Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

1/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

1The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)The Letters and Pronunciation of the Greek AlphabetPhonology (Part 1)

Lesson One Overview

1.0 Introduction, 1-1

1.1 The Greek Alphabet, 1-2

1.2 Greek Small Letters, 1-13

1.3 Greek Capital Letters, 1-15

1.4 The Greek Alphabet Charted, 1-16

1.5 FurtherInformation, 1-17Study Guide, 1-19

1.0 Introduction

Learning to write the Greek letters and how to pronounce them is introduced inthis lesson. Mastering the sight and sounds of the alphabet lays the cornerstonefor learning the sight and sounds of Greek words in all subsequent lessons. Yourfirst step toward learning NTGreek is to memorize the Greek alphabeticalcharacters and the order in which they occur in the

alphabet. You are sowing the seed for future failure ifyou do not thoroughly learn them!

The Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters. Each letteris represented by both a small and capital letter. Thedifference between the small and capital letters is nodifferent from the small and capital letters in English.Seven alphabetical letters are vowels, and the remainingseventeen letters are consonants. It is vital to learn thenames of these letters, correctly to write both the small and capital letters, and the

proper pronunciation of each alphabetical character. This will not be as difficult asexpected, since many English and Greek alphabetical characters are very similar.

1.01 The types of Greek letters in the alphabet. Two major types of speechsounds constitute the Greek alphabet as with the English alphabet. The opensounds with free breath are the vowel letters, and the closed sounds withrestricted breath are the consonant letters.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

2/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-2Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

When one says ah for the doctor, an open sound is made with free passage ofbreath. The sound may be made as long as there is breath. This sound is avowel, as are all the other open and freely breathed sounds in speech. The

various vowel sounds are enunciated by modification of the shape of the oralchamber, and by movements of the tongue and lips. There are seven vowelletters in the Greek alphabet.

The open quality of vowels distinguishes them from another type of letter, theconsonant. Simply stated, a consonant is any single letter that is not a vowel.The consonant letters are pronounced with the breath totally or partly blocked.This hindering of sound is done by the tongue, teeth, or lips. There are seventeenconsonant letters in the Greek alphabet.

1.02 The Greek alphabetical letters and sounds. A sound sufficiently distinctfrom other sounds as to differentiate meaning is aphoneme. Each phoneme isrepresented in writing by a unique alphabetical letter. For example, the words

pat and bat have different meaningsbecause the two consonant letters p andb are separate phonemes. Although theforming of these two letters by the lips isidentical, the vocal cords are used with bbut not with p.

A words phonetic pronunciation is produced by the quick succession of itsindividual letter phonemes. In bat, the combined sound of each alphabeticalletter (b + a + t) yields the words total phonetic sound. However, only contextdetermines the meaning of the word (i.e., bat as a stout wooden stick or club;bat as a nocturnal flying mammal; or bat as to move the eyelids quickly).

This lesson introduces each Greek alphabetical characters phoneme, as well asthe pronunciation of each Greek alphabetical letter.

1.1 The Greek Alphabet

The approach in learning the Greek alphabet is first by seeing the individualcapital and small letter, then correctly pronouncing and correctly writing them intheir alphabetical order. Memorizing them in this order from the beginning willprove helpful later when using a Greek-English lexicon. A lexicon is more than adictionary, for it also cites actual usages of a word within a document(s).

The term phoneme is pronouncedas fnm. The twenty-four Greekalphabetical characters representtwenty-four different phonemes.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

3/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-3Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

The suggested procedure for learning the alphabet is straightforward. Use theprovided practice Greek alphabet practice pages on pages 1-19 through 1-24.Proper penmanship while learning to write the Greek letters is an essential step in

learning Greek. Possible confusion between the letters is avoided from the start ifbad habits are not learned!

Next, use the animated tutorial link below each Greek alphabetical letter to learnhow properly to form the character and how its phoneme and alphabeticalcharacter is pronounced. On your practice sheets, practice writing both the capitaland small Greek letters while listening to the letters pronunciation.

As you listen to how an alphabetical character is pronounced, remember that thepronunciation of a letters phoneme is learned by proper pronunciation of its

alphabetical name. For example, the second letter in the Greek alphabet is , andis pronounced as the first letter in its alphabetical name, (bta). Knowing

how to pronounce the characters alphabetical name, therefore, is to know how topronounce the Greek letters phoneme. Thisis also true for all the remaining letters in thealphabet. A Greek letters phoneme has thesame pronunciation as does its initial sound ofits alphabetical letters name.

As stated before, the twenty-four letters of the

Greek alphabet are divided into two types: seven are vowels and the remainingseventeen are consonants. Beginning on page 1-5, the order does not reflectthese separate categories, but rather the Greek letters proper alphabetical order.

Moreover, each of the twenty-four Greek letters is represented by two forms. Thefirst letter illustrates the capital letter (or upper case), and then its correspondingsmall letter (or lower case) follows. The capital letters should be studied alongwith their matching small letters. The letters should be pronounced aloud severaltimes while practicing writing them. The human eye must not carry the entireburden of learning and memorizing the alphabetical order of the Greek alphabet.

The arrow accompanying each case letter indicates the starting point and directionof flow when forming a Greek character. Greek is read from left to right likeEnglish. Thereforeif at all possiblea Greek letter should be written so that thefinal stroke ends to the furthest right where the next letters stroke begins.

