Graphene

Graphene: enter to the 2D world

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⫸What is «graphene»?

• Graphene is a single layer of graphite (structure like honeycomb).

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⫸ Properties of graphene

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• Thinnest imaginable material (and first truly 2D material ever made)

• Strongest material ever measured (theoretical limit)

• Stiffest known material (stiffer than diamond)

• Most stretchable crystal (up to 20% elastically)

• Record thermal conductivity (outperforming diamond)

• Highest current density at room temperature (million times of those in Cu)

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• Conducts electricity in the limit of no electrons

• Zero rest mass of charge carriers (not electrons!)

• Largest surface area (~3,000 m^2 per gram)

• Allows to observe quantum phenomena at room T

The electronic structure of graphene (sp2 hybridisation)

⫸ Biography of Prof. Andre K. Geim: from Ignoble to Nobel Prize

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In every pencilline we can observegraphene scales.

Andre Geim & his team done morethan just observe.

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First slide from Geim’s Nobel lecture.

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1982 MIPT(«FizTeh») graduation.

A. Geim: «The pressure to work and to study was so intense that it was not a rare thing for people to break and leave, and some of them ended up with everything from schizophrenia to depression to suicide.»

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1987 PhD at the Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia

A.Geim: «Message I took away: NEVER TORTURE STUDENTS WITH BORING/DEAD PROJECTS !»

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• 1987-1990 Research Scientist at the Institute for Microelectronics Technology, Chernogolovka

• 1990-1994 Postdoctoral Fellow at the Universities of Nottingham, Bath and Copenhagen

• 1994 -2000 Associate Professor (UHD), University of Nijmegen, Netherlands

• 2001 -2007 Professor of Physics, University of Manchester, UK

• 2007 -2010 EPSRC Senior Research Fellow • since 2002 Director, Centre for Mesoscience &

Nanotechnology, University of Manchester• since 2007 Langworthy Professor of Physics,

University of Manchester, UK

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• «Friday night experiments»+ Flying Frog (The Ignobel Prize in Physics

2000)

In a magnetic field of about 0.1 Tesla(superconductivity)

In a magnetic fieldof about 16 Tesla(molecular magnetism)

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+ Hamster as a PhD Student

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+ A Real Spider-Man (mimicking gecko foot) Hairs +

Van der Waals force= Spider-Man ability

2 micron

Array of polyimide hairsEach hair producesa miniscule force ≈10^−7 N, ≈10 N cm^2

+ Scotch Tape Method making of graphene (first method)

They find field-effect in samples and it was the main step to

«For groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene»

⫸ ApplicationsProperties: mechanical properties, electrical and thermal

conductivityApplications: composite materials with superior

mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivity

Graphene paper from

Properties: electrical conductivity, optical transparencyApplications: transparent conductor (LCDs, touch-

screens, solar cells, etc.)

Properties: electronic transport properties, 2D natureApplications: chemical sensors

Properties: outstanding mobility, good transconductance, ultimate thickness

Applications: high-frequency electronics

MIT graphene transistor (1000 GHz)

Sources:⦿ REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 83, JULY–SEPTEMBER 2011//

Nobel Lecture: Random walk to graphene// Andre K. Geim ⦿ NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY | ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION |

www.nature.com/naturenanotechnology/ // Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes

⦿ A.Geim’s Nobel lecture slides ⦿ GRAPHENE: MATERIALS IN THE FLATLAND// Nobel Lecture, December

8, 2010 By KONSTANTIN S. NOVOSELOV ⦿ Tuning electronic properties of graphene by confinement and disorder,

Oleg Yazyev// Department of Physics University of California, Berkeley// Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Thank you!Questions?