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Figur 1: Solnedgang over Østersøen. Taget på Gotland
i foråret 2012. Billedet er taget af forfatteren.
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Grave fra Østersåområdet I Boreal og tidlig Atlantisk tid – et multiregionalt studie. Early Mesolithic burials from the area around the Baltic Sea – a multiregional study.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to examine if any homogeneity or heterogeneity can be traced in
burials from Preboreal, Boreal and Early Atlantic period, in the area of the Baltic Sea.
Furthermore, the paper will deal with the Early Mesolithic burials based on theoretical
perspectives on rituals, materiality and agency.
To enable the purpose of identifying the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the data,
relational multi-varied Correspondence Analysis of the individuals and their artifact
variations, body position, burial type etc. have been applied.
The data used in this study contain information from 41 sites including 171 graves with 194
individuals from nine different countries (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania,
Norway Poland, Russia and Sweden). The study is based on the work Mesolithische
Bestattungen in Europa. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Gräberkunde. Teil I-II of Judith M.
Grünberg from 2000, however some new sites and graves have been added.
This study is expected to contribute new contextual interpretations of the Early Mesolithic
burials of the area of the Baltic Sea.
Keywords: the Mesolithic, burials, Baltic Sea Area, theory, relational multi-varied
Correspondence Analysis.
6th Semester BA-Student
Katrine Frydendal Nielsen
Department of Archaeology and Osteology, Gotland University, Sweden
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Figurer 1. Forsidebillede
2. Oversigt over lokaliteter anvendt for studiet
3. Oversigt over de forskellige Forhistoriske kulturer
4. Oversigtskort over Østersøområdet med lokaliteter
5. Oversigt over variabler med andre variabelkategorier inkluderet
6. Alderskategori i forhold til aldersgruppe
7. Oversigtskort med lokaliteter fra Rusland
8. Oversigtskort med lokaliteter fra Sverige
9. Tabel over fundår af lokaliteterne
10. Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Østersøområdet
11. Korrespondensanalyse over grave fra Østersøområdet med variabler
12. Korrespondensanalyse af gravene fra Rusland
13. Korrespondensanalyse af gravene fra Rusland med variabler
14. Korrespondensanalyse over gravene fra Olenij Ostrov og Popovo
15. Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Danmark, Letland, Litauen og Sverige
16. Gravform fordelt på individ i procent
17. Gravtype fordelt på individ i procent
18. Orientering af grave fordelt på individ i procent
19. Orientering af hoved i grav fordelt på individ i procent.
20. Kropsstilling fordelt på antal individ
21. Kropsstilling fordelt på individ i procent.
22. Alderskategori fordelt på individ
23. Alderskategori fordelt på individ i procent
24. Tilstede/fravær af okker fordelt på køn i procent
25. Tilstede/fravær af gravgaver uspecificeret i procent.
26. Tilstede/fravær af gravgaver fordelt på køn
27. Plot over samtlige kalibrede C14-datringer uden outliers
28. Plot over kalibrede C14-datringer fra Tågerup
29. Plot over kalibrede C14-datinger fra Olenij Ostrov
30. Plot over kalibrede C14-dateringer fra Zvejnieki.
3 Metode ....................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Anvendelse af korrespondensanalyse – en kort gennemgang ........... 16 3.2 Valg, definition og kritik af variabler anvendt for PAST ....................... 17
5.1.8 Sverige .................................................................................... 34 5.1.9 Tyskland .................................................................................. 37
6.1.1 Analyse 1 – alle lande .............................................................. 41 6.1.2 Analyse 2 – Rusland ................................................................ 44
6.1.3 Analyse 3 – Olenij Ostrov og Popovo ...................................... 47 6.1.4 Analyse 4 – Danmark, Letland, Litauen og Sverige ................. 50 6.1.5 General sammenfatning .......................................................... 51
9.1 Fremtidigt arbejde ............................................................................... 73 9.2 Tak til… .............................................................................................. 74
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10 Litteratur og referencer ............................................................................... 75
Red deer teeth Red deer teeth and red deer teeth perforated
Roe deer teeth Roe deer teeth and rod deer teeth perforated
Elk teeth Elk teeth and elk teeth perforated Figur 5: Oversigt over variabler med andre variabelkategorier inkluderet. Medtaget er ikke slettet kategorier.