The Greek names for the lower case letters are spelled on the following pageswith accompanying accents and breathing marks. Whereas these are for future

A Greek letters phoneme has thesame pronunciation as does theopening sound of its alphabeticalletters name.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

4/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-4Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

reference they may be disregarded for the time being. You will begin to learn theirimportance in Lesson Five.

The text boxes in the example below calls attention to the reason each piece ofinformation concerning a Greek alphabetical letter is cited. Each alphabeticalletter will follow the same pattern.

1st letter |Alpha [variablevoiced] vowel

< ahl fah >

See & Hear

1. Alpha is a variable vowel. Its phoneme may be long orshort. If long, the phoneme is as a in father; if short,as a in dad. The vowel is never pronounced like thelong a in English (i.e., age).

2. The lower case letter should be written as a figure 8laid on its side and opened on the right.

3. is transliterated as A, a into English.

Alphabetical Order

English Spelling

Greek Upper Case Spelling

Greek Lower Case Spelling

Classification Information

Helpful Information

Relative Size Reference

Pronunciation Guide

On-Line Pronunciation and Formation Aids

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

5/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-5Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

1st letter |Alpha [variablevoiced] vowel

< ahl fah >

See & Hear

1. Alpha is a variable vowel. Its phoneme may be long orshort. If long, the phoneme is as a in father; if short,as a in dad. The vowel is never pronounced like thelong a in English (i.e., age).

2. The lower case letter should be written as a figure 8laid on its side and opened on the right.

3. is transliterated as A, a into English.

2nd

letter | Bta [labialvoiced] consonant

< bay tah >

See & Hear

1. Bta is a labial consonant. Its phoneme is pronouncedby the closure of the lips and the vocal cords vibratewhen pronouncing the phoneme. Its phoneme is as theb in ball.

2. The upper case letter is identical to its Englishcounterpart. The lower case letter looks similar to itsupper case letter, except that it has a tail dropping

below the base line. Begin the letter with an upwardstroke below the line.

3. is transliterated as B, b into English.

3rd letter | Gamma [palatalvoiced] consonant

< gahm ma >

See & Hear

1. Gamma is a palatal consonant, formed in the back of thethroat by the closure of the tongue against the soft

palate. Vocal cords vibrate. Its phoneme is as the g ingotnever as the g in gin.

2. The lower case letters tail drops below the base line.The lower and upper case letters look very differentfrom each other.

3. is transliterated as G, g into English.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

6/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-6Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

4th letter | Delta [dentalvoiced] consonant

< dell tah >

See & Hear

1. Delta is a dental consonant, formed with the tip of thetongue behind the upper teeth. The vocal cordsvibrate. Its phoneme is as the d in dog.

2. The lower and upper case letters look very different.Both case letters may be completed in a single stroke.

3. is transliterated as D, d into English.

5th

letter | Epslon [shortvoiced] vowel

< eh pseeh lawn >

See & Hear

1. Epslon is a short vowel. It is always pronouncedshort. Its phoneme is as the e in net. The vowel isalways short and is never pronounced like theEnglish long e as in equal. Its corresponding longphoneme is ta (HTA).

2. Be sure to differentiate between the lower caseEnglish e and the Greek

when written.

3. is transliterated as E, e into English.

6th letter | Zta [compoundcontinuant] consonant

< zay tah >

See & Hear

1. Zta is a compound consonant. Its phoneme is acombination of + [unvoiced] , or + [voiced] .Respectively, its initial phoneme is as the z in gaze,and its medial phoneme as dz in adz.

2. The lower and upper case letters look different. Thesmall letters tail curls and drops below the base line.

3. is transliterated as Z, z into English.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

7/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-7Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7th letter | ta [longvoiced] vowel

< ay tah >

See & Hear

1. ta is a long vowel. It is always pronounced long. Itsphoneme is as a in gate ore in obey. Itscorresponding short phoneme is epslon.

2. The lower case letter looks like an English n.However, it is pronounced very differently! The strokeends below the base line.

3. is transliterated as , into English. Alwaysemploy the macron mark above ta to differentiate itfrom the short vowel epslon.

8th letter | Thta [dentalaspirate] consonant

< thay tah >

See & Hear

1. Thta is a dental consonant, formed with the tip of thetongue behind the upper teeth, with its soundaccompanied with a strong emission of breath. Itsphoneme is as the th in thingnever as th in this.

2. The lower case letter may be written without lifting thepen.

3. is transliterated by two consonants into English,Th, th.

9th

letter | Ita [variablevoiced] vowel

< yi oh - tah >

See & Hear

1. Ita is a variable vowel. Its phoneme may bepronounced long or short. If long, the phoneme is as iin machine; if short, as i in hit. Ita is never

pronounced like the English long i (i.e., kite).

2. The lower case letter is never dotted as the English i.

3. is transliterated as I, i into English.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

8/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-8Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

10th letter | Kappa [palatalunvoiced] consonant

< kap pah >

See & Hear

1. Kappa is a palatal consonant, formed in the back of thethroat by the closure of the tongue against the softpalate. The vocal cords do not vibrate. Its phoneme isas the k in kin.

2. Both case letters are formed like their Englishcounterparts.

3. is transliterated as K, k into English.

