Gravity (Film) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Gravity

Theatrical release poster

Directed by Alfonso Cuarón

Produced by Alfonso CuarónDavid Heyman

Written by Alfonso CuarónJonás Cuarón

Starring Sandra BullockGeorge Clooney

Music by Steven Price

Cinematography Emmanuel Lubezki

Edited by Alfonso CuarónMark Sanger

Productioncompany

Esperanto FilmojHeyday Films

Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures

Release dates August 28, 2013 (Venice)October 4, 2013(United States)

Running time 91 minutes[1]

Country United Kingdom[2]

United States[2]

Language English

Gravity (film)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gravity is a 2013 British/American science fictionthriller film directed, produced, co­written, and co­edited by Alfonso Cuarón. It stars Sandra Bullockand George Clooney as astronauts, and sees themstranded in space after the mid­orbit destruction oftheir space shuttle and their subsequent attempt toreturn to Earth.

Cuarón wrote the screenplay with his son Jonás andattempted to develop the film at Universal Pictures.The rights were sold to Warner Bros. Pictures, wherethe project eventually found traction. David Heyman,who previously worked with Cuarón on Harry Potterand the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), produced thefilm with him. Gravity was produced entirely in theUnited Kingdom, where the British visual effectscompany Framestore spent more than three yearscreating most of the film's visual effects, whichcomprise over 80 of its 91 minutes.

Gravity opened the 70th Venice International FilmFestival on August 28, 2013 and had its NorthAmerican premiere three days later at the TellurideFilm Festival. Upon its release in both the TellurideFilm Festival in August, and its October 4, 2013release in the United States and Canada, Gravity wasmet with near­universal critical acclaim, and hasbeen regarded as one of the best films of 2013.Emmanuel Lubezki's cinematography, Steven Price'smusical score, Cuarón's direction, Bullock'sperformance, Framestore's visual effects, and its useof 3D were all particularly praised by numerouscritics. The film became the eighth­highest­grossingfilm of 2013 with a worldwide gross of overUS$723 million.

At the 86th Academy Awards, Gravity received aleading ten Academy Award nominations (tied withAmerican Hustle), and won seven (the most for theceremony) including the following: Best Director(for Cuarón), Best Cinematography (for Lubezki),Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best SoundMixing, Best Sound Editing, and Best Original Score(for Price), while its other 3 nominations—BestPicture, Best Actress (for Bullock) and BestProduction Design—went to 12 Years a Slave, Cate

Budget $100 million[3]

Box office $723.2 million[3]

Blanchett for Blue Jasmine, and The Great Gatsby,respectively. The film was also awarded six BAFTAAwards, including Outstanding British Film and BestDirector, the Golden Globe Award for Best Director,seven Critics' Choice Movie Awards and Bradbury Award.[4]

Contents

1 Plot

2 Cast

3 Production

3.1 Development

3.2 Filming

4 Themes

5 Music

6 Release

6.1 Box office

6.2 Critical acclaim

6.2.1 Top ten lists

6.3 Piracy

6.4 Accolades

6.5 Home media

7 Scientific accuracy

8 See also

9 References

10 External links

Plot

Dr. Ryan Stone (Sandra Bullock) is a biomedical engineer aboard the NASA space shuttle Explorer forher first space mission, STS­157. Veteran astronaut Matt Kowalski (George Clooney) is commandinghis final mission. During a spacewalk to service the Hubble Space Telescope and Stone's upgrades to theTelescope, Mission Control in Houston warns the team about a Russian missile strike on a defunctsatellite, which has inadvertently caused a chain reaction forming a cloud of debris in space. MissionControl orders that the mission be aborted and the crew begin re­entry immediately because the debris isspeeding towards the shuttle. Communication with Mission Control is lost shortly thereafter.

High speed debris from the Russian satellite strikes the Explorer and Hubble, detaching Stone from theshuttle and leaving her tumbling through space. Kowalski, using a manned manoeuvreing unit (MMU),recovers Stone and they return to the Explorer. They discover that it has suffered catastrophic damageand the rest of the crew is dead. They decide to use the MMU to reach the International Space Station(ISS), which is in orbit about 1,450 km (900 mi) away. Kowalski estimates they have 90 minutes beforethe debris field completes an orbit and threatens them again.