Variablen ”other” dækker over gravformer, som ikke er jordfæstegrav eller brandgrav og
det vil sige, at for eksempel sekundær begravelse er under denne kategori. Variablen
”other position” henviser til andre forekommende kropsstillinger end de hyppigst
forekommende. Under variabelkategorien findes positioner, som: udstrakt maveleje,
”knoglebunke” og udstrakt rygleje med ekstremiteterne bøjet op under kroppen.
Køn og alder er, hvor det har været muligt, sammenstillet i én variabel, da det kan give et
mere nuanceret billede af for eksempel gravgaver relateret til køn og alder og ikke bare
køn. Dog har det ikke altid været muligt at få info om både køn og alder opfyldt, derfor
findes variablen ”adult”, der kun tager alder op. De resterende variabler ”young adult,
male og female” er alle lagt under variablen ”unknown”, da de ikke levede op til
minimumsreglen.
Børn er underopdelt i to variabelkategorier: infant og juvenile, og de er ikke relaterede til
køn, da det osteologisk er meget svært at kønsbestemme unge individer (Scheuer, L. and
Black, S., 2000.). Nedenfor findes en oversigt over, hvilke tidsspand de specifikke
alderskategorier dækker over (Figur 6). De anvendte tidsintervaller er beregnet af
forfatteren selv, men tager udgangspunkt i osteologisk anerkendte aldersgrupper (White,
T.D, Black, M.T., Folkens, P.A., 2011).
Name Age
Infant 0-2 år
Juvenile 3-13 år
Young adult 13-20 år
Adult 20-45 år
Senile 45 år Figur 6: Alderskategori i forhold til aldersgruppe.
Flere variabelkategorier er blevet slettet undervejs, da de enten ikke har haft større
relevans for studiet eller det under arbejdsprocessen har vist sig, at det ikke kunne
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anvendes, som variabel. Her kan nævnes de to variabler: Unique animal artifacts og
Extraordinary artifacts, som dækker over unikke dyreknogler - og tænder, samt
ekstraordinære artefakter nedlagt i graven. Da der er tale om en subjektiv holdning til,
hvad der opfattes, som unikt og ekstraordinært i den specifikke kontekst, så er de variabler
blevet slettet. Dertil vil det kræve en stor og detaljeret viden om de enkelte områders
fauna, samt materiel kultur, for at vurdere, hvad der er unikt og ekstraordinært. Den viden
har forfatteren desværre ikke.
Hvor en klynge eller gruppering (cluster) har kunnet udpeges, så er der for illustrationens
skyld markeret med en sort cirkel, som har fået et nummer. Da flere af gravene fra
forskellige klynger godt kan dele nogle variabler, så skal cirkelen kun ses, som vejledende
og ikke ultimativ.
4 Teoretisk indgangsvinkel
”Death, and the rituals surrounding it, generally play an important role in both reflecting and
shaping social values. Death is an individual event but it is primarily a social occasion. “
( Tilley, C., 1996, p. 215).
Den teoretiske indgang til materialet i dette studie tager afsæt i Agency teori og ritualteori,
som er en del af den Post-processuelle Arkæologis teoretiske værktøjskasse. En
grundigere diskussion af agency, som et fortolkningsredskab indenfor Arkæologien vil ikke
blive diskuteret, da det er et kæmpe felt, som kræver langt mere plads end, hvad der her
kan tilbydes. Agency teori er baseret på Praksisteori, så derfor er det nødvendigt først at få
en kursorisk introduktion til praksisteorien. Derefter vil de teoretiske overvejelser blive sat i
relation og diskuteret i forhold til grave og gravmateriale generelt.
De teoretikere der vil være til baggrund for de teoretiske overvejelser gjort i studiet er først
og fremmest: Pierre Bourdieu, Sherry Ortner og Cathrine Bell, samt Liv Stutz Nillson’s
tanker om kognition og embodiment.