11th

letter | Lambda [liquidcontinuant] consonant

< lahm dah >

See & Hear

1. Lambda is a liquid consonant. Air is allowed to passthrough the oral cavity while its phoneme ispronounced. Its phoneme is as the l in lot.

2. The lower case letter has a hook at the top that slantsto the left. The upper case letter looks like delta,except that there is not a base line stroke.

3. is transliterated as L, l into English.

12th

letter | M [nasal labialvoiced continuant] consonant

< mew >

See & Hear

1. M is a nasal labial consonant. Its phoneme is formedby the rounding of the lips, with most of the soundallowed to pass through the nasal cavity instead of themouth. The vocal cords vibrate. Its phoneme is as

the m in man.

2. The lower and upper case letters look different. Thelower case letter has a tail. Sufficient tail helpsdistinguish it from upslon.

3. is transliterated as M, m into English.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

9/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-9Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

13th letter | N [nasal dentalvoiced continuant] consonant

< new >

See & Hear

1. N is a nasal dental continuant consonant. The tongueis pressed against the alveolar ridge with its soundforced up through the nasal cavity while the air is notcomplete stopped. The vocal cords vibrate. Itsphoneme is as the n in new.

2. The lower case letter must not be confused with theEnglish letter v. N and upslon are often confused.Write n pointed at the bottom and turn the rightupward stroke inward at the top.

3. is transliterated as N, n into English.

14th

letter |Xs [compoundunvoiced continuant] consonant

< x see >

See & Hear

1. Xs is a compound consonant. Its phoneme is acombination of+ [unvoiced] . Its phoneme isapproximate to x in axe or in six.

2. The lower and upper case letters are very different. Thelower case letter is distinctive with a curl stroke at the

top and bottom.

3. is transliterated Xs, xs or X, x in English.

15th letter | Omkron [shortvoiced] vowel

Oo

< au me krahn >

See & Hear

1. Omkron is a short vowel. It is always pronounced short.Its phoneme is as the o in pot. The corresponding long

phoneme ismega.

2. Both case letters are written like their Englishcounterparts. The alphabetical characters name may bespelled as omkron oromcron.

3. is transliterated into English as O, o.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

10/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-10Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

16th letter | P , [labialunvoiced] consonant

< pee >

See & Hear

1. P is a labial consonant. The phoneme is formed by theclosing the lips. The vocal cords do not vibrate. Itsphoneme is as the p in party.

2. Both lower and upper case letters are written with threestrokes. The two support strokes may be written first,with the shelf stroke last.

3. is transliterated as P, p into English.

17th letter | Rh [liquidcontinuant] consonant

< hrow >

See & Hear

1. Rh is a liquid consonant. Air is allowed to pass throughthe oral cavity while its phoneme is pronounced. Itsphoneme is as the rin red. Wheneverrh begins aword, it is aspirated. As the spelling of its nameindicates (rh), a flow of breath accompanies the letter.

2. The lower case letter has a tail that drops below thebase line. Be careful! Do not confuse this letter with the

English p.

3. is transliterated into English as R, r.

18th letter | Sigma [sibilantcontinuant] consonant

< sig mah >

See & Hear

1. Sigma is the only pure sibilant consonant. Its phoneme(unvoiced) is as the s in sit or as is(voiced).

2. When sigma occurs as the final letterin a word, it is written as , otherwise,lower case is (i.e., ). Finalsigma is a printing convention and is not found in anyancient manuscripts.

3. is transliterated into English as S, s.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

11/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-11Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

19th letter | Tau [dentalunvoiced] consonant

T < tau >

See & Hear

1. Tau is a dental consonant, formed with the tip of thetongue behind the upper teeth. Its phoneme is as thet in talk.

2. The lower case letter never has the top stroke below itstop like the English t.

3. is transliterated into English as T, t.

20th letter | Upslon [variablevoiced] vowel

< ew pseeh - lawn >

See & Hear

1. Upslon is a variable vowel. Its phoneme may bepronounced long or short. If long, the phoneme is asthe u in lute; if short u as in put. The phoneme isnever pronounced as the English long u (i.e., use).

2. Upslon and n may be confused when written. Formupslon with a rounded bottom with the right upward

stroke turned outward.

3. is transliterated into English as Y, y, or as U,u when , , , or precede upslon.

21st letter | Ph [labialaspirate] consonant

< fee >

See & Hear

1. Ph is a labial aspirate consonant. Its phoneme ispronounced by the near closing of the lips and an

emission of breath. Its phoneme is as the ph inphone or the fas in fat.

2. The lower case letters tail extends below the base line.The letter is often written as one stroke.

3. is transliterated by two consonants into English,Ph, ph.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

12/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-12Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

22nd letter | Ch [palatalaspirate] consonant

< khey >

See & Hear

1. Ch is a palatal aspirate consonant. It is formed in thethroat by the closure of the tongue against the softpalate while allowing air to pass. Its phoneme is as thech in chemist, or the k in kiosk. The phoneme maybe easily confused with kappa unless it is rememberedthat the breath is not entirely cut off with ch.

2. is transliterated by two consonants into English,Ch, ch.

