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GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009
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GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Dec 15, 2015

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Page 1: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

GRAZING DAYS

Pasture ManagementJuly 23, 2009

Page 2: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Why a Soil Test

We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made to solve even the most difficult of problems

• Encourages plant growth by providing the best lime / fertilizer recommendations

• Promotes environmental quality• Saves money

Page 3: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

What is a Soil Test

A soil test is a process by which elements (phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, manganese, copper and zinc) are chemically removed from the soil and measured for their "plant available" content within the sample. The quantity of available nutrients in the sample determines the amount of fertilizer that is recommended. A soil test also measures soil pH. These analyses indicate whether lime is needed and, if so, how much to apply.

Page 4: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

A routine soil test consists of:

• pH and lime requirement• Calcium• Magnesium• Phosphorus• Potassium

Can add organic matter if desired.

Page 5: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

The soil testing puzzle is made up of three parts.

Page 6: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Taking the sample

Page 7: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

UF-ESTL Available TestsTest A ($3.00)• pH• Lime requirement

Test B ($7.00)• Test A +• P, K, Mg

Photo Credit: Amy Shober, UF-IFAS

Page 8: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.
Page 9: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.
Page 10: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Lab procedures

Dry Screen Scoop Extract Measure

Page 11: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Soil Test Interpretation

V. Low Low Med. High V. High

Fertilizer responseexpected

No responseexpected

Sufficiencysoil test value

V. Low Low Med. High V. High

Fertilizer responseexpected

No responseexpected

Sufficiencysoil test value

Page 12: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Soil Test Results

Soil Test Phosphorus (Lbs/Acre)

Rela

tive Y

ield

(%

)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0

20

40

60

80

100

L M Optimum High

$

Amy Shober, UF-IFAS

Page 13: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

18 essential plant nutrients:

From air/water

Carbon = C

Hydrogen = H

Oxygen = O

From soil and fertilizer

Macro-Nutrients

Nitrogen = N

Phosphorus = P

Potassium =K

Calcium =Ca

Magnesium = Mg

Sulfur = S

Micro-Nutrients

Manganese =Mn

Zinc = Zn

Copper = Cu

Iron = Fe

Boron = B

Molybdenum = Mo

Chlorine = Cl

Nickel = Ni

Cobalt = Co

Page 14: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Nitrogen

Relative quantitiesof soil-suppliednutrients in dryplant tissue.

Potassium

Phosphorus

Calcium

Magnesium

Sulfur

All micronutrients combined

Page 15: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Quickness of nutrient availability

• Soil minerals• Organic matter• Fertilizer

Very slow

Very fast

Availabilityto plants

Page 16: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Soil nutrient deficiency:Add fertilizer, get a response

Page 17: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

FERTILIZER UPDATE

Page 18: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

The future of N fertilizers

• N fertilizer comes from air, hydrogen (from natural gas), heat, and pressure.

• It is more economical to produce N off-shore where natural gas is cheap.

• The USA is now a net importer of N.• Our future N supply may be dominated by

urea produced overseas.

Page 19: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

The future of P fertilizers

• Single superphosphate and triple superphosphate are no longer produced in Tampa.

• Production is now limited to mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP) and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP).

• Florida still has mineable P ore, but the mines are moving to the south.

Page 20: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

The future of K fertilizers

• Saskatchewan province in Canada has several hundred years worth of mineable K salts.

• Price will be driven by worldwide demand, particularly from China and India.

Page 21: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Economics of Hay ProductionElena Toro, Suwannee Co. and Dan Fenneman, Madison Co. Extension Agents

Fertilizers Cost per Ton Cost per Unit/Ton

Cost to apply 80 lbs N/ Acre

Amm Nitrate 34-0-0 $350 $0.51 $41.18

375 .55 44.12

Amm Sulfate 21-0-0 250 .60 47.62

240 .57 45.71

Coated Urea 46-0-0 750 .82 65.22

Liquid 24-0-3 180 .38 30.00

28-0-0 243 .43 34.70

32-0-0 280 .44 34.99

Potash 0-0-60 675 .56 45.00

710 .59 47.33

Page 22: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Economics of Hay ProductionElena Toro, Suwannee Co. and Dan Fenneman, Madison Co. Extension Agents

Commercial Blends

Cost per Ton Unit per Ton 80 lbs N & K / Acre

20-0-20 $463.47 $1.16 $92.69

19-5-19 462.27 1.22 97.32

18-4-18 436 1.21 96.89

16-4-16 393 1.23 98.25

20-4-10 N 365 .91 73.00

K 365 1.83

Page 23: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.
Page 24: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.
Page 25: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

WEED CONTROL UPDATE

Page 26: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Control of Annual Weeds

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

1 2 0

Emerg. Seed. Veg. Flower Mat.

