G #na * md:,
t11dl>'Q1ci 9 nctur c. CJlJII i J
8,933 the %'$e ,Q~ ,J ··ccl1EI ol
et ell.ul .-nl.i 11c, /• to d1*'l'r •.'n'
I ttldlllKn,: llhlr, iJ lJllQr u.•tl
•./1r11h ..
•1/4/,, ,/,.
r o:4~er and Po:1111i'* C7, 5,3,r,.r~l'
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ll(•C.l'!ni/d /or a tei.1dmS I 11,,,(1 r omsur et s (11 I hec / ItF d
the "i1 11,4. l5.clG'ingc· '(11all·G. lci>-.,r.,>>J,l$,
,i1r h1tC'::lul.Jll) Jnd ':, ,111.'ilh•
aesthetic, al9ost stoical. aBBr eciation o! natur e.
*he natural #orld is not the ulti9ate realit$ ?ut
Br eBar es 9an3ind ! or the eternal ?eaut$ o! the
a! ter li! e. Fatur e r s ! r a9ed, caBtur ed, 9anicur ed
and ?rought indoor s in idealised ! or 9.
In old sha9aruc r eligions. the sha9an had a
sBecial role to act as an inter9ediar$ ?et#een
the Br esent and Basl sBir its o! BeoBle. Blaces
and Blants. He had Bo#er s lo heal BeoBle and
the en6iron9ent. *her e #ere o!ten ?oth sBecial
Btaces and sBecial Blan %s - the cultur al her itage
#as a ?lend o! 9an-9ade and natur al Ieatur es.
ro9 these gr e# cultur al and soc ial constructs
#hich Blaced natur e #ithin the hu9an condition
- collecti6e 3no#ledge #as essentiall$ ecological
in sBir it>
*hese gener al 9terBr ctauons o! di! !er ent
r eligions helB to e5Blain the Barado5 o! 9odern
attitudes 1( natur e. *here is no uni6er sal 6ie#.
?ut a series o! distinct cultur al translations. As
a conseQuence one cannot e5Bect a single glo?al
r eading ot the ecological crisis - all BeoBles
interBr et the changing cli9atic and natur al
r ealit$ in a diller ent ! ashion. Ar chitectur e,
esBeciall$ gr een ar chitectur e, r s
necessaril$ in! luenced ?$ religious. social
and cultural!actor s. *her e r s no ecu9enical gr een 9o6e9ent
- 9er el$ a range o! r esBonses %o the o6erriding
&e need to ?r ing inlo !ocus lhe delight!ul and
une5Bected r esBonses lo curr ent en6iron9ental
Br o?le9s around the #orld. nl$ a glo?ol 6ie# #i
counter the Ber ceBtion that ther e is a u?iQuitous
sustaina?le st$le ir r esBecti6e o! custo9. cli9ate.
cu 11 ur e or Blace.
Ho# #e see our ?uildings is centr al to ho# #e
design the9. :ichar d :oger s tal3s a?out an
ar chitectur e o! resBonsi6eness. o! ?uildings 9ode
uBon the co9Ble5it$ and chanQea?ilit$ o! natural
or ganis9s. He cites ?ir ds and cha9eleons as use
9odels. Santiago 4alatr a6a, on the other hand. us
e$e as an e5a9Ble o! Ber Betual adaBtation to di! !e
conditions #rthtn a uni!ied #hole. %ouis ;ahn. 9
sBiritual 9ood. as3ed the ?ric3 #hat 11 9ost #ant?e and it ans#er ed 'an ar ch'. I! #e as3 a Biece o!
#hat it #ants to ?e it #ill nol ans#er 'a cit$' I! #
!lood Blain il #ill not reBl$ 'a housing estate' ur
lo go ?e$ond the rational - to see3 an architectur e
#hich is a li6ing thing. #hich enriches li! e at 9an
le6els and under stands a ! e# ecological tr uths.
Sic3 ?uildings and 9ellicr ent ?uilding t$Bes ar
! or9 o! illness> *heir ugliness is an e5Br ession o
su! ! ering #hich a! ! ects e6er$?od$. *he Ar ne1 ican
*ho9as oor e said that ?uildings ar e ?ound to u
another sBecies. *he$ ar e a 3ind o! li6ing Br esence
9e9?er o! the ta9il$, li3e our Bets. Since #e sBeleast )( Ber cent o! our li6es in ?uildings their i9
uBon hu9an li! e is enor9ous ur health. our sou
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o1es
+1=11.1rt1 + ogers. C +eil~t"1 5J l ~+:l )~1:' ,II:,9, I2or
r n~l+lo. l.i.:h.:C ec t 1;r-~ ,1
M dt•rr.•:•• 1~, D$~(~ dnd
ud .n I%onon, 111, i• i,P
, ?Z +ug•' tiles lheurt,1u.••3 cl t$( r tidGtilr:-on. + ,1 or J •~ Ooda) , + C
h1d1 ,, ll AuguGt @11&&
/ 0e/,1•s, 1.1H.ohn " Foss. Jr,,
Hf !'1J 10lt$ G!c15,1n IJndc:ril.
nr ~dto, 1o7,B+.) 1'1 n C @o:o;s, $pr ( I Ji-r,
r*2th:* lo $1 -::rJ *J'lt.c;.";1•:.
our 9e9ories are !ashioned ?$ the9. In Jungian
Bs$cholog$ ?uildings onl$ ani9ate our li!e i!
the$ ha6e anr9a - an inner Ber sonalit$. &ithoutarurna all is rational, cool and sterile. Mr een
%hin3ing is a #a$ o! gi6ing li6ing Br esence ?ac3
to our ar chitecture. &e 9a$ ar gue that the
agenda is lo#-energ$ design ?ut in realit$
architects li3e "ill Dunster, ;en Neang and
For9an oster ar e see3ing to con!r ont the %ost
inner #orld o! ar chitectural sBace.
Ho# an$ 8lanets Does the Hu9an :ace
Feed At Bresent le6els o! consu9Btion. the
hu9an sBecies r eQuires a?out %hr ee Ear ths lo
sustain
itsell, &e ar c e5ceeding the carr $ing caBacit$ or
natur al s$ste9s ?$ u ! actor o! thr ee Qencr all$.
si5 rn the &esl arid one or one and a hal! in
A!rica. *he areas o! r esource stress are in ! ossil
!uels, 9 agricullural land. in %he a6aila?ilit$ o!
clean dr in3ing #ater. in har d#ood Broducts. in
Ii.sh and. 9ost i9Bor tantl$, in ler 9s or the glo?al
di 9ale. As #e 9odi! $ the Earth lo 9eet hu9an
need ther e is a loss o! sBecies. genetic di6er sit$
and 6irgin ha?itats. *he Blane is ?eco9ing an
enor 9ous larrn to suBBort r aBidl$ gr o#ing cities.
E l i l t id t h d th
suBBort its o#n acti6ities. In this #e ha6e assu9ed
godli3e Qualities as Menesis Bredicted.I! olher Blanets #er e a6aila?le lhe Bro?le9 #ould
?e so greal. As il r s, #e ar e alone r n %he uni6erse 2at
leasl in ter9s o! near ?$ Botential ha?itation and can
$et ?egin to e5Bloit the r esources else#her e. *hough
ar s and JuBiter ha6e enor9ous r esour ces. the
e9?odied ener g$ in6ol6ed in e5tracting the9 is
Br ohi?iti6e. So #e consu9e al a ! actor o! e5haustion
that aBBroaches 9:1 and ! ace the BrosBect o! our o#n
e5tinction 9 a !e# hundr ed $ear s. Rnless. thal r s. #e
can 9anage our #a$ out o! a cr isis - 9anage in the
sense o! addr essing a ?road sBectr u9 o! hu9an
acti6ities including design.