23rd letter | Ps [compoundunvoiced continuant] consonant

< psee >

See & Hear

1. Ps is a compound consonant. The phoneme is acombination of + [unvoiced] . Initial phoneme is asthe ps in psalms, and its medial or final phoneme isas the ps in lipsor taps.

2. The lower case letters stem drops below the base line.

3. is transliterated by two consonants into English,Ps, ps.

24th letter | mega [longvoiced] vowel

< oh may gah >

See & Hear

1. mega is a long vowel. Its phoneme is alwayspronounced long. Phoneme is as o in note.

2. Do not confuse the lower case letter with the English

w.

2. is transliterated as , into English. Alwaysemploy the macron mark above mega to differentiateit from the short vowel omkron.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

13/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-13Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

1.1.1 Memorizing the Greek alphabet. Similarities exist between the Greek andEnglish alphabetical letters. These similarities exist in form (orthography) andsound (phoneme). The Greek alphabetical order parallels the English for a while,

then differs, and then begins to parallel again. It is recommended that the Greekalphabet be memorized in five groups of letters, each beginning with a familiarlooking English corresponding vowel: (alpha), (epslon), (ita), (omkron),and (upslon). These suggested groupings follow.

1.2 Greek Small Letters

1.2.1 Eleven of the Greek lower case letters do not extend below the line, and areapproximately as wide as they are high. The height of these lower case letters areone-half of the height of their corresponding upper case letters.

1

2

3,4 5

5

3

1. (alpha) should be written as a figure 8 laid on its side and opened on

the right, and not as the English a.2. The (ita) is never dotted.3. The letters (n)and (upslon) are easily confused. Write pointed at

the bottom and turn the right upward stroke inward at the top; is writtenrounded at the bottom with the right straight upward stroke.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

14/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-14Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

4. (n) should not be confused with the English v. The English vhas no Greek counterpart. Furthermore, never say n for.

5. There is another pair of letters other than and which may be confusedexcept for a small, but a very important difference: omkron() andsigma (). Notice that sigma wears a "hat" whereas omkrondoes not.

1.2.2 Eight Greek lower case letters rest on the line and extend below it, and areas high as those in 1.2.1. None of their corresponding upper case letters dropbelow the line.

12

3

4 2,5

1

6

6

1. Both (gamma) and (ch) may be written crossing the line. 2. (ta) and (final sigma) are not usually made to extend as far below

the line as the others in this group.3. A sufficient stem on (m) distinguishes it from (upslon). Notice these

distinctions in the following word pairs: .

4. , (rh) must not be confused with P/p in English, nor (mega) withthe English w.

5. There is one sigma with two forms. It is written at the beginning or inthe middle of a word, and at the end. Examples:

6. The stems of (ph) and (ps) extend above the middle line.1.2.3 Three of the Greek lower case letters rest on the line, but are twice as highas in 1.2.1 above. These letters are delta, thta, and lambda. These lower caseletters height corresponds to their upper case letters.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

15/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-15Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

1.2.4 Three of the lower case letters extend above and below the line. Theseletters are bta, zta, andxs.

Below are all of the lower case letters in their alphabetical order. This may provehelpful, because it illustrates their respective height when written together.

Listen

1.3 Greek Capital Letters Listen

All of the capital letters are of uniform height and rest on the base line. Theyshould be learned in conjunction with their corresponding small letters.

When practicing, aim at simplicity, clarity, and ease of recognition. Use theanimated exampleson-lineor those given below to learn how to form thecharacters. Every student will develop their own writing style, and slight variations

from the printed forms below will not generally cause confusion.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

16/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-16Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

1.3.1 Nine capital letters do not correspond to their small letters. These capitalletters are and . Special attention to these upper caseletters are required in order to associate them with their lower case letters.

The chart in the next section summarizes and highlights what has been presented

thus far for all the Greek letters, which will be helpful as a review. Thealphabetical letter names of the three variable vowels, alpha, ita, and upslon,should be pronounced long when reciting the alphabet.

1.4 The Greek Alphabet Charted

The capital and small letters appear in the first column, with their Greek and Englishspellings in the second and third columns, respectively. Breathing marks and accentshave been included where appropriate (these will be introduced in Lesson Five). Thefourth column gives an English approximate pronunciation of the Greek letter, and itsphonetic value in the fifth column. The sixth column illustrates the English equivalent(transliteration) to the Greek letter.

The word alphabet( from + ) is derived from the first twoletters of the twenty-four Greek letters commonly used by the Greeks. Theconsonants employed in the Greek alphabet are for the most part adapted fromthe Phoenician alphabet.

Originally the Greek alphabet had several other letters, but they dropped out ofuse before the New Testament era. However, their continued influence is still felt,especially in Greek verbs. In addition, the Greeks added five other letters that

were not part of the Phoenician alphabet ( and , which are the last fiveletters of the Greek alphabet).

The Greek alphabetical letters did double duty, serving also as numbers. Forexample, First John was written as ( = first letter in the alphabet),Second John was ( = second letter in the alphabet), and Third Johnwas ( = third letter in the alphabet).