En route to the ISS, the two discuss Stone's home life and daughter, who died young in an accident. Asthey approach the substantially damaged but still operational ISS, they see its crew has evacuated in oneof its two Soyuz modules. The parachute of the remaining Soyuz has deployed, rendering the capsuleuseless for returning to Earth. Kowalski suggests using it to travel to the nearby Chinese space stationTiangong, 100 km (60 mi) away, in order to board a Chinese module to return safely to Earth. Out of airand manoeuvreing power, the two try to grab onto the ISS as they fly by. Stone's leg gets entangled inthe Soyuz's parachute cords and she grabs a strap on Kowalski's suit, but it soon becomes clear that thecords will not support them both. Despite Stone's protests, Kowalski detaches himself from the tether tosave her from drifting away with him, and she is pulled back towards the ISS while Kowalski floatsaway to certain death. He continues to support her until he is out of communications reach.

Stone enters the ISS via an airlock. She cannot re­establish communication with Kowalski andconcludes that she is the sole survivor. A fire breaks out, forcing her to rush to the Soyuz. As shemanoeuvres the capsule away from the ISS, the tangled parachute tethers prevent it from separating fromthe station. She spacewalks to release the cables, succeeding just as the debris field completes its orbitand destroys the station. Stone aligns the Soyuz with Tiangong but discovers that its engine has no fuel.

After a poignant attempt at radio communication with an Eskimo–Aleut­speaking fisherman on Earth,Stone resigns herself to being stranded and shuts down the cabin's oxygen supply to commit suicide. Asshe begins to lose consciousness, Kowalski enters the capsule. Scolding her for giving up, he tells her torig the Soyuz's soft landing jets to propel the capsule toward Tiangong. Stone then realizes thatKowalski's reappearance was not real, but has nonetheless given her the strength of will to continue. Sherestores the flow of oxygen and uses the landing jets to navigate toward Tiangong on momentum.

Unable to manoeuvre the Soyuz to dock with the station, Stone ejects herself via explosivedecompression and uses a fire extinguisher as a makeshift thruster to travel the final metres to Tiangong,which is rapidly deorbiting. Stone enters the Shenzhou capsule just as Tiangong starts to break up on theupper edge of the atmosphere. Stone radios that she is ready to head back to Earth. After re­entering theatmosphere, Stone hears Mission Control, which is tracking the capsule. But due to a harsh reentry andthe premature jettison of the heat shield, a fire is starting inside the capsule.

After speeding through the atmosphere, the capsule lands in a lake, but dense smoke forces Stone toevacuate immediately after the splashdown. She opens the capsule hatch, allowing water to enter andsink it, forcing Stone to shed her spacesuit and swim ashore. She watches the remains of the Tiangongre­enter the atmosphere and takes her first shaky steps on land.

Cast

Sandra Bullock and George Clooney star asDr. Ryan Stone and Lieutenant MattKowalski respectively.

Sandra Bullock as Dr. Ryan Stone,[5] a medical engineer and mission specialist who is on her firstspace mission.[6]

George Clooney as Lieutenant Matt Kowalski,[5] thecommander of the team. Kowalski is a veteranastronaut planning to retire after the Explorerexpedition. He enjoys telling stories about himselfand joking with his team, and is determined to protectthe lives of his fellow astronauts.[7]Ed Harris (voice) as Mission Control in Houston,Texas.[5][8]

Orto Ignatiussen (voice) as Aningaaq,[5] aGreenlandic Inuit fisherman who intercepts one ofStone's transmissions. Aningaaq also appears in aself­titled short written and directed by Gravity co­writer Jonás Cuarón, which depicts the conversationbetween him and Stone from his perspective.[9][10]

Phaldut Sharma (voice) as Shariff Dasari,[5] the flight engineer on board the Explorer.[11]

Amy Warren (voice) as the captain of Explorer.[5]

Basher Savage (voice) as the captain of the International Space Station.[5]