*he t#o ar eas o! i99inent r esour ce str ess - ! ossil
!uels and cli9ate insta?ilit$ - ar c ?oth directl$
in! luenced ?$ decisions 9ade ?$ ar c?uccts. "uildings
consu9e hal! or all ! ossil-!uel energ$ and the totalit$ ocities consu9e lhree-Quar lers ur decr srons as ?ur ldi
des igner s and cit$ 9a3er s ar e c> ucial to the sur 6i6al n
ust o! 9an3ind, ?ut o! natural s6sierns generall$. ll r s
said that )( Ber cenl or glo?al Bhotos$nthesis no# goe
lo suBBorting : 0m0 )0 pi e&) - li3e the dinosaur s #e a
do9inant, aQQr cssi6o and at the loB o! all !ood chains.
an3ind holds in its hands not onl$ its o#n destin$ ?u
also that or nature's rich inheritance. an3ind has ?e
i di hi ! l1 1 t d h t
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I , i . ii
ii
*he e6idence that glo?al #ar9ing e5ists is
o6er#hel9ing . Science has esta?lished ?e$ond
dou?t the correlation ?et#een ?urning !ossil
!uels and Blanetar$ #ar9ing. ore recente6idence sho#s that other acti6ities o! 9an3ind
are accelerating the r ise in glo?al te9Beratures.
*hese include the destruction o! rain!orests
K9ainl$ to suBBl$ the #orld's construction
industr$. #aste and the associated release o!
9ethane gases. Mlo?al #ar9ing is an
unco9!orta?le !act !or Boliticians, designers, the
construction industr$ and the hu9an race. It is
also an unco9!orta?le realit$ !or 9an$ other
glo?al sBecies #ho see their ha?itats destro$ed
?$ !orest clearing, sea-le6el rise anddeserti!ication. &e not onl$ Blace oursel6es
under threatG the #hole ecos$ste9 is stressed ?$
glo?al #ar9ing.
"ut glo?al #ar9ing is onl$ Bart o! the
challenge. &e are #itnessing a 9aor dri!t to
cities ?$ the hu9an BoBulation. *he $ear +(((
9ar3ed the !irst ti9e in 9an3ind's histor$ that
the ur?an BoBulation e5ceeded the rural one.
! our glo?al BoBulation o! si5 ?illion, 9or e
BeoBle no# li6e in cities than in the countr$side.
*his not onl$ entails an intensi!ication o! ur?an
Bro?le9s KBollution, sBace, cro#ding andresource stress` ?ut also raises e5Bectations o!
an enhanced li!est$le. &ith this go the Bersonal
goals o! air conditioning, car and energ$
consu9ing gadgets o! 6arious 3inds. As the
hu9an sBecies ?eco9es 9ore ur?an #e
consu9e 9ore and Bollute 9ore. *his, as
:ichard :ogers Bointed out in his :eith lectures
in 1, shi!ts the e9Bhasis !ro9 ?uildings to
ur?an design, and !ro9 si9Ble cho ices Ksuch as
energ$ to co9Ble5 ones Ksuch as ecolog$. *he
en6iron9ent is incr easingl$ stressed ?$
9an3ind's success and BoBulation gro#th. It is
anticiBated that ?$ +(( the glo?al hu9an ·
BoBulation #ill ?e 1( ?illion. "$ then there 9a$
#ell ?e 9ore hu9ans than all the other large
9a99als But together .
*he stresses i9Bosed ?$ such gro#th touch
uBon resources and #aste. *he ?ig Question !or
glo?al ecologists toda$ is #hether hu9an
success as a sBecies #ill ?e constrained ?$
resource scarcit$ or Bollution. &ill #aste
succeed in li9iting gro#th in consu9Btion 9ore
e!!ecti6el$ than the ina?ilit$ to secure e6er 9oreresources &ith t#o Ber cent glo?al econo9ic
gro#th Ber $ear Kthe &orld *rade rganiTation 's
interest̀ . *his i9Bact #ill ?e !elt Br i9ar il$ in citi
#ill stress the e5isting ?uilding stoc3 as 9uch a
str ess BeoBle. *oda$'s ?uildings #ill need to
acco99odate the !uture scarcit$ o! r esour ces. 8and the intensi! ied Bressure on sBace that #ill r
!ro9 the 9ushroo9ing hu9an BoBulation #ill !o
uBon an e6er s9aller geograBhical area> the cit$
6er the Bast decade #e ha6e 9o6ed !ro9 a
concern !or glo?al #ar 9ing, #ith its associated
international agree9ents K:io, ;$oto`.to a #ider
!or the
state o! cities, the en6iron9ent and ecological h
*his shi!t is central to the notion o! sustaina?le
de6eloB9ent. Sustaina?ilit$ is intellectuall$ 9or
interesting, Bro! essionall$ 9ore challenging anddesign ter9s 9ore de9anding than an$ other a
It has e9erged as the ne# cutting edge in scien
?asis !or inno6ati6e ne# technologies and desig
aBBroaches, the !resh Baradig9 !or social eQuit$
the lens through #hich #e 6ie# hu9an de6eloB
Sustaina?ilit$ is the concern o! the ?est thin3ers
our age - it can ?e traced as an underl$ing the9
the Harr$ 8otter ?oo3s, in Sea9us Heane$'s
reinterBr etation o! "eo#ul!, in 8eter Hall's re#r
ur?an histor$. or 9an$ o! the #or ld's ?est arch
K8iano, Neang,oster it is the challenge o! our a
the ! irst uni!$ing ?asis !or a ne# architecture si4or?usier's 0$ar) a e$ !r#iteture #as B
in 1+7.
&hat is o!ten ignored
in ar chitectural circles is
the #a$ sustaina?le
de6eloB9ent as a conceB
?r idges t#o central
aQendas o! ?uilding
design> technolog$
and social BurBose.
&hat is o! ten ignor ed in architectural circles
#a$ sustaina?le de6eloB9ent as a conceBt ?r idg
centr al agendas o! ?uilding design> technolog$ a
social BurBose. an$ recent 9o6e9ents in archha6e Bla$ed to onl$ one side o! the eQuation. Hi
#as high architecture #ith little social usti!icatio
in urb!n !r(!s t$!n
ones ur8an r o 8lemsintensi*) ng Oh s 8ringst$ t d
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Al iJ ar e cities not 9er el$ ?ig ?uildings
uni!ied ?$ glaTed galleries, gardens and
It is ti9e to ta3e stoc3 o! #her e gr een ar chitect
going. Earl$ Bioneer s 2uller. "rundtland. the Oales
e9Bhasised the energ$ di9ension r n sustaina?ilit$.