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

17/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-17Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Letter Greek English Sounds As Phonetic Trsl.

lph ahl-fah a in father (long)

a in dad (short)

a

bt bay-tah b in ball b gmm gahm-mah g in got g dlt dell-tah d in dog d psln eh-pseeh-lawn e in net e

zt zay-tah z in gaze (initial)dz in adz (medial)

z

t ay-tah e in obey

tht thay-tah th in this th

it yi-oh-tah i in machine (long)i in hit (short)

i

kpp kap-pah k in kin k lmbd lahm-dah l in lot l m mew m in man m n new n in new n xs x-see x in axe x mkron au-me-krahn ough in ought o p peeh p in party p

rh hrow rin riderh in rhino (aspirate)

r

sgm sig-mah s in sit (unvoiced)s in is (voiced)

s

tau tau t in talk t

pslon ew-pseeh-lawn

u in lute (long)

u in put (shorty, u

ph fee ph in phone ph ch khey ch in chemist ch

ps psee ps in psalm (initial)ps in lips (medial)

ps

mg oh-may-gah o in note

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

18/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-18Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

1.5 Further Information

A near full size reproduction of Acts 1:1-5 from Codex Vaticanus is below. CodexVaticanus is a fourth-century Greek text. In the first column is the CodexVaticanus. The second column displays the passage transcribed into a modern(SPIonic) type. How many of the letters can you recognize?

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

19/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-19Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

1

STUDY GUIDESight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

The Letters and Pronunciation of the Greek AlphabetPhonology (Part 1)

The goal of this lesson is to learn to say and write the Greek letters. First practice writingthe small letters (lower case letters) with the guide given below, pronouncing each letterevery time you write it. If you need added help in forming these Greek letters, anon-lineanimated tutorial is available. In Exercise 2, you will practice writing the capitals.Exercise 1: Practice forming the Greek small letters

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

20/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-20Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

21/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-21Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Exercise 2: Practice associating the Greek small and capital letters

Practice writing all the capital letters with their matching small letters in theiralphabetical order. This is very important that you do this. Acquire the habit topronounce each letter as you write it. Write and say these letters until you can doso with ease. Do not proceed until you can!

Final Sigma

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

22/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-22Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

23/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-23Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

24/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-24Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Exercise 3: Writing the Greek alphabetical letters from memory

Write both capital and small letters of the Greek alphabet from memory. Write the

capital letters on the left side of the column and the small letters on the right side.

Capital Small Capital Small Capital Small

1. 9. 17.

2. 10. 18.

3. 11. 19.

4. 12. 20.

5. 13. 21.

6. 14. 22.

7. 15. 23.

8. 16. 24.

Exercise 4: Fill in the blank with the correct answer

1. How many letters are there in the Greek alphabet? _________

2. There are __________ vowels and _________________ consonants in theGreek alphabet.

3. Eleven Greek small letters do not extend below the line when writing them, andare approximately as wide as they are high. These letters are: ____, ____,

____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____.

4. Eight Greek small letters rest on the line and extend below it when writingthem. These letters are: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.

5. Three Greek small letters extend slightly above and below the line. What onesare they? _____, _____, and _____.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

25/82

LESSON 1: The Greek Alphabet 1-25Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

______________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

6. All the Greek capital letters are of _________ height and ________ on thebase line.

7. Vowels are the basic sound in speech, made by vibrating the ______ _____.

Exercise 5: True or False Questions

1. When pronouncing the vowels, all of them are voiced. True False

2. When pronouncing the consonants, all of them are voiced. True False

3. Modern Greek is spoken today like Reconstructed New Testament Greek.True False.

4. Desiderius Erasmus was a pharmacist in the early 1800s. True False

5. The twenty-four Greek alphabetical characters represent twenty-four differentphonemes in Erasmian Greek pronunciation. True False

6. English is spoken identically in Australia, Great Britain, and the United States.True False

7. Modern Greek is not pronounced any differently today than when the Apostle

Paul spoke it in the First Century A.D. True False

Exercise 6: Practice saying your s

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

26/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: Study Guide Answer KeyThe Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

Exercise 3: Writing the Greek alphabetical letters from memory

Write both capital and small letters of the Greek alphabet from memory. Writethe capital letters on the left side of the column and the small letters on theright side under their respective headings.

Capital Small Capital Small Capital Small

1. 9. 17.

2. 10. 18.

3. 11. 19.

4. 12. 20.

5. 13. 21.

6. 14. 22.

7. 15. 23. 8. 16. 24.

Exercise 4: Fill in the blank with the correct answer

1. How many letters are there in the Greek alphabet? Twenty-four

2. There are seven vowels and seventeen consonants in the Greek alphabet.

3. Eleven Greek small letters do not extend below the line when writing them,and are approximately as wide as they are high. These letters are:

and .

4. Eight Greek small letters rest on the line and extend below it when writing

them. These letters are: and .

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

27/82

Lesson One: STUDY GUIDE ANSWER KEY SA1:2Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

___________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

5. Three Greek small letters extend slightly above and below the line. What

ones are they? , and .

6. All the Greek capital letters are of equal height and rest on the base line.

7. Vowels are the basic sound in speech, made by vibrating the vocal cords.

Exercise 5: True or False Questions

1. When pronouncing the vowels, all of them are voiced. True

2. When pronouncing the consonants, all of them are voiced. False

3. Modern Greek is spoken today like Reconstructed New Testament Greek.False

4. Desiderius Erasmus was a pharmacist in the early 1800s. False

5. The twenty-four Greek alphabetical characters represent twenty-fourdifferent phonemes in Erasmian Greek pronunciation. True

6. English is spoken identically in Australia, Great Britain, and the UnitedStates. False

7. Modern Greek is not pronounced any differently today than when theApostle Paul spoke it in the First Century A.D. False

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

28/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level One: Similarities and Differences

English Alphabet NTGreek Alphabet

1. English is read and written fromleft to right.

1. NTGreek is read and writtenfrom left to right

2. In the English alphabet, there aretwenty-six letters. Five lettersare vowels (and sometimes wand y), and twenty-one lettersare consonants.