Wee

d C

on

tro

l

Page 27: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Control of Biennial Weeds

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

Emerg Veg Rosette Bolting Flow ering

Wee

d C

on

tro

l

Fall

Late Summer

Winter Spring

Page 28: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Control of Perennial Weeds

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

Dorm. Veg. Bud Flower Fruiting Fall

Wee

d C

on

tro

l

Page 29: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Weed Control

What are the options?– Spray– Fertilize– Spray and fertilize– Mow– Do nothing

Page 30: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

30

Bermudagrass, Ragweed and NitrogenL

bs/

be

rmu

da

/ac

N = 34 lbs/ac John Boyd, U of Arkansas

Page 31: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

31

34 lb N will cost $20 - $40/AHerbicide will cost $8 - $25/A

Lb

s/b

erm

ud

a/a

c

N = 34 lbs/ac John Boyd, U of Arkansas

Page 32: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

32

Herbicides, Mowingand Bermudagrass Yield

Lbs

/ac

Heavily infested with wooly croton and ragweed Baumann Texas A&M

Page 33: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

PASTURE WEEDS

Page 34: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Blackberry (bush-type)

Page 35: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Blackberry Control

• Remedy - 1 qt/A• Pasturegard - 2 qt/A• Cimarron - 0.5 oz/A ( injury to Bahia)• Telar - 1.0 oz/A

• Do not mow within 1 yr of treatment• Blackberry is most sensitive when blooming

Page 36: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Dogfennel Control

• Weedmaster – application rate is highly dependant on DF size.– up to 12 inches – 2 pt– 12 to 24 inches – 3 pt– >24 inches – not recommend WM

• Often inconsistent control.

Page 37: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Dogfennel control

• Pasturegard – 2 pt will relatively good control on DF up to 24-30”.

• 3 pt never misses, even on big stuff. • Price keeps PG from being used more often

Page 38: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Cleanwave

• Active ingredient: fluroxypyr• Volatility: moderate• Use rate: 14 oz/A (for now)• Price: ~ $0.50 per ounce.

Page 39: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Control of 3’ tall dogfennel

Herbicide % control

6 WAT

$/A

Cleanwave (14oz) + 2,4-D (3pt)

90 12

Weedmaster (2 pt) 50 8

Weedmaster (3 pt) 80 12

Weedmaster (4 pt) 90 16

Page 40: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Cleanwave + 3pt 2,4-D

Page 41: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Weedmaster 2 pt

Page 42: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Weedmaster 3pt

Page 43: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

August dogfennel treatment – Useless, right???

Brent Sellers, Univ. of Florida

Page 44: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

5 months later – this field will explodedwith grass in spring

Brent Sellers, Univ. of Florida

Page 45: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

5 months later – this field will explodedwith grass in spring

Treatment with Pasturegard 3 pt/A ($23/A) more than doubled grass production. Is it worth it to you?

Brent Sellers, Univ. of Florida

Page 46: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Prickly Pear

Page 47: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Prickly Pear Control

• Do not mow! These reproduce veg. and the mowed pads can root and colonize.

• Herbicides- Remedy + basal/diesel fuel – spray one at a

time.- Pasturegard is same as Remedy- 2,4-D is not effective- What about Cleanwave?

Page 48: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Before

Page 49: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

After

Page 50: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Recommendation

• Cleanwave at 50 oz/A.• We applied in the fall (October).

• Spring applications????

Page 51: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Florida Pusley

Page 52: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Control of 6” pusley

Herbicide Rate Pusley Control (%)

2 weeks 8 weeks

Cleanwave 14 oz/A 14 18

Weedmaster 3 pt/A 56 70

Pasturegard 3 pt/A 48 84

Forefront 2 pt/A 55 90

Forefront + CW 2 pt + 14 oz 73 99

Forefront + PG 2 pt + 1 pt 90 100

Page 53: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Sedges

• Outrider – sulfosulfuron• Use rate: 1.33 oz/A• Cost - $20/A• 0 day grazing, 14 day haying restriction

• Safe on established Bermuda and Bahia

Page 54: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

TSA Control

% Control

Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT

Remedy 1 qt 90 70 50

Pasture gard

1.5 qt 80 60 40

750 7 oz 95 90 85

Page 55: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Horsenettle

• Remedy - 2 pt at bloom– Acceptable control but somewhat weak

• Milestone is excellent– Use at least 3 oz/A, 5 oz is better.

Page 56: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Wild Radish

Page 57: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Control of Wild Radish

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2,4-D

seedling

rosette

bolting

flower

2,4-D 1 pt University of Georgia

Page 58: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Thistle Control

Page 59: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

>90% Thistle Control

Growth Stage Herbicide $/A

Rosette 2,4-D $6

Bolting Weedmaster $12

Flowering Milestone $20

Page 60: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

What about BIG weeds

Page 61: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

Milestone is the best option

Page 62: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.
Page 63: GRAZING DAYS Pasture Management July 23, 2009. Why a Soil Test We can’t mange what we can’t measure. With an accurate soil test, a strategy can be made.

• References

Dr. Obreza, Soil and Water Science

Dr. Ferrell, Weed Science

Dr. Sellers, Weed Science


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