r e9ains a Bri9ar$ concern ?ecause o! acceler atingle6els o! glo?al car?on e9issions. "ut does lo#-en
design on its o#n Br oduce gr eat architectur e_ *he
little e6idence to lin3 high aesthetics to energ$
conser6ation - in !act, the contr ar $ is o!ten the cas
is onl$ #hen the !ull Bictur e or ecological design is
addressed that a rich. co9Ble5 and ?eauti!ul
ar chitecture e9erges. uture S$ste9s· ?uildings
the recent #or3 o! oster's o!!ice ar e land9ar 3s t
sustaina?le - not lo# energ$ - design. *hese and
#or3s o! other Br actices 9a$ #histle to the tune o
glo?al #ar9ing ?ut in r ealit$ the$ ar e Br oducing It
;en NeanQ's ter9 I ?ioclirnatic, ecologicall$ r esBons?uildings. And in the Brocess the$ ar e de6eloBing
e5citing technologies. so9e o! #hich ar e ?orr o#ed
other industries. *hese ?uildings also closel$ add
hu9an needs. ?oth Bh$sical and Bs$chological. *h
str uctures that e5Br ess social sustaina?ilit$ at %he
o! hu9an health, Br oducti6it$ and #ell?eing. oste
High *ech, ?reathing ?uildings are al9ost lungs i
#hich BeoBle d#ell. *he sear ch !or a r esBonsi6e
en6iron9ent is as 9uch dri6en ?$ the hu9an aBBe
!or sBir itual uBli!t as it is ?$ technological inno6ati
Social. ecological and cullur al sustaina?ilit$ #ill ?
9easur es ! or to9orr o#'s ?uildings.*he hu9an dr i!t to cities is acco9Banied ?$ t#o
!ur ther conseQuences !or sustaina?le design. *he
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glaTedroo!heat
s air
to Bro9ote stac3e! ! ect
direct r e!lected lightinto o!!ices 6ia str eet
roo! 9ounted AHRs #ith heat
reco$er) durinu
DDDDDDr ain#ater collection toi l
B il
l . l
li ii
l i
i
l ili i i i
chilled #ater K1-1 degrees 4l !r o9la3e suBBlies chilled ?ea9s
eci@nA $~illt$y ri~nc,n~ i4e l'&7iror 1r lln1 ior st!%% 1s o! ten l"l?#e trnpo.rt!nt 1
cop!ni(s lh•n e, lng ono/g) cost,rl n
( $ear s in a li! eti9e. *he hu9an ha?itat is essentia
interior . *he en6iron9ents #e cr eate a! !ect us in ter
our Bh$sical and 9ental health. Sustaina?ilit$ is the
ho# an ar chitecture o! inter ior occuBation can ?e ! as
to suBBort health$ and Broducti6e li! e st$les. :ecent
resear ch suggests that gr een ?uildings enhance #o
Ber! or 9ance and social har9on$. A Br oducti6e, Bos
and
health$ #or 3 lor ce is 9or e i9Bortant to a t$Bical co9
than lhe 9one$ sa6ed in the lo#er utilit$ ?ills o! gr e
design. &hen a co9Ban$ such as "arcla$car d sBend
Ber cent o! its total outgoings on la?our costs and t#
cent
on energ$ ?ills. it 9a3es sense to Br o6ide health$
r esBonsi6e #or3ing sBaces !or sta! ! rather than ! ocusthe single issue o! lo#-energ$ design.
*he sa9e is true o! gr een schools and gr een hosBitals
#hich enhance Ber!or 9ance in 9an$ su?tle #a$s 2te
ar e a?sent less o!ten. ?etter e5a9 r esults, Batients
r aster. *hese #ider social ?ene! its ar e ?eginning to
?rought inlo clear er !ocus as the 9illenniu9 un!olds.
*he$ reBr esent the ! usion o! a solid technological ?as
social sustaina?ilit$. Broducti6it$ and social cohesion
on health$ li! e st$les rather than the usual #el! are r i
and e9Blo$9ent. or ar chitects, too. the r ecognition
social di9ension to sustaina?ilit$ allo#s ?uildings to
addr ess issues ?e$ond that o! lo#-ener g$ design.
Mr een> Fatur e as Muide
ID J ) *;** 1 *
eeB r e6eals ?r s'e\Goleiro6 de shading to \ \
l 9 deeB o!!ices *******•1/ 111//
outh e e6ation \ \allo# natur al 6entilation 11111111• J I I I 9 I I
I \ and 9a5i9u9 da$ ightin g high
ther9aght shel6es Bro6 de \ ' Ber!or 9ance tondirect da$l ghting I Beri9eter #alls
D#indo#sI
D
a3e suBBl es ch lle#ater and sBr n3ler
#Jl~I
andscaBing to 9od !$ adacent air
--- ------ -- -
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S$ste9s'e5Bloitation o!?io9i9icr$, tooster 's
aBBroach #hich
is 9or e ?ased on
ecological
s$ste9s, lo
NeanQ's adoBtion
or ter9ite-to#er
BrinciBles o!
natur al 6entilation.
Ho#e6er , as a
design disciBline
natur e is not
#ithout Bro?le9s.
It lac3s a
technological
?ase and its outButs ar e rar el$ sociall$ ?enign.
Fe6er theless. ?$ ?lending technolog$ and
ecolog$ it is Bossi?le lo
gener ate ?uildings and cities #ith r educed
en6iron9ental i9Bact ?$ adoBting the conceBt
o! 6er ticall$ sBir alling li!e-c$cle looBs. *heconceBt oHer s architects a ne# tool in their
sear ch ! or less da9aging constr uction.
Fatur e not onl$ r ec$cles> it 9o6es uB#ards
to#ards e6en greater co9Ble5it$ and ?eaut$ as
the scale o! co9Ble5it$ incr eases. I5 see9s to
ha6e an in?uilt 9otor o! di6er sit$. It shuns
reBeats. cloning and the 9indless sear ch ! or
Ber!ect duBlication #hich is 9an3ind's
Br e!er ence. In this, natur e o! ! er s a 9odel !or
ne# cit$ !or 9s and ! r esh ?uilding t$Bologies.
So9eho# #e ha6e to ?ring the ?eaut$.
r ichness and social di6ersit$ o!
cor al r ee! s and r ain!or ests lo ?ear uBon hu9ancr eations.
%earning ! ro9 nature entails using ecolog$ in
Quite distinct #a$s. ne has to r e9e9?er that
natur e is not neutr al - it has its o#n la#s and
9ethods o! #or3ing. Dar #in helBed to disco6er the3e$s to the genesis o! sBecies and their
interdeBendence #ithin ha?itats. ther s ha6e
unra6elled the genetic codes to li! e itsel! . &e ar e
9aster s o! this 3no#ledge, ?ut too r ar el$ ?r ing the
Br inciBles to ?ear on architectur al design. ur citie
are d$ing ust li3e the cor al r ee! s - Bollution. glo?a
#ar 9ing and tour is9 ulti9atel$ 3ill an$thing that
delicate and ?eauti! ul.
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,
i I
i
, i .
i
i
.
Fost(r & Partner s,
H(!,tEudrr r % ::, tor *r(!t(r
I. nndon Aumor t). l 'i%% I 1 coster's 1s+i6~ headSuarter s
11 Lon*on. w th l$ 3ell-no3n~$1 4 s$!p(, t~u; tu opo.:.111tor ,1 n( bu,ld ng tor .... e ,.1 t.
JtBn !l4 il'I :r/. hun,t*n +ti ;? C1;11 * 1, '~ *m/lt• t-!
';IJ+&i.'.%K~I .. I b1n.,..,...11cry, t.:;4ng
t$( lor %'D'l or a s(ction ol nlung.