2. The NTGreek alphabet hastwenty-four letters. Sevenletters are vowels andseventeen letters areconsonants.

3. The English alphabet has bothcapital and small letters. Almostall of the capitals look like theirprinted small letters.

3. The NTGreek alphabet has bothcapital and small letters. ManyGreek capitals do not look liketheir printed small letters.

4. English capitals are used forproper names and newsentences.

4. Greek capitals are used forproper names, first letter of anew paragraph, and to mark thebeginning of a direct quote.

5. English letters are not writtendifferently when they appear atthe end of a word.

5. One letter (, ) in NTGreek has

a different form when it appearsat the end of a word.

6. It is impossible to learn to readEnglish without knowing themeaning of words, becauseletters and letter combinationscan be pronounced in so manydifferent ways. For example, thec in cat, cube and circle.

6. NTGreek consonants andvowels are nearly alwayspronounced the same.Therefore, it is possible to learnto read NTGreek withoutknowing the meaning of words.

7. English is pronounced differentlyin various places, such asCanada, Australia, and theUnited States.

7. NTGreek also has variouspronunciations. You will learnthe phonetic pronunciation thatis used in many colleges,universities and seminaries.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

29/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:4Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

___________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

A Look Ahead

Understanding some of the similarities and differences between the English

and Greek alphabets is just the beginning of learning New Testament Greek.This NTGreek course will equip anyone to read and understand NewTestament Greek (NTGreek). Over one hundred lessons are planned to takeyou from your first steps in New Testament Greek to a thorough knowledge ofthe language that will rival any Bible college, university, or seminary study.

Lesson One introduced the sight and sounds of the twenty-four Greekalphabetical characters. These same characters are further developed inLesson Two by examining how they sound together in simple vowelconsonant and consonant-vowel combinations so that the student will have

confidence they are pronouncing Greek words properly. In addition, aphonetic pronunciation system is integrated in these lessons by means ofMP3 audio files, as well as later lessons.

Several special features to look forward to in all Greek lessons are:

1. A large Greek point size is purposefully employed to aid the beginningstudent. Greek words contained within paragraphs are 14 point, andthe font point size for illustrations is 16 point.

2. Many MP3 audio files accompany every lesson. If you wish to hear theaudio portion of the lesson, simply click on the link.

3. A study guide is included at the end of every lesson that tests thestudent over the material studied in the lesson to advance more rapidlythe learning curve.

4. Many study aids are associated with each lesson. These study aidsgive the student further opportunities to learn more by the addedinstructional materials, exercises, and quizzes. Answer keys are

provided when applicable. The study aids are divided into three levels.The different levels represent an escalating level of difficulty. It isrecommended to begin with the least difficult exercises in Level Oneand proceed through Level Three to receive the maximum benefit. Thestudy aid pages are paginated sequentially. The abbreviation "SA"represents "Study Aids", followed by the lesson number, and then thesequential study aid pagination.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

30/82

Alpha

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

31/82

B

ta

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

32/82

Gamma

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

33/82

Delta

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

34/82

Eps

lon

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

35/82

Z

ta

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

36/82

Eta

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

37/82

Th

ta

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

38/82

I

ta

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

39/82

Kappa

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

40/82

Lambda

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

41/82

M

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

42/82

N

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

43/82

Xs

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

44/82

Om

kron

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

45/82

P

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

46/82

Rh

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

47/82

Sigma

Final Letter

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

48/82

Tau

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

49/82

Ups

lon

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

50/82

Ph

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

51/82

Ch

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

52/82

Ps

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

53/82

Omega

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

54/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level One: Correct Small Letter

Instructions: Circle the correct Greek small letter that corresponds to itsEnglish spelling.

An answer key is available on the next page.

alpha

a

n

delta

d

ph

epslon

gamma

g

kappa

sigma

s

ta

p

thta

bta

ita

ilambda

lm

xs

omkron

rh

r

tau

ch

upslon

zta

z

ps

mega

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

55/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:30Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

ANSWER KEY

alpha

a

n

delta

d

ph

epslon

gamma

g

kappa

sigma

s

ta

p

thta

bta

ita

i

lambda

l

m

xs

omkron

rh

r

tau

ch

upslon

zta

z

ps

mega

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

56/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Two: Correct Capital Letter

Instructions: Circle the correct Greek capital letter that corresponds to its

English spelling.

An answer key is available on the next page.