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4.1 Praksisteori og Agency
For at forstå Agency, som den er anvendt indenfor Arkæologien, så må praksisteorien,
formuleret af sociologen Pierre Bourdieu (1972), der har sine rødder i den generative
strukturalisme, først fundamenteres. Ifølge Bourdieu opfattes samfundet, som en helhed,
der har en bagvedliggende objektiv struktur eller grammatik (Høiris, O., 1993, pp. 44-46.).
Altså påvirker individet, samfundet igennem praksis og objektificering, som er bestemt af
habitus, som så igen er bestemt af samfundet og videreføres ubevidst i form af
internaliseringen af habitus i individet og kollektivet, som så fastholder og reproducerer de
sociale strukturer etc. Det er dén vekselpåvirkning, interaktion og interrelation, der er det,
der kaldes for praksisteori (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 82.).
Denne opfattelse er blevet videreudviklet af antropologen Sherry Ortner, som definerer
praksisteorien således:
”Practice theory is a theory of the relationship between the structures of society and culture on the
one hand, and the nature of human action on the other…how persons and human activity can be
constituted through the social process, while at the same time society and history can be
constituted through meaningful human activity.” (Ortner, S.B., 1989 p. 11).
Sammenfattende, så er handlinger eller praksis udsprunget af vores habitus, der tilpasses
samfundsstrukturer etc., som igen er forbundet med mere eller mindre fri vilje og
intentioner, mens Agency dermed kan opfattes, som selve evnen til at handle eller påvirke
strukturer i den fysiske verden.
”Whenever an event is believed to happen because of an ’intention’ lodged in the person or thing
which initiates the causal sequence, that is an instance of ’agency’” (Gell, A. 1998, p. 17).
Med den opfattelse, så forstås det implicit at mennesket har brug for at strukturere sin
verden igennem praksis, og Agency, hvilket objektiviseres og symboliseres i form af
materiel kultur og ritualer. Agency, praksis og materiel kultur hænger derfor sammen i et
heteronomt forhold og kan ikke forstås hver for sig.
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Ifølge arkæologen Chris Fowler, så er en agensteoretisk tilgang til det arkæologiske
datamateriale nødvendig for at forstå og fortolke forhistoriske samfund:
“… agency is the process of generating social relations which sediment into persons, selves and
bodies. Agency is therefore a vital element in interpreting past bodies, things and people.” (Fowler,
C., 2002, p. 48).
Med de ovenstående definitioner ihukommende betyder det, at når at man taler om
praksis, struktur, handling og agent, så er der egentlig tale om agency. Når et individ dør,
så sætter det gang i nogle handlinger fra de pårørendes side i forhold til det man opfatter,
som en rigtig dødebehandling. I næste afsnit behandles ritualer udfra en agensbaseret
tilgang.
4.2 Ritualer
“…I take ritual to be the basic social act.” (Rappaport, R.A., 1979, p. 174).