-n-rr ,=hl
D$o ric$nl+': and comcieNu$
ol Ior ru "Jl colou in nulu, et!n nrn21d3:• p!r(d,g~ !s2,•(,I il1 nsBr ranon ioror chitccturo
cr der
can ?e dra#n ?et#een ?uildings 2sBeciesY and
cities Kha?itatsY. %earning !ro9 nature
encour ages an aBBreciation o! ho# these
inter act. r n resour ce ter9s. #ith energ$. #aler and 9aterials going in, and #asle, Bollution and
conta9ination co9ing out. In eucct. #e ha6e an
ar chitectural ecos$ste9 #her e the r estr aint is
argua?l$ 9or e a sin3 li9il than a resour ce one.
And it is the sin3 li9it that is destro$ing the
#orld's cor al ree! s. not the scarcit$ o! r esource
inButs Here #e ha6e a #arning !ro9 nature.
+. Rsing nature's 9odels to in!or9. *he structu
e9Blo$ed in natur e ar e #ell tested. *he shaBes,
co9Bositions. con!igur ations and 9ater ials usednatur e ar e enduring and sustaina?le. oster's ! a
gher3in-shaBed o! !ice lo#er ! or %ondon r s an o?
e5a9Ble o! ?io9 i9icr$. His de?ating hall !or the
%ondon Authorit$. #hich loo3s li3e a section o! a
another . In ?oth cases natur e's tr ied and tested
ar e adaBted to Br o6ide a r esBonsi6e li! e enhancin
ar chitectur e. :ogers· citing o! the cha9eleon as
e5a9Ble o! a Botential ar chitectur e #hose s3in c
accor ding to #eather and light is another ther s
utur e S$ste9s to Santiago 4alatr a6a dr a# uBon
r eBertoire o! !or9s ! ound in natur e. ne char acte
stands out - the a6oidance o! the right angle, o!9echanical reBetiti6e linear thought.
Ho# then, can natur e ?e our guide i6e
Quite distincti6e Botentials can ?e Bostulated.
1. %earning !ro9 natur e. *h s #as an
cl/arQ's clar on call in his r e9ar 3a?le ?oo3 o!
the sa9e na9e Bu?lished n 17( Fatur e has
Batterns and or der s o! nter deBendence #hich
can ?e
used to design ?uildings. Ecological design is an
atte9Bt to But these s$ste9s into the l near.
luncuonal eQuations nor 9all$ e9Blo$ed %i!e
c$cle assess9ent allo#s ?uildings to ta3e on the
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....... ·
0. Rsing nature ! or ecological accounting. All
en6ir on9ental assess9enl s$ste9s ha6e an ecologic
?asis though. ?ecause or the Br essure or glo?al#ar 9ing, ener g$ is nor9all$ the do9inant the9e. *
"uilding :esearch Esta?lish9ent En6iron9ental
Assess9ent ethod K":4EAt61J in the R;. Eco-Quantu9
auditing in *he Fetherlands and the %eader shiB in
Energ$ and Design Br ogr a99e (5BB6! in the KA
e9Blo$ an auditing s$ste9 #hich tr eats the ?uilding
a ha?itat. Each su?ect. ?e it #aler. 9aterials or ener
is a resource #hose 6alue is #eighted accor ding to it
scarcit$ or da9aging i9Bact. *he idea o! natur e-?ase
accounting leads lo the identi! ication o! 'indicator s'
#hich relie6e designer s o! the tas3 or assessinge6er$thing. *hese indicator s are guides to good Brac
- the$ are selected according lo ?uilding t$Bes and
other conditions. *he$ cast l1ghl on the health o! the
ha?itat - #hether ?uilding or cit$.
. a3ing nature e5Blicit. Her e architectural
design ?r ings nature into 6ie#, either inside or
outside a ?uilding or directl$ 9 the construction
9aterials e9Blo$ed. Fature is a sour ce o!
tactile, 6isual and aural Bleasure. &hen
#elco9ed into ?uildings it has a Bractical
Bur Bose Klo cleanse the air and a sBiritual one
K%o uBli!t the sBir it. reduce str ess and create
har 9on$ #ith %he cos9os. *he gro#th in atria
has ?een acco9Banied ?$ a corresBonding
increase in ?ringing nalur e indoor s. %i3e the
Oictorian Bal9 house. natur e is no# a
co99odit$ r n co99ercial Br e9ises and al9ost
a Bet in the ho9e. *his has led so9e %o
sBeculate that our ?uildings ar e oined to us as
another sBecies - a 3ind o! li6ing entit$ #hich
shar es our li! e as a d$na9ic organis9. Fatur e
gi6es ?uildings their ani9a and hence. in
J i t th t ! d
. E6er $ sBecies is a designer. Fature teaches us tha
all li6ing cr eatur es e5ercise design choices in so9e
! ashion. Fearl$ all oBt.ions are li9ited ?$ genetic
inher itance - a Barticular ant can onl$ ?uild a Barticu
t$Be o! ant hill - ?ut it r e9ains tr ue that in natur e all
the Barts contri?ute to the designed #hole. *he "i?le
clai9s that this is the hand o! di6ine cr eationG Dar#in
on the other hand. Buts it do#n lo natur al selection.
Either #a$, e6er$ li6ing creatur e ! ro9 high sBecies lo
lo# is acti6el$ engaged in the sear ch ! or uchness,
co9Ble5it$ and . ulti9atel$, ?eaut$ itsel! ABBlied lo
hu9an ecolog$ this 9eans lhal e6er$?od$ is a design
- e6er$ 9e9?er o! the hu9an r ace is an ar chitect sin
#e all 9odi!$ our en6iron9ent and e5er cise design
choices.
4ertain under standings o! glo?al sustaina?le
Bractice co9e !ro9 these ctassi! icauons. It is clear t
K+ is !a6oured ?$ 9an$ ar chitects !or its lor9al
Bossi?ihues. Fatur e is not under stood as a s$ste9 ?
is re6er ed as a language o! ! or9s oster's recent
hi?iti l th S i ? 4 t d
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he 6ernacular tr adition is ?lendedstincti6el$ #ith asBects o! socialustaina?ilit$ to !orge a so!t lo#-techreen architectur e.
t
Oi6as Architect #1lh
dBBold. OeneTuelan
n. I lano6cr E5Bo +(((.
cneToctans r esBonded loBo's Ihe9e 'Hu9an3 11d·
- lechnolog$' #ith a,ghl un!olding !lo#er
S$ste9s. loo, ha6e ?or r o#ed !reel$ !ro9ecological sources> !lo#ers, Blan3ton and
star!ish. utside the R; other in!luences can
?e detected. ;en Neangdra#s uBon 11 l in his
search tor a conte9Bor ar$ high-r ise ar chitecture
that e5Bloits natur al curr ents uB#ards 2!or
6entilation and r ec$cles #astes do#n#ards
2!or co9Bosting. *his is a BhilosoBh$ #hich
is s$ste9-?ased ?ul still dr a#s on a str ong
! or9al language o! ?io9i9icr$.:ichard :oger s, on the other hand, 9a3es
!reQuent r e!erence to K in ?oth his ?uildings
and in his cit$ Blans. Fature is allo#ed to
colonise the interior sBaces, the roo! toBs and
the surrounding landscaBe. :ogers increasingl$
uses 6egetation as another la$er in his
9odi! ication o! the #or3ing en6iron9ent.*he usti! ication is that o! energ$ conser6ation
?ut the e!! ect is to uBli! t the sBir it ?$ 9a3ing
natur e i99ediatel$ 6isi?le. or :ogers, natur ers ?oth an aesthetic tool and a source o! delight.
necessar$ lo hu9anise cities
sustaina?ilit$ to !orge a so!t lo#-tech gr een
architecture. Nou see it in the sQuatter ca9Bs or
4it$ 2#ith ad9ira?le r ec$cling ?ut susBect Bu?lic
health. in South A!r ican to#nshiBs a#a$ !r o9 o
gaTe. Nou see it. too, in the 6illages o! the "raTil
rain!or ests #her e e6er$ house is di!! er ent ?ut ea
shar es a co99on code or constr uction. *hese B
ar e ha?itats in the tr ue sense o! the ter 9, #ith
one o! 9an$ sBecies Br esent. r der is nol lhe r e
r oads. r egulations or se#er s ?ut o! the logic or
sBace and local constr uction 9aterials.