Alpha

A

N

Delta

D

Ph

Epslon

Gamma

G

Kappa

Sigma

S

ta

P

Thta

Bta

Ita

Y

Lambda

L

M

Xs

Omkron

Rh

R

Tau

Ch

Upslon

Zta

Ps

mega

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

57/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:32Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

ANSWER KEY

Alpha

A

N

Delta

D

Ph

Epslon

Gamma

G

Kappa

Sigma

S

ta

P

Thta

Bta

Ita

Y

Lambda

L

M

Xs

Omkron

Rh

R

Tau

Ch

Upslon

Zta

Ps

mega

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

58/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Two: Practice Writing the Small Greek Letters

Practice forming the small Greek letters, using the Greek letters below as a guide. Correct

penmanship is important to formula early in your Greek studies.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

59/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:34Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

60/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:35Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Final Sigma

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

61/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:36Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Practice writing all the Greek small letters in their alphabetical order in the spaceprovided below. Aim for simplicity, clarity, and ease of recognition.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

62/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Two: Practice Writing the Greek Capitals

Practice writing all the capital letters. Pronounce each letter as you write it.

Write and say these letters until you can do so with ease.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

63/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:38Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

64/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:39Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

65/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:40Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Practice writing all the Greek capital letters in their alphabetical order in thespace provided below. Aim for simplicity, clarity, and ease of recognition.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

66/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Three: Practice Writing the Greek Letters

Practice writing all the Greek capital letters with their matching small letters

in their alphabetical order. Pronounce each letter as you write it. Writeand say these letters until you can do so with ease.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

67/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:42Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

68/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:43Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Final Sigma

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

69/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:44Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Practice writing all the Greek capital letters in their alphabetical order in thespace provided below. Aim for simplicity, clarity, and ease of recognition.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

70/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Three: The Letter Before and After

Instructions: Place the appropriate Greek letter before and after the lettergiven in the middle column. If a capital letter is given, be sure to write the

appropriate Greek capital letter before and after the one cited.

_____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____

An answer key is available on the next page.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

71/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:46Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

ANSWER KEY

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

72/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Three: Word Search Puzzle

Find the Greek letter names in the word search puzzle.

ALPHABETACHIDELTAEPSILONETAGAMMAIOTAKAPPA

LAMBDA

OMEGAOMIKRONPHIPSIRHOSIGMATAUTHETAUPSILON

ZETA

M A L O I B N U P S I L O N Z

C D T O H O O M E G A O Y U E

F T T E R R L D A U Z S X A T

L A P C H F I G Q O E B L T A

R A I M M T S H X S F I A P N

L M M B U V P A C H I G P E U

O C G B E F E L Z B A I P S E

J A O S D T U P T M H K A J I

P G H T L A A H M P X F K S N

J C J S F M Y A F H R G A W A

B W B P U H F Y K P Z X D M B

A T Z H C K O A T L E D G K M

M T O E J V T R Q W A I Q T WY O J H F F D D O X S F T K O

W A T E E F D H P X G S G M C

An answer key for this exercise is on the next page.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

73/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:48Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

ANSWER KEY

+ A + O I + N U P S I L O N Z+ + T O H O O M E G A + + U E+ + T E R R L + + + + + + A TL A + K H + I + + + + + + T A+ A I + + T S + + + + + A + ++ M M B + + P A C H I G P + +O + + B E + E L + + A I P S ++ + + + D T + P + M H + A + I+ + + + + A A H M P + + K + +

+ + + + + + + A + + + + + + A+ + + + + + + + + + + + + M ++ + + + + + + A T L E D G + ++ + + + + + + + + + + I + + ++ + + + + + + + + + S + + + ++ A T E + + + + + + + + + + +

The coordinates below signify over, down, and direction of the word in thepuzzle.

ALPHA (8,6,S) OMEGA (7,2,E)

BETA (4,6,SE) OMIKRON (1,7,NE)CHI (9,6,E) PSI (13,6,SE)DELTA (12,12,W) RHO (6,3,NW)EPSILON (7,7,N) SIGMA (11,14,NE)ETA (4,15,W) TAU (14,4,N)GAMMA (12,6,SW) THETA (6,5,NW)IOTA (5,1,SW) UPSILON (8,1,E)KAPPA (13,9,N) ZETA (15,1,S)LAMBDA (1,4,SE)PHI (10,9,NE)

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

74/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Three: Crossword Puzzle

A c r o s s D o w n

1. looks like a fork6. long vowel of epslon

7. sounds like English "z"11. found in words like

"philosophy"12. first letter

14. has two forms15. looks like English "x"

17. a test version18. short vowel20. last letter22. a cat's sound

2. smallest letter

3. after iota4. special forces

5. not "a" but _____+ta

8. short form ofta9. "watch your ___ and q's"10. looks like n

13. not full-grown

16. "Oh can you x + ____19. sounds like what you do in a boat21. radiation

An answer key for this exercise is on the next page.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

75/82

Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:50Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

ANSWER KEY

A c r o s s

1. ps

6. ta

7. zta11. ph

12. alpha

14. sigma15. ch

17. bta18. omkron

20. mega

21. m

D o w n

2. ita

3. kappa

4. delta

5. thta

8. epslon9. pi10. upslon

13. lambda16. xs19. rh

21. gamma

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

76/82

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

Lesson One: The Greek AlphabetSight and Sounds of Greek Letters (Module A)Study Aid Level Three: Quiz

Answer the questions below. This is an open book quiz. This means you maylook at the material presented in Lesson One while taking the quiz. A suggestedtime limit to answer these questions is thirty minutes.