Production

Development

Alfonso Cuarón wrote the screenplay with his son Jonás. Cuarón told Wired magazine, "I watched theGregory Peck movie Marooned (1969) over and over as a kid."[12] That film is about the first crew of anexperimental space station returning to Earth in an Apollo capsule that suffers a thruster malfunction.Cuarón attempted to develop his project at Universal Pictures, where it stayed in development forseveral years. After the rights to the project were sold, the project began development at Warner Bros.,who acquired the project. In 2010, Angelina Jolie, who had rejected a sequel to Wanted (2008), was incontact with Warner Bros. to star in the film.[6][13] Scheduling conflicts involving Jolie's Bosnian warfilm In the Land of Blood and Honey (2011), and a possible Salt (2009) sequel led Jolie to exit herinvolvement with Gravity, leaving Warner Bros. with doubts that the film would get made.[6]

In March, Robert Downey, Jr. entered discussions to be cast in the male lead role.[14] In mid­2010,Marion Cotillard attended a screen test for the female lead role. By August 2010, Scarlett Johansson andBlake Lively were potential candidates for the role.[15] In September, Cuarón received approval fromWarner Bros. to offer the role without a screen test to Natalie Portman, who was praised for herperformance in Black Swan (2010) at that time.[16] Portman rejected the project because of schedulingconflicts and Warner Bros. then approached Sandra Bullock for the role.[6] In November 2010, Downeyleft the project to star in How to Talk to Girls—a project in development with Shawn Levy attached todirect.[17] The following December, with Bullock signed for the co­lead role, George Clooney replacedDowney.[7]

Shooting long scenes in a zero­g environment was a challenge. Eventually, the team decided to usecomputer­generated imagery for the spacewalk scenes and automotive robots to move Bullock'scharacter for interior space station scenes.[18] This meant that shots and blocking had to be planned well

The landing scene was filmed at LakePowell, Arizona.

in advance for the robots to be programmed.[18] It also made the production period much longer thanexpected. When the script was finalized, Cuarón assumed it would take about a year to complete thefilm, but it took four and a half years.[19]

Filming

Made on a production budget of $100 million, Gravity wasfilmed digitally on multiple Arri Alexa cameras. Principalphotography began in late May 2011.[20] CG elements were shotat Pinewood and Shepperton Studios in the United Kingdom.[21]The landing scene was filmed at Lake Powell, Arizona—wherethe astronauts' landing scene in Planet of the Apes (1968) wasalso filmed.[22] Visual effects were supervised by Tim Webber atthe London­based VFX company Framestore, which wasresponsible for creating most of the film's visual effects—exceptfor 17 shots. Framestore was also heavily involved in the artdirection and, along with The Third Floor, the previsualization.Tim Webber stated that 80 percent of the movie consisted of CG—compared to James Cameron's Avatar(2009), which was 60 percent CG.[23] To simulate the authenticity and reflection of unfiltered light inspace, a manually controlled lighting system consisting of 1.8 million individually controlled LED lightswas built.[24] The 3D imagery was designed and supervised by Chris Parks. The majority of the 3D wascreated by stereo rendering the CG at Framestore. The remaining footage was converted into 3D in postproduction—principally at Prime Focus, London, with additional conversion work by Framestore. PrimeFocus's supervisor was Richard Baker.

Filming began in London in May 2011.[25] The film contains 156 shots with an average length of 45seconds—fewer and longer shots than in most films of its length.[26] Although the first trailer hadaudible explosions and other sounds, these scenes are silent in the finished film. Cuarón said, "They putin explosions [in the trailer]. As we know, there is no sound in space. In the film, we don't do that."[27]The soundtrack in the film's space scenes consists of the musical score and sounds astronauts would hearin their suits or in the space vehicles.[28]

For most of Bullock's shots, she was placed inside a giant, mechanical rig.[18] Getting into the rig took asignificant amount of time, so Bullock chose to stay in it for up to 10 hours a day, communicating withothers through a headset.[18] Costume Designer Jany Temime said the spacesuits were fictitious ­ "nospace suit opens up at the front – but we had to do that in order for her to get out. So I had to redesign itand readapt all the functions of the suit for front opening."[29]