! all the aBBlications or natur e none is 9or e
9echanistic than 20 Ecological accounting is a
9easure o! i9Bact ?ut it r ar el$ leads to gr eat
ar chitectur e. *hese assess9ent techniQues star
a9ongst the ?uilding scientists o! the &est and
?eing aBBlied uni6er sall$. e# ha6e social concer?edded into their assess9ent ta?les and none #
?eaut$ or co9Ble5it$ as desir a?le goals. In ! act.
contrar$ is o!ten the case - ?$ su? ecting designsrigour o! car?on e9ission accounting it is Bossi?
lose sight o! the sBiritual di9ension *his is cert
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%arning !r o9 natur e
ielden
Clogg "radle$BC
*ho9as HerTog
%uci en ;r ol%
"uilding :esear ch Esta?lish9ent !!ice, &at! oSli9?r idge Oisitor 4entre. Mloucestershir e
Mer9an 8a6ilion, Hano6er E5Bo
Bcolonia. AalBhen. Holland
Rsing nature's rrrodets car rnan oster ;3iss+ ~B*uildirOg. 5endonto m*or rn utur e S$.ste9s
an-.t1ag:o Cala.tra$aedia '4en>Cre,lor d's >4ric3et Mr ound,%ondon
. Aen-Nea!lV Shanghai' Ar 9our$*o#er ,PudonS'4! 'tet#ood . AsS is Bh$sical or Bs$chological
health the 3e$, and ar e the ! luctuations in
te9Berature that occur #ith 9or e sustaina?le
Br actices 9ore 9 steB #ith the natur al #orldthan the ster eot$Bical en6ir on9ent o! air
conditioning_ an$ BeoBle #ho li6e or #or3 in
,, 1r 1B;r.
111 J ti
•i !t)
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t.bc,','- Jlul ir 11;,1l9
61'11J i!no 1H '',91
8or 4+i$o1,. 1.G , .t 5a8or ator$
n* Wo 1 "ho/. 'unt ...1 64~ .
Menoa, 11 *h,s #as ?u1t1
?$ 8iano to house c , #&l2... n
+.lutl 1.and ! I @ t , .;:ibnr .Jtor2
8osi> ened on ,1 sl(op(d
~on(, II ochocs 9e Jnnen I
terraces o# the L$=u .. ,n roJt
in 1t 9tertor -:n* e5tonor suuctur n Cu It cnnr cl6 ol ntass 1Mtli il l!1&'1:it(1J#ocrt
% r r 11no. 1 toc3s ll4t~ ont• o% the
!ny=r't iihou~ $ $t%ll'#t1* lng
t$( lt.:Jltdr 6121(r.1 8tants In
I he %iu1I d ng and on adaL>er
and e5Bectations to suit changing e5ternal
conditions - e5tra clothes. 9ore sheller. 9ore
logs in #inler *he e!! ect o! this adust9ent is
Bh$s ical, and to so9e e5tent Bs$chological. In
adusting #e are 9a3ing a Bositi6e resBonse and
!eel ?eller .*he Bro?le9 #ith 9odern en6iron9entall$
sealed ?uildings is that the occuBants cannot
9a3e these adust9ents - lhe heater controls
ar e !i5ed, the #indo#s loc3ed closed.
Increasingl$ toda$, 9odi!ication lo li6ing and#or3ing en6iron9ents is needed to deal not #ith
le9Beratur e di!! erence ?ul #ith 9ental stress.
%e6els o! stress 6ar$ throughout the da$ in the
#or3 Blace ?ut the ?uilding is o!ten ! i5ed and
un!orgi6ing. "uildings designed lo sustaina?le
BrinciBles. ho#e6er, ar e 9ore adaBti6e - $ou can
oBen #indo#s, 9o6e into Bools o! sunlight,
touch Blants in atria or #indo# ?o5es. or si9Bl$
sit in the cold to cool do#n. So as the stress
le6els o! 9odern li!e rise $ou can adust $our o#n
sBace
to suit $our Bs$chological and Bh$sical needs.
Mreen ?uildings are good !or stress.*his argu9ent could ?e e9Blo$ed at a glo?al
le6el. *her e are di!!er ent conditions o! e5ternal
en6iron9ent that ar e caused ?$ natural c$cles,and a !urther la$er caused ?$ 9an3ind's
acti6ities Mreen cities can a?sor? these
natur e o! sustaina?le design encour ages lhe cre
a resBonsi6e #orld. Such resBonsi6eness r s ess
a !uture o! higher te9Beratures, rarnlall and Bo
stress. Rncertainl$ cannot ?e countered ?$ the
certainties o! old #a$s - high-tech design, air
conditioning. 9echanistic Bredictions. *he glo?a
and engineering co99unit$ needs lo rethin3 its
technological assu9Btions - to ! ind a ?etter #a$
using the !ruits or science. It #ill r eQuir e ar chitec
sear ch deeBer into their i9aginations.Health is e9erging as the '#ild card' o!
sustaina?ilit$. or a %ong %i9e &estern societ$
!ocused on energ$ ?ut the r elationshiB ?et#ee
and health has led to so9e ne# under slanding
o! al!orda?le heal is a 9aor cause o! heallh-r eillness 9 9an$ Boor housing estales in EuroBe
the us A. E5cessi6e heat is a 3iller 111 Barts o! As
A!rica and the 8acrlic :i9. &e 9oderate our
en6iron9ent largel$ %o Broduce health$ conditi
lo consu9e or sa6e energ$. II %he glo?al #ar9
eQualion #as set out in ter9s o! its e! ! ect on
rather than energ$ a di!!erent Bicture #ould e
4ar ?on consu9Btion could ?e sel against ?ene
har9 to health #hich #ould allo# a ?etter
under standing o! the interactions #ith !ood
Broduction, #ater conser6ation, and energ$ us
Health is alread$ e9erging as the Bri9ar$ con/1 agencies. esBeciall$ lhose #or3ing in Alrica
a9ine AIDS and a recurrence ol tu?erculosis
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I! oil and #ater helB to de!ine the di! !er ences 1n
sustaina?le Br actices in the architectures o! the
#orld, ther e is a sense that the challenge o! ecologica
design can co9?ine the 9echanistic str ength o! the
&est and the sBiritual deBth o! the East.energ$ is selling the agenda. Sustaina?le
design needs nol onl$ to learn !r o9 natur e ?ut
! ro9 health. Ener g$ conser6ation is a su?set o!
health, health is not a su?set o! ener g$
consu9Btion.