1. How many letters does the Greek Alphabet contain?

a. 22 (twenty-two) letters c. 24 (twenty-four) letters

b. 23 (twenty-three) letters d. 25 (twenty-five) letters

2. How is the pronunciation of every Greek alphabetical letter learned?

a. proper pronunciation of first letter in its alphabetical name

b. proper pronunciation of last letter in its alphabetical name

c. know whether it is a vowel or consonant

d. an educated guess

3. How many vowels and consonants does the Greek alphabet contain?

a. 8 (eight) vowels and 16 (sixteen) consonants

b. 7 (seven) vowels and 18 (eighteen) consonants

c. 7 (seven) vowels and 17 (seventeen) consonants

d. 8 (eight) vowels and 17 (seventeen) consonants

4. A Greek alphabetical character may be both:

a. a vowel and a consonant c. small and a capital letter

b. written and spoken d. all the above

5. All of the Greek capital letters are:

a. uniform in height c. rest on the base line

b. same as their small letters d. a and c

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

77/82

Greek Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:52Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

6. All of the Greek small letters are:

a. uniform in height c. twice as small as their capital letters

b. rest on the base line d. none of the above

7. How many of the Greek small letters extend below the line and areapproximately as wide as they are high?

a. 11 (eleven) c. 3 (three)

b. 8 (eight) d. 7 (seven)

8. Which of the Greek consonants has a final form?

a. bta() c. sigma()

b. rh () d. kappa()

9. The Greeks largely based their alphabet on what other alphabet?

a. Latin c. English

b. Phoenician d. Hebrew

10. When pronounced, a Greek vowel:

a. vibrates the vocal cords c. slurs into the next letter

b. does not vibrate the vocal cords d. restricts the air flow

11. When pronounced, a Greek consonant:

a. interrupts the passage of breath c. restricts the air flow

b. does not vibrate the vocal cords d. a and c

12. Which alphabetical sequence is correct?

a. c.

b. d.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

78/82

Greek Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:53Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

13. Which alphabetical sequence is correct?

a. c.

b. d.

14. Which alphabetical sequence is correct?

a. c.

b. d.

15. Which alphabetical sequence is correct? (be careful!)

a. c.

b. d.

16. Which alphabetical sequence is correct? (be careful!)

a. c.

b. d.

17. Which alphabetical sequence is correct? (be careful!)

a. c.

b. d.

18. The Greek word for alphabet is derived from which two Greekletters?

a. the first and second letters c. the first and third letters

b. the first and last letters d. the first and fourth letters

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

79/82

Greek Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:54Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

19. sounds like the

a. e as in net c. e as in gaze

b. e as in obey d. h as in how

20. sounds like the

a. o as in note c. ough as in ought

b. o as in or d. o as in phone

21. sounds like the

a. o as in note c. ough as in ought

b. o as in not d. w as in work

22. sounds like the

a. v as in view c. v as in vote

b. v as in voice d. n as in new

23. sounds like the

a. ph as in phone c. ps as in lips

b. th as in this d. z as in gaze

24. sounds like the

a. b as in ball c. d as in dog

b. p as in party d. ph as in phone

An answer key follows on the next page.

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

80/82

Greek Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:55Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

ANSWER KEY

1. How many letters does the Greek Alphabet contain?

c. 24 (twenty-four) letters

2. How is the pronunciation of every Greek alphabetical letter learned?

a. proper pronunciation of the first letter in its alphabetical name

3. How many vowels and consonants does the Greek alphabet contain?

c. 7 (seven) vowels and 17 (seventeen) consonants

4. A Greek alphabetical character may be both:

b. written and spoken

5. All of the Greek capital letters are:

d. uniform in height and rest on the base line

6. All of the Greek small letters are:

d. none of the above

7. How many of the Greek small letters extend below the line and areapproximately as wide as they are high?

a. 11 (eleven)

8. Which of the Greek consonants has a final form?

c. sigma() --

9. The Greeks largely based their alphabet on what other alphabet?

b. Phoenician

10. When pronounced, a Greek vowel:

a. vibrates the vocal cords

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

81/82

Greek Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:56Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

1996-2012 by William Ramey Phonology (Part 1) NTGreek In Session

11. When pronounced, a Greek consonant:

d. interrupts the passage of breath and restricts the air flow

12. Which alphabetical sequence is correct?

a.

13. Which alphabetical sequence is correct?

c. 14. Which alphabetical sequence is correct?

d.

15. Which alphabetical sequence is correct? (be careful!)

b. (these letters are in proper sequence althoughthere are some letters missing in between)

16. Which alphabetical sequence is correct? (be careful!)

c. (these letters are in proper sequence although

there are some letters missing in between)

17. Which alphabetical sequence is correct? (be careful!)

c. (these letters are in proper sequence although theresome letters missing in between)

18. The Greek word for alphabet is derived from which two Greekletters?

a. the first and second letters (alpha and bta)

19. sounds like the

b. e as in obey

7/30/2019 Greek Lessons - Lesson 1 The Greek Alphabet

82/82

Greek Lesson One: The Greek Alphabet SA1:57Sight and Sounds of the Greek Letters (Module A)

________________________________________________________________

20. sounds like the

c. ough as in ought

21. sounds like the

a. o as in note

22. sounds like the

d. n as in new

23. sounds like the

a. ph as in phone

24. sounds like the

c. d as in dog