Cuarón said his biggest challenge was to make the set feel as inviting and non­claustrophobic aspossible. The team attempted to do this by having a celebration each day when Bullock arrived. Theynicknamed the rig "Sandy's cage" and gave it a lighted sign.[18] Most of the movie was shot digitallyusing Arri Alexa Classics cameras equipped with wide Arri Master Prime lenses. The final scene, whichtakes place on Earth, was shot on an Arri 765 camera using 65mm film to provide the sequence with avisual contrast to the rest of the film.[30]

Themes

Although Gravity is often referred to in the media as a science fiction film,[31] Cuarón told BBC that hesees the film rather as "a drama of a woman in space".[32]

Despite being set in space, the film uses motifs from shipwreck and wilderness survival stories aboutpsychological change and resilience in the aftermath of catastrophe.[33][34][35][36] Cuarón uses thecharacter, Stone, to illustrate clarity of mind, persistence, training, and improvisation in the face ofisolation and the consequences of a relentless Murphy's law.[31] The film incorporates spiritual orexistential themes, in the facts of Stone's daughter's accidental and meaningless death, and in thenecessity of summoning the will to survive in the face of overwhelming odds, without future certainties,and with the impossibility of rescue from personal dissolution without finding this willpower.[34]

Calamities occur but only the surviving astronauts see them.[37]

The impact of scenes is heightened by alternating between objective and subjective perspectives, thewarm face of the Earth and the depths of dark space, the chaos and unpredictability of the debris field,and silence of the vacuum of space with the background score giving the desired effect.[36][38] The filmuses very long, uninterrupted shots throughout to draw the audience into the action but contrasts thesewith claustrophobic shots within space suits and capsules.[34][39]

Some commentators have noted religious themes in the film.[40][41][42][43] For instance, Fr. RobertBarron in The Catholic Register summarizes the tension between Gravity's technology and religioussymbolism. He said, "The technology which this film legitimately celebrates... can't save us, and it can'tprovide the means by which we establish real contact with each other. The Ganges in the sun, the St.Christopher icon, the statue of Budai, and above all, a visit from a denizen of heaven, signal that there isa dimension of reality that lies beyond what technology can master or access ... the reality of God".[43]

The film also suggests themes of humanity's ubiquitous strategy of existential resilience; that, acrosscultures, individuals must postulate meaning, beyond material existence, wherever none can beperceived. Human evolution and the resilience of life may also be seen as key themes ofGravity.[44][45][46][47] The film opens with the exploration of space—the climax of human civilization,and ends with an allegory of the dawn of mankind when Dr. Ryan Stone fights her way out of the waterafter the crash­landing, passing an amphibian, grabs the soil and slowly regains her capacity to standupright and walk. Director Cuarón said, "She’s in these murky waters almost like an amniotic fluid or aprimordial soup. In which you see amphibians swimming. She crawls out of the water, not unlike earlycreatures in evolution. And then she goes on all fours. And after going on all fours she’s a bit curveduntil she is completely erect. It was the evolution of life in one, quick shot".[45] Other imagery depictingthe formation of life includes a scene in which Stone rests in an embryonic position, surrounded by arope strongly resembling an umbilical cord. Stone's return from space, accompanied by meteorite­likedebris, may be seen as a hint that elements essential to the development of life on Earth may have comefrom outer space in the form of meteorites.[48]

Music

Steven Price composed the incidental music for Gravity. In early September 2013, a 23­minute previewof the soundtrack was released online.[49] A soundtrack album was released digitally on September 17,2013, and in physical formats on October 1, 2013, by WaterTower Music.[50] Songs featured in the filminclude:[51]

"Angels Are Hard to Find" by Hank Williams, Jr.