Der har igennem tiden, indenfor de sociale videnskaber, været utallige forklaringer og
fortolkninger af ritualets oprindelse og funktion og disse har selvsagt båret præg af sin
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Vanpool, T.L. and Leonard, R.D., 2011. Quantitative analysis in Archaeology. Wiley-Blackwell, A john Wiley and sons, Ltd., Publication Vermeersch, P.M. and Van Peer, P. (eds.), 1990. Contributions to the Mesolithic in Europe. Papers Presented at the Fourth International Symposium; “The Mesolithic in Europe”, Leuven 1990. Leuven University Press. Wallin, P., 2010. In search of rituals and group dynamics: correspondence analyses of Neolithic grave fields on the Island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. In Documenta Praehistorica, 634. Pp. 65-75. Westerby, E., 1927. Stenaldersbopladser ved Klampenborg. Nogle bidrag til studiet af den Mesolitiske Periode, København. White, T.D, Black, M.T., Folkens, P.A., 2011. Human Osteology. Third edition. Elsevier INC Zagorska, I., 2008. The use of Ochre in Stone Age burials of the East Baltic. In Fahlander, F. and Oestigaard, T. (eds.), The Materiality of Death; Bodies, burials, beliefs. BAR International Series 1768. England: Butler and Tanner, pp. 115-127. Zagorska, I., 1992. The Mesolithic in Latvia. Acta Archaeologica, pp. 97-117. Zagorska, I., 1997. The first radiocarbon datings from Zvejnieki Stone Age burial ground, Latvia. In Edgren, T. (ed.),Proceedings of the VII Nordic Conference on the Application of Scientific Methods in Archaeology, Savonlinna, Finland, 7-11 September 1996, Finska Fornminnesföreningen Iskos, 11. Pp. 42-47. Zagorska, I., 2006. The history of research on the Zvejnieki site. In Larsson, L. and Zagorska, I. (eds.), 2006. Back to the Origin. New research in the Mesolithic –Neolithic Zvejnieki cemetery and environment, Northern Latvia. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, series in 8’, 52. Stockholm: Almqvistand Wiksell International, pp. 5-25. Zagorska, I., 2009. People and places in Latvian Mesolithic: a case study from the Zvejnieki archaeological complex. In McCartan, S., Schulting, R., Warren, G. and Woodman, P. (eds.), Mesolithic Horizons vol. 1.; Papers presented at the seventh International conference on Mesolithic in Europe, Belfast 2006. Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp.255-260. Zagorska, I. and Larsson, L., 1994. New data on the chronology of the Zvejnieki Stone Age cemetery. In Mesolithic Miscellany, 15 (2), pp. 3-10. Zagorskies, F., 2004. Zvejnieki, Northern Latvia – Stone Age Cemetery. British Archaeological Reports, International Series S1292. Oxford, Archaeopress. Zvelebil, M., 2006. Mobility, contact, and exchange in the Baltic Sea basin 6000-2000 BC. In Journal of Antropological Archaeology, 25. Pp. 178-192. Zvelebil, M., 2008. Innovating Hunter-Gatherers: The Mesolithic in the Baltic. In Bailey, G. and Spikins, P.(eds.), Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 18-60. Österholm, I., 1989. Bosättningsmönstret på Gotland under stenålderen – En analys av fysisk miljö, ekonomi och social struktur. In Arrhenius, B. and Hyenstrand, Å. (eds.), Theses and papers in Achaeology 3, Visby: Allehandas Tryckeri.
10.3 Posters
Pesonen, P., Hertell, E., Nyholm, M., et al. 2011. First man in the eastern Finland - an Early Mesolithic inland site with a red-ochre grave in Joensuu Rahakangas. University of Helsinki and University of Helsingfors. Unknown publishing date. Pesonen, P., Hertell, E.,Mannermaa, K., et al., 2011.Postglacial pioneer settlement in the Sarvinki area, Eastern Finland Environmental and economical setting. . Presented at the 17th EAA Annual Meeting, Oslo, Norway, September 14th -18th 2011. Simponen, L., Mannermaa1,K., Taipale1, N. and Pesonen, P., 2011. Postglacial pioneer settlement in the
Sarvinki area, Eastern Finland: A red ochre grave in Rahakangas 1 site. Presented at
the 17th EAA Annual Meeting, Oslo, Norway, September 14th -18th 2011.
11 Appendiks
Bilag 1: Plot over samtlige kalibrede C14-dateringer med outliers.
Bilag 2: Liste over samtlige ukalibrede dateringer med usikkerhed og rating.
Outliers er blevet markeret med rødt.
Bilag 3: Korrespondensanalyse af gravene fra Rusland med variabler.
Bilag 4: Korrespondensanalyse over grave fra Finland og Rusland.
Bilag 5: Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Danmark, Sverige og Norge med
variabler.
Bilag 6: Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Letland, Lithaun, Polen og
Tyskland med variabler og conveks.
Bilag 7: Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Danmark, Letland, Lithaun og
Sverige med variabler.
Bilag 8: Database (Excel) med katalognummer, lokalt gravnummer og
variabelkategori. *
*Bilag 8 findes som et selvstændigt Excel dokument.