Is it il or ater that #atter s2
*he di!! erent r egional BersBecti6es on
sustaina?ilit$ ar e #ell illustr ated ?$ the di!!er ent
nature o! 'sin3 li9its' in di!! er ent Barts o! the#orld. In the industrialised &est. air Bollution is
?eco9ing a 9a or constraint on de6eloB9ent. In
%ondon. 8ar is. Fe# Nor3 and %os Angeles Boor
air -Qualit$ Boses a serious ris3 to Bu?lic health -
the J esti9ates that air Bollution ! ro9 tra!!ic is
the second ?iggest 3iller in EuroBe. leading to
(,((( deaths a $ear ! ro9 ?ronchitis and heart
disease. In A! r ica. on the other hand. #ater
Boltutr on is the 3iller . Rnsa!e dr in3ing #ater 3ills
9or e BeoBle than 1-i,. and, accor ding to the uF
onl$ a third o! the BoBulation has clean #aler
to dr in3. So #her eas in the &est the strateg$! or sustaina?le de6eloB9ent ! ocuses on ener g$
conser6ation Kand hence less air Bollution
roots to sustaina?le di6er sit$> ener g$ and the
corr esBonding eQuation o! glo?al-#ar 9ing gases r s
a?str act. scienti! ic and 9echanistic in 1%s 9easur es>
#ater is #edded lo the land and connects not #ilh lhe
r ational ?ut the sBir itual #orld. &aler is tactile. 6isi?l
and in A!r ica and India it is dir ectl$ r elaled lo health a
agricultural Broducti6it$. *he sha9anic #or ld is
concerned #ith #ater not oil. and hence #ith the
aesthetic and sBir itual. Fo #onder #ater is increasing
seen as to9orro#'s oil.I! oil and #ater helB to de! ine the di!! erences in
sustaina?le Bractices in the ar chitectur es o! lhe #or ld
ther e is a sense that the challenge o! ecological design
can co9?ine the 9echanistic str ength o! the &est and
the sBir itual deBth o! the East. E6en i! societ$ does no
! ind itsel! li9ited ?$ r esour ce constr aints, sin3 hrruts
#ill dri6e design to#ards a 9or e holistic agenda.
Holistic in the sense o! co9?ining the Briorities o!
ener g$ and #ater conser6ation, o! adoBting li! e-c$cle
assess9ent as a 9easur e o! ro?ustness in the choice
all 9aterials. and in the integration o! the rational and
sBiritual di9ensions. And herein lies one o! the seedsar chitectur e's renaissance. "$ relie6ing ?uilding design
o! its o?sessi6e 9aterialit$ architecture can e5Blore
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Architectural Ecos6stern -
%F8R-rs
'Bn~r-g)'ater
..,ater rats
R*8R*S
'aste-
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0lo 8al + esources
:esour ce uilding use
0lo8al Pollution
Pollution uilding r elated
Energ$ (b Air Sualit) lctuesl @U^
&ater 0+b 0lo8al 3arming gases ;&^
aterials l8) 8ul (b 6rin ing 3ater ollution U&^
Agr icultural land loss 0)b %and!ill #aste @&^
Cor al reel destruction (b Kindir ect CCs?CCs ;&^
4hanging Agenda o! &orld De6eloB9ent
"asis o! &or ld De6eloB9ent uB to 1)7
"asis o! &orld De6eloB9ent a!t.er 1)7
Sustaina?le
6e$slornent
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%ord oster o! *ha9es "an3
I
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Jan ;aBlic3$ o! uture S$ste9s
1111' l'JMI:'
1111' Al 3 8roect, 1I hie.. w~~ d(sign(d as J';ir gc c5hunuon $d ti t9 I
$ Barth Centre, --J tlll'll+
H5 p--oj(cl o 6cnrnster
i.J r,rJ~, e op
8r J84L le+. loulouse. 1
=pp.;'., It+ cunur u I8ro eLI %t=rl, london, 1.
r .p2,,1 b .urn 1,,1 I8ror ecl Ped, l'J ,I ,n, 1'
ro1c-ct O(d !s c1 rese-9'h9itlau6e ltd~d +3 t$or ur oBenn oission to(plor( t$( l(l.l~1b1l+ly nl
Ter o
em ~~ ,on7. *2?4~ lo/mcnt 9
P5'01 ho# 9uch #ill
?e consu9ed during construction and ?e! ore
that in the Broduction o! the 9aterials. *his also
9eans that the Quantit$ and #eight o! 9ater ials
ha6e to ?e gi6en serious consideration ! or lhe
!ir st ti9e. *he !e#er 9ater ials a ?uilding uses
the gr eener it is - less r esources and energ$ are
used to Broduce it.&hat ar e $our 3e$ concerns as a designer
interested in sustaina?ilit$ater ials, as I ha6e suggested. ar e a?solutel$ loB
Br ior it$. *he i9Bact sustaina?ilit$ is going lo ha6e
on design, ho#e6er. is going to ?e 9uch 9or e
re6olutionar$. At the 9o9ent. BeoBle ar e tr$ing lo
Br etend that the need to Br oduce sustaina?le
ar chitectur e is going lo ha6e no e!! ect on the
! or 9 o! ?uildings. It is li3e #hen the car #as ! ir st
in6ented and rt i9itated the lor 9 o! the hor se-
dr a#n carr iage. ll too3 a certain a9ount or li9e !
ta3e on its o#n !or9. :ather than ust ?eing 3osh
gr een ar chitectur e needs to ! ind its o#n ! or9. Air
and cross 6entilation #ill. !or instance, ha6e an
i9Bortant i9Bact on the !or 9 o! ?uildings.
Ho# #ould $ou udge the success o! a ?uilding
in the 'green· age
As $et there ha6e ?een no tr%1l$ gr een ?uildings 8u
*he ?uildings that ar e cur r entl$ ?eing constr uctedar enl e6en Br otot$Bes ! or a 'green' age. *he$ are o9inor atte9Bts al sustaina?ilit$. *he la# as it stan
doesn't gi6e signi! icant changes, esBeciall$ in the u
R; *here is 6er $ little roo9 !or gr een architectur e
architectur e schools. An A9erican lectur er at a 3
3no#n us school r ecentl$ r e! err ed to rl 9er el$ as
!ashion. ll is e6ident that co9Bletel$ ne# thin3ing
r eQuir ed. *he 9otorcar didn't haBBen until the en
e5isted. Intelligent ?utldrnQs don't as $et e5ist.In #hat #a$ do $ou use 'natur e' as a guide.
Fatur e can ?e used as a 9odel at 9an$ di!!erent
or instance. ter 9ites' nests ha6e t#o s3ins #ithnatural 6entilation. In ?et#een natur e's str ucturesha6e a lightness not Bresentl$ ! ound in 9an-9ade
constructions. *he$ ar e !ar lighter in #eight than9ade ?$ 9an and co9Bar a?l$ ! ar gr eater 9 str en*he thread in a sBider's #e?. ! or instance, is t#ice
strong as steel. *here is so 9uch to learn !r o9 a
e!! icient use o! 9aterials. In gener al. or ganic ! or 9! ar 9ore e!! icient than 9an's. tr*
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. D
• \ \t.
.. \I
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%ord :ogers o! :i6erside
i>G,$hl
Curdttr 1u I -.i
Courts, r ance 1%%M.