David Heyman, Sandra Bullock, andAlfonso Cuarón at the 2013 SanDiego Comic­Con Internationalpromoting Gravity

"Mera Joota Hai Japani" by Shailendra and Shankar Jaikishan"Sinigit Meerannguaq" by Juaaka Lyberth"Destination Anywhere" by Chris Benstead and Robin Baynton"Ready" by Charles Scott (featuring Chelsea Williams)

In most of the film's official trailers, Spiegel im Spiegel, written by Estonian composer Arvo Pärt in1978, was used.[52]

Release

Gravity had its world premiere at the 70th Venice InternationalFilm Festival on August 28, 2013, and had its North Americanpremiere three days later at the Telluride Film Festival.[53] It wasreleased in the USA in 3D and IMAX 3D on October 4, 2013 andin the UK on November 8, 2013.[54][55] The film's US releasecoincided with the beginning of World Space Week, which wasobserved from October 4 to 10. The film was originallyscheduled to be released in the US on November 21, 2012,before being re­scheduled for a 2013 release to allow thecompletion of extensive post­production work.[56]

Box office

Preliminary reports predicted the film would open with takingsof over $10 million in North America.[57][58] The film earned $1.4 million from its Thursday nightshowings,[59] and reached $17.5 million on Friday.[60] Gravity topped the box office and broke therecord held by Paranormal Activity 3 (2011) as the highest­earning October and autumn openings,grossing $55.8 million from 3,575 theaters.[61] 80 percent of the film's opening weekend gross camefrom its 3D showings, which grossed $44.2 million from 3,150 theaters. $11.2 million—20 percent ofthe receipts—came from IMAX 3D showings; the highest percentage for a film opening more than $50million.[62] The film stayed at number one at the box office during its second and third weekends.[63][64]

IMAX alone generated $34.7 million from 323 theaters, a record for IMAX opening in October.[65]

Gravity earned $27.4 million in its opening weekend overseas from 27 countries with $2.8 million fromroughly 4,763 screens. Warner Bros. said the 3D showing "exceeded all expectations" and generated70% of the opening grosses.[65] In China, its second largest market, the film opened on November 19,2013 and faced competition with The Hunger Games: Catching Fire which opened in the same week onNovember 21, 2013. At the end of the weekend, Gravity emerged victorious generating $35.76 millionin six days.[66] It opened at number one in the United Kingdom, taking £6.23 million over the firstweekend of release,[67] and remained there for the second week.[68] The film's high notable openingswere in Russia and the CIS ($8.1 million), Germany ($3.8 million), Australia ($3.2 million), Italy ($2.6million) and Spain ($2.3 million).[65] The film's largest markets outside North America were China($71.2 million),[69] the United Kingdom ($47 million) and France ($38.2 million).[70] On February 17,2014, the film grossed $700 million worldwide.[71] Gravity grossed $274,092,705 in North America and$449,100,000 in other countries, making a worldwide gross of $723,192,705—making it the eighth­highest grossing film of 2013.[3] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline.com estimated that the film madea profit of $209.2 million.[72]

Richard Corliss of Time[73]

Critical acclaim

Gravity was met with overwhelmingly positive reviews from criticswho praised the acting (especially Sandra Bullock's performance),direction, screenplay, cinematography, visual effects, productiondesign, the use of 3D, and Steven Price's musical score.[74] Reviewaggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 97% based onreviews from 305 critics, with a "Certified Fresh" rating and anaverage score of 9.0/10. The site's consensus states: "AlfonsoCuarón's Gravity is an eerie, tense sci­fi thriller that's masterfullydirected and visually stunning."[75] On Metacritic, which assigns anormalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the filmhas a score of 96 based on 49 reviews, indicating "universalacclaim", making it the second highest scoring widely released filmof its year.[76] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the openingweekend, cinema audiences gave Gravity an average grade of A­ on an A+ to F scale.[62]

Matt Zoller Seitz, writing on RogerEbert.com, gave the film four out of four stars, calling it "a huge andtechnically dazzling film and that the film's panoramas of astronauts tumbling against starfields andfloating through space station interiors are at once informative and lovely".[77] Justin Chang writing forVariety said that the film "restores a sense of wonder, terror and possibility to the big screen that shouldinspire awe among critics and audiences worldwide".[78] Richard Corliss of Time praised Cuarón forplaying "daringly and dexterously with point­of­view: at one moment you're inside Ryan's helmet as shesurveys the bleak silence, then in a subtle shift you're outside to gauge her reaction. The 3­D effects,added in post­production, provide their own extraterrestrial startle: a hailstorm of debris hurtles at you,as do a space traveler's thoughts at the realization of being truly alone in the universe."[73]

Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars, writing " a brilliant and inspiredmovie­cyclorama...a glorious imaginary creation that engulfs you utterly."[79] Robbie Collin of TheDaily Telegraph also awarded the film five out of five stars.[80]

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film four out of four stars, stating that the film was "more than amovie. It's some kind of miracle."[81] A. O. Scott writing for The New York Times highlighted the use of3­D which he said, "surpasses even what James Cameron accomplished in the flight sequences ofAvatar". Scott also said that the film "in a little more than 90 minutes rewrites the rules of cinema as wehave known them".[82] Quentin Tarantino said it was one of his top ten movies of 2013.[83] Empire,Time, and Total Film ranked the film as the best of 2013.[84][85][86]

Some critics have compared Gravity with other notable films set in space. Lindsey Weber ofVulture.com said the choice of Ed Harris for the voice of Mission Control is a reference to Apollo 13.[87]Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter suggests the way "a weightless Stone goes floating about innothing but her underwear" references Alien (1979).[38] Other critics made connections with 2001: ASpace Odyssey (1968).[88] James Cameron praised the film and stated, "I think it's the best spacephotography ever done, I think it's the best space film ever done, and it's the movie I've been hungry tosee for an awful long time".[89] Empire Online, Ask Men, and The Huffington Post also consideredGravity to be one of the best space films ever made,[90][91][92] though The Huffington Post later includedGravity on their list of "8 Movies From The Last 15 Years That Are Super Overrated".[93]

Cuarón shows things that cannot bebut, miraculously, are, in thefearful, beautiful reality of thespace world above our world. Ifthe film past is dead, Gravityshows us the glory of cinema'sfuture. It thrills on so many levels.And because Cuarón is a movievisionary of the highest order, youtruly can't beat the view.

Top ten lists

Gravity was named one of the best films of 2013 by numerous critics and publications by appearing on93 critics' top ten lists wherein 22 chose the film in first place, and was ranked second on Metacritic'sFilm Critic Top Ten List scorecard for 2013.[94]

1st – Richard Corliss, Time1st – Joe Morgenstern, Wall Street Journal1st – Lou Lumenick and Kyle Smith, New York Post1st – Betsy Sharkey, Los Angeles Times1st – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News1st – Scott Feinberg, The Hollywood Reporter1st – Barbara Vancheri, Pittsburgh Post­Gazette1st – Chris Vognar, Dallas Morning News1st – Anne Thompson, Thompson on Hollywood1st – Stephanie Zacharek, Village Voice1st – Gregory Ellwood, Guy Lodge, & Kristopher Tapley, HitFix1st – Mara Reinstein, US Weekly1st – Bob Mondello, NPR1st – Empire1st – Total Film1st – MTV1st – Christy Lemire, RogerEbert.com2nd – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone2nd – James Berardinelli, Reelviews2nd – Justin Chang, Variety2nd – Chris Nashawaty, Entertainment Weekly2nd – Steve Davis, Austin Chronicle2nd – Christopher Rosen and Mike Ryan, Huffington Post2nd – Mike Scott, New Orleans Times­Picayune2nd – Marlow Stern, The Daily Beast2nd – Genevieve Koski, The Dissolve2nd – David Sexton, London Evening Standard2nd – Robbie Collin, The Telegraph UK2nd – TV Guide2nd – Yahoo! Movies3rd – Todd McCarthy, The Hollywood Reporter3rd – The Guardian3rdh – David Ansen, The Village Voice[95]3rd – Robert Horton and Brian Miller, Seattle Weekly3rd – Connie Ogle, Miami Herald3rd – Lisa Kennedy, Denver Post3rd – Nigel M. Smith, Indiewire[96]3rd – Tom Brook, BBC4th – Richard Roeper, Chicago Sun­Times4th – Keith Phipps, The Dissolve4th – Brian Tallerico, RogerEbert.com4th – Richard Lawson, Vanity Fair4th – Sasha Stone, Awards Daily5th – Owen Gleiberman, Entertainment Weekly5th – Jessica Kiang & Peter Knegt, Indiewire'5th – Drew McWeeny, HitFix6th – Matt Zoller Seitz, RogerEbert.com