Bilag 1: Plot over samtlige kalibrede C14-dateringer med outliers.
Site Lab.No: Dating Uncertainty Material Evaluation (according to Petitt et al. 2003*)
Bergmansdal (1-3) K-4272 6860 95 Human bone – no reference to grave
19
Brovst (5-9) K-1862 6160
110 Charcoal, from cultural layer
-
Brovst (5-9) K-1660 6420 130 Charcoal, from cultural layer
-
Brovst (5-9) K-1858 6450 120 Charcoal, from cultural layer
-
Brovst (5-9) K-1860 6560 120 Charcoal, from cultural layer
-
Brovst (5-9) K-1614 6590 130 Charcoal, from cultural layer
-
Brovst lag (5-9) K-1661 6680 150 Charcoal, from cultural layer
-
Hammelev (10) AAR-8198 9015 60 Charcoal, from grave
23
Hammelev (10) AAR- 8199 9030 55 Charcoal, from grave
23
Hammelev (10 ) AAR-8200 8875 65 Charcoal, from grave
23
Holmegård V (11) AAR-8558 8465 35 Human bone 25
Holmegård V (12) AAR-8560/M57435
8315 45 Human bone 25
Holmegård V (13) AAR-8561 8500 65 Human bone 25
Korsør Nor (14) AAR-10246 6263 36 Human bone 25
Køge Sønakke (15)
K-5099 8250 85 Human bone 19
Vedbæk Gøngehusvej 7 (17-22)
K-5105 6850 105 Charcoal, from cultural layer –not grave
14
Vedbæk Gøngehusvej 7 (23-27)
K-6857 6530 60 Charcoal, from grave (multiple grave)
18
Vedbæk boldbane (29)
K-1303 6510 110 Charcoal, from grave
18
Joensuu Rahakangas 1 (31)
Hela-2379 7726 58 Charcoal, from grave
18
Jönsas(32-46) Hel-1077 7420 170 Charcoal?, from cultural layer-nat grave
-
Jönsas(32-46) Hel-1810 7590 150 Charcoal?, from cultural layer-nat grave
-
Jönsas(32-46) Hel-1809 7640 160 Charcoal?, from cultural layer-not grave
-
Jönsas(32-46) Hel-1811 7870 120 Charcoal?, from cultural layer-nat grave
-
Berlin-Schmöckwitz 1
OxA-615 6900 100 Human bone 25
(48)
Berlin-Schmöckwitz 2 (49)
OxA-725 8200 100 Human bone 25
Kolberg (52) OxA-2920 5880 80 Human bone 25
Rothenklempenow (53)
Bln-3872
7370 50 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Rothenklempenow (53)
Bln-3878 7390 60 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Rothenklempenow (53)
Bln-3873 7490 100 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Rothenklempenow (53)
Bln-3874 7640 80 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Steinhagen (54) OxA-2921 6550 90 Human bone 25
Zvejnieki (55) Ua-3638 6900 65 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (56) Ua-3635 6775 55 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (57) Ua-3636 6825 60 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (58) Ua-4688 6900 75 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (59) Ua-3637 6460 60 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (61) Ua-19803 6415 100 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (62) Ua-19883 6145 80 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (63) OxA-5967 6395 75 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (65) Ua-3644 7730 70 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (66) OxA-5969 8150 80 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (67) Ua-19808 6410 95 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (68) OxA-5987 6195 60 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (69) Ua-3634 8240 70 Human bone 23
Zvejnieki (70-73) LuS-6834 6160 50 Human bone (multiple grave no info from what individual)
22
Zvejnieki (74) LuS-8220 7525 60 Human bone? -
Zvejnieki (75) Ua-36994 7635 65 Human bone? -
Zvejnieki (76) Ua-36995 7620 65 Human bone? -
Duonkalnis (78) CAMS-85221 7405 45 Human bone 21
Duonkalnis (79) CAMS-85220 5785 40 Human bone 21
Duonkalnis (80) OXA-5924 6995 65 Human bone 21
Spiginas (85) OUTLIER
GIN-5569 5020 200 Human bone, doubted test
14
Spiginas (86) OxA-5925 7780 65 Human bone 23
Spiginas (87) GIN-5571 7470 60 Human bone 23
Viste (88) T-3351 7420 150 Human bone 23
Janisławice (89) Gd-2432 6580 80 Human bone 23
Mszano (90) Gd-6432 8890 180 Human bone/charcoal, from grave
20
Mszano (91) Gd-6436 8680 130 Human bone/charcoal, from grave
20