1:pp ,1 I .:+,,I
l,o)d s +egister o' ShlBB9Q.
@&&&
I pr.--111 II;&; IIM$t
)) &od tr eet. 5endon, 1%%%
, /t, ...1lB I l•l"lh l!r
om/uter r ,..nd(1111 +3@,:,3#,c.:
H"4u.l,;on o h1rh2lr#1 0ogM~
'.~ , tnorsn.B r, @.il1on;ilAss(bly 101 8!i.l1s, due3rr co9Bleuon +:'iii 1~ ,
&&%.
&hat is $our, or $our Bractice's, de!inition o!
sustaina?le design
Sustaina?le design ai9s to 9eet Br esent needs
#ithout co9Bro9ising the stoc3 o! natur al
resour ces re9aining ! or ! utur e gener ations.
It 9ust include a concern !or lhe BrinciBles o!
social and econo9ic sustalna?iht$ as #ell as
the sBeci!ic concerns o! the energ$ use and
en6iron9ental i9Bact o! ?uildings and cities.*he 3e$ issues are> lo# energ$G loose ! itG
resour ce e!!icienc$.
&hat are $our 3e$ concerns as a designer
interested in sustaina?ilit$
"uildings ar e resBonsi?le lor ( Ber cento! the #orld's genera lion o! co@.
:ichard :oger s 8artner shiB has a long
standing concern #ith en6iron9ental
Ber!or9ance. r e!lecting %he Ber sonal inter ests
o! the dir ector s. *he Br actice sees issues o!
ener g$ use and en6ir on9ental i9Bact as a
critical Bart o! the ?uilding and ur?an designBrocess. *rue sustaina?ilit$, in ter 9s o!
?uilding design, is deBendent on 9a5i9u9
energ$ e!!icienc$ couBled #ith the use o!
reBlenisha?le 9ater ials. SBecialisl anal$sisand r esear ch in! or9 design and encour age
inno6ation in en6iron9ental s$ste9s and
technologies.
!1:8 has Bioneered the de6eloB9ent o!
'intelligent· ?uildings that can contr i?ute
su?slanliall$ KuB to 7 Ber cent to r educing
the running and 9aintenance costs during
the li! e c$cle or a ?uilding. ur ai9 is that the
ne# ?uilding !or the Fational Asse9?l$ ! or
&ales in 4ardi!! #ill ha6e Ter o co@ e9ission.!or e5a9Ble.
*he Br actice also has e6ol6ed an aBBroach
lo ci6il, accessi?le and ecological ur?an design.
*he rnasterBlans !or Shanghai and !or 8ar 4"I*
in allorca ar e 3e$ e5a9Bles that de9onstr ate
a strong ecological !ra9e#or3. Sustaina?le
Blanning r s a 3e$ !eatur e o! the Br actice's #or3,
in Bar ticular the Mreen#ich 8eninsula. #her e
the Bractice Broduced a 9asterBlan and
r ede6eloB9enl str ateg$ !or English
8ar tner shiBs, including one o! a hand!ul o!
'illenniu9· 6illages %hat #ill encourage
good sustaina?le design in the +1st centur$
Ho# #ould $ou udge the success o! a ?uilding
in the 'Qreen'aQe
*he Bractice has an ongoing co99it9ent lo the
de6eloB9ent o! 'intelligent' ?uildings that can
contri?ute to a su?stantial reduction in the r un
9aintenance costs during the li! e c$cle o! a ?u
Mr eater sustaina?ilit$ is achie6a?le through
Intelligent design - harnessing the ?ene!itse!! iciencies o! integraled Bassi6e en6iron9e
design through or ientation, ?uilding !or9 a
organisation.
*he use o! an 9telliQent ?uilding !a?ric - r
! acades can 9a5i9ise natural da$light, oBt
natur al 6entilation. control solar gain and lo
*he aBBr oBriate use o! 9aterials - concer
'hidden· en6iron9ental costs cl ?uilding 9
Ke9?odied ener g$ and li!e-c$cle issuesY, th
?ene! its o! tr ans! erring technolog$ !ro9 otindustr ies and the use o! ad6anced, clean
Broduction.
Intellectual caBital - the anal$sis o! lhe ?eh
o! ?uildings. aBBlication o! C6 9odelling a
esBeciall$. close colla?or ation #ith sBecialis
consullants leads to the intelligent use o! t
9ass. ?u!! er Tones, ther 9al !l$#heels, ell
air !lo#s. etc.
In #hat #a$ do $ou use nature as a guide
Fa lure Bro6ides insBir ation. in!or9ation and a
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-'O
o 0r,hl!e~.$ . hrn8ndncI)-" (ntr(,
u.:(str r :,;I ir(. K
5
grc* J+i a 7l'litor&..-, r.trcthe 7+%dli;l
ill56etln*1. Iris< d111A , ,n a
lcc~ t* rr # or t11nh I
1 tul!< sensiu6et111
&hen one loo3s around the #orld it is clear lhat
there ar e distinct r egional aBBroaches to#ardssustaina?le ar chitecture, ?ased on the
do9inance o! certain cultural Baradig9s #ithin
each r egion *his issue o! /* is an atte9Bt to
?ring these r egional e5a9Bles to #ider attention
- to counter the tendenc$ to ?elie6e that &estern
High *ech holds the 3e$ to glo?al sustaina?ilit$.
*he real concern o! sustaina?ilit$ rs nol so 9uch
#ith the internationalisation o! ar chitectural
thought, as #ith the cele?ration o! di!! erence -
the recognition that local solutions ha6e glo?al
i9Bortance too. *his is e6en 9ore i9Bortant
#hen #e r ealise %hat each o! these regionalsolutions. #hile 9a3ing a 6alid contri?ution,
is onl$ one Bar t o! the BuTTle. *o reall$ u9B to
the ne5t Bar adig9, #e need to understand ho#
the Bieces can suBBort and ?alance each
other .
ost r egional solutions !all so9e#here on
the continuu9 ?et#een a 9echanistic,
technological aBBroach and an ecos$ste9ic,
sBiritual aBBroach. *he challenge is to !ind
an aBBroach that co9?ines and transcends
?oth.
Sustaina?ilit$ through *echnolog$
Sustaina?le de6eloB9ent as BroBagated ?$ lhe
controll9g the Br ocesses o! natur e lo the 9a5i9u9
?ene!it o! 9an3ind thr ough technological ! i5es. 'Mr eearctulecture. as lound in lhe 'de6eloBed' #orld, also
! i5ates on the technological i9Ber ati6e. E6en #hen
architects such as Neang, oster and :oger s turn
to#ards natur al s$ste9s !or insBiration, the aBBroac
is still a technological one, that rs, ho# to ?uild a
?uilding that #or3s li3e a ter9ite nest 2rrrutatinQ
natur e 9 order to control ill.
Mreen architecture is earthed in a technological
realit$. "uilding science and ! unctionalit$ ha6e ?een
the t#o do9inant strands o! !or9 genera lion ! or
al least a centur$. S9ee !unction Quic3l$ ?eco9es
o?solete in a #orld o! r aBid change. sBace has ?eco99ore elastic and less sBeci! ic. "uildrnQs ar e ?ig
6olu9es #ith increasingl$ i9Brecise uses. "igness rs
itsel! an issue, not al the cultur al le6el addressed ?$
;oolhaas ?ut al the lechnological one. At a ! unda9en
le6el technolog$ allo#s us to con6ert r esour ces into
use!ul ar te! acts K! ro9 cities to 9o?ile Bhones.