6th – Elizabeth Weitzman, New York Daily News6th – Christopher Orr, The Atlantic7th – Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post7th – Jake Coyle, Associated Press7th – Noel Murray, The Dissolve8th – Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle8th – Wesley Morris, Grantland9th – Tasha Robinson, The Dissolve8th – Katey Rich, Vanity Fair9th – Scott Foundas, VarietyTop 10 (listed alphabetically, unranked) – Steven Rea, Philadelphia InquirerTop 10 (listed alphabetically, unranked) – Claudia Puig, USA TodayTop 10 (listed alphabetically, unranked) – Stephen Whitty, The Star­LedgerTop 10 (ranked alphabetically) – Joe Williams & Calvin Wilson, St. Louis Post­DispatchBest of 2013 (listed alphabetically, unranked) – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles TimesBest of 2013 (listed alphabetically, unranked) – David Denby, The New Yorker

Piracy

According to piracy tracking site Excipio, Gravity was one of the most pirated films of 2014 with over29.3 million illegal downloads via torrent sites.[97]

Accolades

Gravity received ten nominations at the 86th Academy Awards; together with American Hustle itreceived the greatest number of nominations for the 2014 ceremony, including Best Picture, Best Actressfor Bullock, and Best Production Design.[98] The film won the most of the night with seven AcademyAwards: for Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best OriginalScore, Best Sound Editing, and Best Sound Mixing.[99][100][101] The film is second only to Cabaret(1972) to receive the most Academy Awards in its year without achieving the award for Best Picture.

Alfonso Cuarón won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and the film was also nominated forBest Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actress – Drama for Bullock and Best Original Score.[102][103]

Gravity received eleven nominations at the 67th British Academy Film Awards, more than any otherfilm of 2013. Its nominations included Best Film, Outstanding British Film, Best Director, Best OriginalScreenplay, and Best Actress in a Leading Role. Cuarón was the most­nominated person at the awards;he was nominated for five awards, including his nominations as producer for Best Film awards andeditor.[104][105] Despite not winning Best Film, Gravity won six awards, the greatest number of awards in2013. It won the awards for Outstanding British Film, Best Direction, Best Original Music, BestCinematography, Best Sound, and Best Visual Effects.[106][107]

Gravity also won the 2014 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.[108]

Home media

Gravity was released on digital download on February 11, 2014, and was released on DVD, Blu­ray andBlu­ray 3D on February 25, 2014, in the United States and on March 3, 2014, in the UnitedKingdom.[109] As of March 16, 2014, Gravity has sold 908,756 DVDs along with 957,355 Blu­ray discs

A diagram showing the orbits of theInternational Space Station andHubble Space Telescope

for $16,465,600 and $22,183,843 respectively for a total of $38,649,443.[110] Gravity was also offeredfor free in HD on Google Play and Nexus devices in late October 2014 to early November 2014.

A "special edition" Blu­ray was released on March 31, 2015. The release includes a "Silent SpaceVersion" of the film which omits the score composed by Steven Price.[111]

Scientific accuracy

Cuarón has stated that Gravity is not always scientificallyaccurate and that some liberties were needed to sustain thestory.[112] "This is not a documentary," Cuarón said. "It is a pieceof fiction."[113] The film has been praised for the realism of itspremises and its overall adherence to physical principles, despiteseveral inaccuracies and exaggerations.[114][115][116] According toNASA Astronaut Michael J. Massimino, who took part in theHubble Space Telescope Servicing Missions STS­109 and STS­125, "nothing was out of place, nothing was missing. There wasa one­of­a­kind wirecutter we used on one of my spacewalks andsure enough they had that wirecutter in the movie."[117]