Mszano (93) Lod-491 8840 170 Human bone/charcoal, from grave
20
Olenij Ostrov (106) GIN-4459 6830 100 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (108) GIN-4456 6950 90 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (109)
GIN-4458 6790 80 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (110) OUTLIER
GIN-4457 6870 200 Human bone 20
Olenij Ostrov (113) OxA-1666 6100 90 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (113) OxA-1664 5700 80 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (114) OUTLIER
GIN-4450 7470 240 Human bone 20
Olenij Ostrov (115) GIN-4449 7130 140 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (116) GIN-4841 6960 100 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (117) OxA-1669 7560 90 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (117) OxA-1668 7560 90 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (117) OxA-1667 7330 90 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (119,120)
GIN-4839 7210 50 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (120) OxA-2125 7510 90 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (121) OUTLIER
OxA-1972
9020 450 Human bone 14
Olenij Ostrov (121) OxA-1224 7280 80 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (122) GIN-4836 9910 80 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (123, 124)
GIN-4838 7070 100 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (124) OxA-1973 7750 110 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (125) GIN-4840 7080 80 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (127) GIN-4451 7220 110 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (128)
GIN-4453 6980 200 Human bone 22
Olenij Ostrov (129, 130)
GIN-4452 7140 140 Human bone (double grave, no info from what individual)
20
Olenij Ostrov (131) GIN-4454 7130 170 Human bone 22
Popovo (133) GIN-4447 9430 150 Human bone 22
Popovo (134) OUTLIER
GIN-4446 5400 300 Human bone 22
Popovo (135) GIN-4442 9520 130 Human bone 22
Popovo (138) GIN-3887 7510 150 Human bone 22
Bäckaskog/Barum (153)
Ua-10667 7895 75 Human bone 22
Kams (155) Lu-1983 8050 75 Human bone 22
Segebro(157-159) OUTLIER
St-812 6310 280 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
14
Segebro(157-159) Lu-758 6970 90 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Segebro(157-159) Lu-855-1 7030 80 Animal bone from cultural layer-not grave
16
Segebro(157-159) Lu-854 7080 80 Bone from cultural layer –not grave
16
Segebro(157-159) St-1195 7125 90 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Segebro(157-159) Lu-1501 7140 75 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Segebro(157-159) Lu-855-2 7140 80 Animal bone from cultural layer-not grave
16
Segebro(157-159) Lu-759 7320 130 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Segebro(157-159) Lu-626 7390 80 Charcoal, from cultural layer – not grave
16
Skateholm (160-181)
Lu-1956 5470 105 Charcoal, from cultural layer –not grave
16
Skateholm (160-181)
Lu-2478 6300 100 Charcoal, from cultural layer –not grave
16
Skateholm (160-181)
Lu-1957 6050 100 Charcoal, from cultural layer –not grave
16
Skateholm (160-181)
Lu-2115 6380 70 Charcoal, from cultural layer –not grave
16
Skateholm (160-181)
Lu-2113 6590 70 Charcoal, from cultural layer –not grave
16
Skateholm (160-181)
Lu-2114 6910 70 Charcoal, from cultural layer –not grave
16
Tågerup (185) Ua-9946 7495 75 Charcoal, from grave
18
Tågerup (185) Ua-25470 3750 75 Charcoal, from grave
18
Tågerup (188) Ua-25218 5820 100 Charcoal, from grave
18
Tågerup (188) Ua-25471 5845 80 Charcoal, from grave
18
Tågerup (188) Ua-25472 6955 80 Charcoal, from grave
18
Tågerup (189) Ua-9945 7245 60 Charcoal, from grave
18
Österöd (192) LuS-7268 9025 65 Teeth 21
Uleberg (193) St-2440 6890 100 Human bone 25
Uleberg (194) Ua-7838 6630 75 Human bone 25
Bilag 2: Liste over samtlige ukalibrede dateringer med usikkerhed og rating. Outliers er blevet markeret med rødt.