*echnolog$ i9Blies a ?lend o! science and design
- a hu9an di9ension is i9Barted ?$ the
cr eati6e thin3er s #ho i9agine the designed
! utur e. *he
designer s i9Bart cultur al 6alue - therr role is lo ! ashi
technolog$. *he challenge is to 9a3e this Brocess9or e ecologicall$ conscious, to see ?uildings as a
9arriage nol onl$ ol use and technolog$ ?ut also o!
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D J
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It rs not #hat ?uildings are ?ut #hat the$ do
nnd ho# %he$ do it that r s tho 9a or concern o!
sustaina?le de6eloB9ent *rue sustaina?ilit$
changes e6er $thing - the sBace Blan. section and
details o! constr uction I! an ecological aBBr oach
does not change social sBace and cit$ !or9, 11
#ill ha6e !ailed lo ?eco9e 9ainstrea9. Ho#e6er,
sustaina?ilit$ also reQuires a change in the le6el
o! social 6alues, and #hile &estern-st$le science
and technolog$ can helB us lo 9i9ic natural
s$ste9s #e ho6e to turn else#her e !or
aBBr oBi r ate social 9odels
inding Fe# odels o! %i6ing
As staled earlier , sustaina?le de6eloB9ent as
Bro9oted internationall$ rs a &estern conceBt
E6en the argu9ents used to sell susta9a?iut$
are ?ased on a &estern 6alue s$.sle9 !ounded on
9dr 6idual #ealth and regarded as de6eloBed'
II #e loo3 al lhe lJ; Str ateQ$ ! or Sustaina?le
4onstruction 11 rs ?ased on #hat rs necessar$ to
allo# continued econo9ic gr o#th and !urther
i9Bro6e the ?otto9 line. *his 6ie# has resulted
in argu9ents !or sustaina?le de6eloB9ent and
constr uction #hich ar c ! ounded on econo9ic
rather than ethical 6alues. *he resource
el!lc1enc$ aBBroach r s dri6en ?$ i9Bro6ed Br o! its
achie6ed through i9Bro6ed Ber!or9ance and
cost sa6ings. Sustaina?le construction rs
so9elhrng in6estor s and de6eloBer s #ill onl$
'?u$ into· ii there is a ?ig enough 9ar3et !or tl.
ccuBiers #ill onl$ as3 !or sustaina?le ?uildrngs
ii the$ sa6e 9one$. Fo#her e in this ar gu9enl do
ethics, and a sense o! resBonsr?9t$ !or the
co99unal good. ! eatur e.
*he interesting thrng rs lhal the international
theor etical de?ates structuring the Br inciBles o!
susta9a?le de6cloB9enl 2Agenda +1, I he Ha?itat
Agenda, the Ear th 4harterY, are BroBounding an
ethical arQurnent lhal has 9ore 9 co99on #ith
the #orld-6ie# o! the de6eloBing #or ld than #ith
that o! the de6eloBed #orld.
*his arQurnent r eQuires a s$ste9ic #orld-6ie#
that sees the Blanet and the #orld as one
or ganis9, a s$ste9 that encaBsulates countless
su?s$ste9s #hich toQethe. !or9 a Bar t that r s
greater than the #hole. Its 6er$ ?asis rs a sense
o! the rnlcrconnecledness o! e6er$thing in the
and re6eres the seen and the unseen, the 9ater
the i99ater ial. and the r elationshiBs that e5ist
the di!!erent ele9ents that 9a3e uB #hat #e 3n
the '#or td' the ecos$ste9 as #ell as hu9an so
s$ste9s. Sur6i6al o! the entire s$ste9 deBends
har9on$ that 1s achie6ed in and through these
r elationshiBs.
Although this s$ste9ic #orld-6ie# has largel
r eBlaced ?$ the rnecharustic #or ld-6ie# as a res
successi6e #a6es o! colonialis9. 1 r s esBoused
o! the traditional cultur es al the= de6eloBrng #or
In these cultur es, #hal the &est ter9s 'sustarna
de6eloB9ent' rs a #a$ o! li!e that rs ?oth Bractic
and o deeB sBir itual and social o?ligation. Allho
this #a$ o! li!e is aBBlied #ith 6at ious degrees o!
success
11 r s stilt a lot closer to the ideals or sustaina?le
de6eloB9ent than the li! e st$le ! ollo#ed ?$ 9ost
in the de6eloBed #orld
It is no surBrise that the s$ste9ic #or ld-6ie#
do9inant #here BeoBle still li6e close lo the ea
these societies, 9en and #o9en under stand #
%hings lhe$ consu9e co9e !r o9. and ar e acutel$
o! the a9ount o! energ$ reQuired lo trans!or9
9aterials into ! ood. shelter and clothing. *here
a direct and 6isi?le correlation ?et#een the natu
resources a6aila?le and ho# 9uch o! these can
consu9ed. An inti9ate acQuaintance #ith the= c
o! nature ! urther ensures that BeoBle are a#are
!ragile sur 6i6al is. and the e5tent to #hich 1l de
uBon I he9 ha6ing a ha1 9onicus relatlonshtB #
their co99unit$ and #ith nature *here!ore, t#o
conceBts shaBe these societr cs. inter connectednes
and i9Ber9anence.
Interconnectedness
*he A!rican conceBt o! R?untu encaBsulates the
BrinciBle o! inter connectedness and turns r t into
s$ste9 or ethics R?untu is the understanding
Berson rs a Berson ?ecause o! other BeoBle, and
ho# #e conduct our r elauonshiBs #ith other s r s
e5tre9e i9Bortance. Ho#e6er, the ter9 'BeoBle
?e seen to include Bast and !utur e gener ations,
as the BeoBle o! the ani9al. Blant and sBirit #o
&hat #e do. drea9 and thin3 can ha6e Bro!ound
une5Bected reBer cussions on the entir e net#or3
li!e and energ$. or instance. an unguarded thou
action can, se6er al 9onths later. r esult rn the d
?$ lightning o! so9eone ( 3ilo9etr es a#a$. o
reason. great car e rs ta3en lo ac3no#ledge the
inter connectedness o! e6er$thing and lo rnainta9
har9on$ ?et#een BeoBle, and also ?et#een the
#or ld and the #or lds o! ani9als, Blants, ancesto
and natur e sBirits li3e the ones ! ound 111 roc3s a
#atercourses
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l I 'I ;,* K I I, 1$.•&,
!~1•dtt.,r ','',, r r 1$-','1$, %lill
har9on$ #ith the cos9ic order. In the ar East
the Bracuce o! ! cng shui stri6es to achie6ehar9on$ and ha lance ?et#een lhe dillorent
ele9ents that 9a3e uB the #orld and 9a9ta9
a ?ene! icial ! lo# o! energ$ &here one ele9ent
r s do9inant. energ$ cannot ! lo# Br oBci l$ and
?eco9es slaQnant. *his r esults 9 disease,
discord r n ! a9il$ relanonsluBs and 9one$
Bro?le9s Kthe !lo# o! 9one$ is actuall$ the !lo#
o! onerS)l, eng shut concerns itsel! #ith %heBl.1cr 9ent and design or a ?uilding in
acror dance #ith the natural en6iron9ent and
the health and te9Bera9ent o! the r nha?itants.
4ar e is als