Astronaut Buzz Aldrin called the visual effects "remarkable", andsaid, "I was so extravagantly impressed by the portrayal of thereality of zero gravity. Going through the space station was donejust the way that I've seen people do it in reality. The spinning isgoing to happen—maybe not quite that vigorous—but certainly we've been fortunate that people haven'tbeen in those situations yet. I think it reminds us that there really are hazards in the space business,especially in activities outside the spacecraft."[118] Former NASA astronaut Garrett Reisman said, "Thepace and story was definitely engaging and I think it was the best use of the 3­D IMAX medium to date.Rather than using the medium as a gimmick, Gravity uses it to depict a real environment that iscompletely alien to most people. But the question that most people want me to answer is, how realisticwas it? The very fact that the question is being asked so earnestly is a testament to the verisimilitude ofthe movie. When a bad science fiction movie comes out, no one bothers to ask me if it reminded me ofthe real thing."[119]

Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, astronomer and skeptic Phil Plait, and veteran NASA astronaut andspacewalker Scott E. Parazynski have offered comments about some of the most "glaring"inaccuracies.[116][120][121] The Dissolve characterized these complaints as "absurd", problems "only anastrophysicist would find".[122]

Examples of differences from reality include:

Several observers (including Plait and Tyson) said that in the scene in which Kowalski unclips histether and floats away to his death to save Stone from being pulled away from the ISS, Stonewould simply need to tug the tether gently to pull Kowalski toward her. According to the film'sscience adviser Kevin Grazier and NASA engineer Robert Frost, however, the pair are stilldecelerating with Stone's leg caught in the parachute cords from the Soyuz. The cords stretch asthey absorb her kinetic energy. Kowalski thinks that the cords are not strong enough to absorb hiskinetic energy as well as hers, and that he must release the tether to give Stone a chance ofstopping before the cords fail and doom both of them.[123]Stone is shown not wearing liquid­cooled ventilation garments or even socks, which are always

worn under the EVA suit to protect against extreme temperatures in space. Neither was she shownwearing space diapers.[116] No helmet is able to display images on the visor itself, as was featuredin the film. Visors in space reflect sunlight, and thus would be opaque, in contrast to theirtransparency of the helmets in the film.[124]Stone's tears first roll down her face in micro­gravity, and are later seen floating off her face. Afterbeing pushed from her eye by her eyelid, the surface tension is not sufficient to continue adheringthe tears to her jawline.[125] However, the movie correctly portrays the spherical nature of drops ofliquid in a micro­gravity environment.[115]The Hubble Space Telescope, which is being repaired at the beginning of the movie, previouslyhad an altitude of about 559 kilometres (347 mi) and an orbital inclination of 28.5 degrees. As ofthe release of the movie, the ISS had an altitude of around 420 kilometres (260 mi) and an orbitalinclination of 51.65 degrees. The significant differences between orbital parameters would havemade it impossible to travel between the two spacecraft without precise preparation, planning,calculation, the appropriate technology, and a large quantity of fuel at the time.[115][116][121]The unprofessional "banter" between the three spacewalking astronauts in the movie's openingscene was criticized by Time Magazine's Jeffery Kluger as being unrealistic as well as Clooney'suse of the MMU as his personal jet pack zipping around the spacewalking scene. NASA'sspacewalks are strictly choreographed in advance to minimize movement and use of oxygen andas much as the "frat house­like" lingo is a part of NASA lore, it is used very rarely on actualmissions.[126]

Despite the inaccuracies in Gravity, Tyson, Plait and Parazynski said they enjoyed watching thefilm.[116][120][121] Aldrin said he hoped that the film would stimulate the public to find an interest inspace again, after decades of diminishing investments into advancements in the field.[118]

See also

Apollo 13, a 1995 film dramatizing the Apollo 13 incidentKessler syndromeList of films featuring space stationsPlanetes, a manga and anime series about the disposal of space debrisSurvival film, about the film genre, with a list of related filmsSpace exploration technologies

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External links

Official website (http://www.gravitymovie.com)Gravity (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1454468/) at theInternet Movie DatabaseGravity (http://www.allmovie.com/movie/v523235) atAllMovie

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravity_(film)&oldid=697999709"

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