Bilag 3: Korrespondensanalyse af gravene fra Rusland med variabler. Tegnforklaring: Mørkeblå firkant = Ažep-Navolok, turkis trekant = Černaja Guba I, Lilla cirkel = Černaja Guba, Rødt kryds = Olenij Ostrov, Turkis/grøn oval = Orov-Navolok I, lysegrøn firkant = Popovo, pink firkant = Sjamozerskij II. Variabler frataget: cremation, other grave form, infant, young adult, adult, senile M, senile F, orienteering: N-S/S-N, head E-EN, sitting position, sitting hocker, supine hocker, other position, dog ,flint chopping block, burnt flint, flint core, antler, red-roe-boar-elk-dog and other animal teeth, roe-red-boar and beaver bones, amber, multiple grave and grave 111-113.
Bilag 4: Korrespondensanalyse over grave fra Finland og Rusland. Tegnforklaring: Mørkeblå firkant = Finland og grøn/turkis oval = Rusland. Bemærk spredningen af det Rusiske materiale med en grupering releateret til det Finske materiale. Variabler frataget: Cremation, other grave form, adult, senile M, amber, roe-red-beaver and boar bones, dog-auroch-red-roe-boar and other animal teeth, antler, antler processed, flint core, burnt flint, flint chopping block, dog, sitting position, sitting hocker, supine hocker, other position, head E-EN, senile F, young adult and infant.
Bilag 5: Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Danmark, Sverige og Norge med variabler. Tegnforklaring: Rødt kryds = Danmark, grøn firkant = Sverige og mørkerød firkant = Norge. Bemærk der findes ikke bæver eller bjørnetænder! Variabler frataget: amber, beaver-red-roe-bird and boar bones, animal bones processed, beaver –bear-roe-dog and auroch teeth, multiple grave, other grave form, young adult, young adult F, adult, head: NW, other position, flint knife, flint chopping block, burnt flint, other flint tools, quartz flake/piece, slate processed, slate chopping block, slate blade, slate flake, whetstone, stones, bone harpoon, multiple grave and graves 23-27.
Bilag 6: Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Letland, Lithaun, Polen og Tyskland med variabler og conveks. Tegnforklaring: Pink firkant = Letland, turkis trekant = Lithaun, lilla cirkel = Polen og grønt kryds = Tyskland. Bemærk der findes ingen skiffer eller kvarts i materialet! Variabler frataget: amber, bird- red-roe- beaver and boar bones, animal bones processed, stones, antlers, slate blade, slate chopping block, slate flake/piece, slate processed, quartz flake/piece, quartz other tools, whetstone, antlers processed, bone harpoon, bone arrowhead, auroch teeth, fish bones, axe, flint knife, burnt flint, flint flake, flint core, supine hocker, sitting position, other position, young adult, infant, senile F, senile M, adult, other flint tools, other grave form, multiple grave, head: E-EN;S-SE;W-SW; NW, orientation: SW-NE; EW/E-W and graves 48-51 and 70-73.
Bilag 7: Korrespondensanalyse af grave fra Danmark, Letland, Lithaun og Sverige med variabler. Tegnforklaring: Rødt kryds = Danmark, pink firkant = Letland, turkis trekant = Lithaun og grøn firkant = Sverige. Variabler frataget: Other grave form, young adult, head: NW, other position, flint knife, flint chopping block, burnt flint, other flint tools, quartz flake, slate processed, slate blade, slate flake/piece, slate chopping block, whetstone, antler processed, bone harpoon, auroch teeth, beaver teeth, bear teeth, red-beaver-bird and boar bones, animal bones processed, amber, young adult F, Multiple grave and graves 23-27 and 70-73.