Grammatical Sketch of the Heve Language

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Title: Grammatical Sketch of the Heve Language Shea's Library Of American Linguistics. Volume III.

Author: Buckingham Smith

Release Date: December 22, 2004 [EBook #14419]

Language: English

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Produced by David Starner, William Flis and the PG Online DistributedProofreading Team

Transcriber's Note: The symbol "[=o]" isused to represent an "o" with macron.

SHEA'S

LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS.

III.

GRAMMATICAL SKETCH

OF THE

HEVE LANGUAGE,

TRANSLATED FROM AN UNPUBLISHED SPANISH MANUSCRIPT,

BY

BUCKINGHAM SMITH.

* * * * *

1861.


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* * * * *

NOTICES OF THE HEVE;

THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY THE EUDEVE, A PEOPLE OF THE DHME.[1]

* * * * *

BY BUCKINGHAM SMITH.

* * * * *

HISTORICAL.

This tongue was spoken in the middle of the last century over aregion of country principally within Sonora, the northernmost ofthe seven Provinces then comprising the kingdom of New Galiciaunder the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The limit of Sonora on the eastwas continuous along the chain of mountains that divides it fromTaraumara,--from Sateche, the farthest of the Indian settlements inthat district, southwardly eighty leagues to Bacoa Sati the first ofits towns. On the west the Province was washed by the sea of Cortezfrom the mouth of the Hiaqui to the Tomosatzi, or Colorado, the waters

of the Hiaqui forming its limit to the south; and on the north by acourse from the Mission of Baseraca westwardly through the Presidiode Fronteras to that of Pitic (Terrenate), a distance of seventyleagues. According to the opinion of a Jesuit Father, the author ofan anonymous work in, manuscript on that country, written in the year1762 at Alamo, it was thought also to be the most important amongthe many Provinces of Mexico, whether for fertility of soil, goldwashings, or silver mines; and not less distinguishable for thedocility and loyalty of those aboriginal inhabitants who hadearly given their adhesion to the government to secure religiousinstruction.

[Footnote 1: The title of the work, in manuscript, from which the

grammatical notices have been elaborated is Arte y Vocabulario dela lingua Dohema, Heve Eudeva; the adjective termination of thelast and first name being evidently Spanish, as is also the pluralterminations used elsewhere in some of the modifications of thosewords. We have only the definition of Heve with certainty given as"people;" to the word "nation" in the vocabulary, there being attachedthe remark: "I find no generic term: each (nation) has its specificname; the Eudeves are called Dhme." Another like work, alsounpublished, with the title _Arte ce In lengua Pinea_ has thedictionary inscribed _Vocabulario en lengua Nevome_.

In the uncertain relationship of the tribes to each other, bettermarked and measured perhaps by the proximity of their idioms than by

any other means with which we are acquainted, a thought has been takenfrom the indistinct manner in which these different people are spokenof by those who have been among them to advance in the present title,(since we may not be at liberty to reject,) the word Dhme for thefamily; and Pima generally for the common language, under which theOpata, Heve, Nevome, Sobahipurls and the rest may be placed, as theyshall become known, each by its separate dialect.]

The Missions of Sonora included moreover a section to the southbounded by the River Chico within the Province of Ostimuri. To the


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north, within the religious precinct, was the Pimeria Alta through theSobahipuris up to the junction of the river of that name, (otherwisethe San Pedro,) with the Gila; thence for a distance of more thanone hundred and thirty leagues, after passing among _rancheras_ ofPima, Opa, and Cocomaricopa, and having received in its course theAsumpcion, or Compuesto--from its being formed by the united watersof two streams, the Salado and Verde--it enters the Tomosatzi, closingthat Pimeria of innumerable tribes described by the missionaries assealed in productive places, and in a genial climate. Other Indians ofthe same names, the Yuma also and Papapootam (Papago) lived beyond,as appears from the accounts given by the spiritual invaders of thoseremote regions, chiefly the Fathers Kino, Keller, and Sedelmayer.

The two principal nations of Sonora are spoken of as the Opata andTima, since the Eudeve should be reckoned with the Opata, for thereason that its language differs as little from that of the other asthe Portuguese from the Castilian, or the Provenal from the French;and likewise should also be added the Jove, who, having mingled withthe Opata, no longer use their own tongue, except in some instances ofthe aged. It is one difficult to acquire, and different from any otherin the Province.

The Opata are the best of the native Christians, having never turnedupon their teachers, nor once risen against the royal authorities; nor

do they, like other Indians, make the women bear the heavier share ofthe labor in the fields. They are industrious husbandmen; but they arenot any the less wanting in valor on that account, having oftentimesshown their good conduct when bearing arms with the king's forcesat the expense of the Missions. Individuals there were, and perhapsstill are, who did the work of blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, stonecutters, masons, learning any craft readily, and practicing it withskill. They and some of the Endeve, although in a less degree, are tothe other Indians what the people who live in towns are to those inthe country, still for all it was remarked, they were none the lessIndians. Such was the general character of the Opata, which is thesame that is given of them in our time by that curious and instructiveobserver, John R. Bartlett, in his narrative of an expedition into

that country.

The Jove were a rural people, quite the greater number of them,unwilling to be brought together in communities, lived in chasmsamong the ridges where they were born, proof to the solicitations ofkindness and conveniences of civilized life. The other portion of themdwelt in Ponida, Teopari and Mochoba. The good missionary at Bacadequeendeavored to bring into towns those who inhabited the rancheraof Sathechi and the margins of the Mulatos and Arcos, rivers to thesouth, without avail. They live among briars, owning a few animals,subsisting on wild fruits and vegetables, gathering an occasionalstalk of maize or a pumpkin that nature suffers to grow in somecrevice here and there made by torrents bursting from the mountains.

These nations, the Pima and the Opata, Eudeve, Jove, forming twopeople, occupy the greater portion of Sonora, seated far inward tothe west from the Cordillera. The limit on the south is where stoodthe deserted town of Ivatora thence to Arivetze, Bacanora, Tonitzi,Soyopa, Nacori; on the west from Alamos, through parts of Ures andNacomeri to Opedepe, and Cucurpe; on the north from Arispe, Chinapa,Bacoquetzi, Cuquiaratzi to Babispe, and from that Mission of Babispeon the east by mountains of low elevation returning to Natora.


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where the u is silent, although gue and gui are each of two syllables.There has been a disposition to omit the g also, the sound of which,as in go, if the natives had not originally, they certainly possessat present, got from the Spaniards. This should excuse its appearancehere. The sound of z is strong as heard in _fits_.

The vowels are sounded as in t_a_r, b_e_ar, s_i_lk, d_o_e, r_u_e.

* * * * *

PART II.

ETYMOLOGY.

SUBSTANTIVE.

_Substantives_ in this language are declined without the use ofarticles.

2. Those which may be called _verbal_, from their origin in verbs,are much used: hisguadauh, painting, or writing, is the passive (ispainted) of the present active hisguan, I paint. They have theirtimes: hisguadauh is in the present, expressing the picture I form

now of the passive preterite hisguacauh, the work I have executed, ofwhich hisguatzidaugh, the picture I will make, is the future passive:and when to these verbal substantives is added the particle gua, itdenotes place, as, No hisguadaubgua, the place where I paint, etc.

GUA.

3. But words signifying kindred, have their termination usually in guaalso, for which see section 16.

SIVEN, RINA.

4, 5. _Other verbal substantives_, signifying instruments, are made

from the future active: thus, the verb mtecan, I chop, having mtetzein the future, receives siven in lieu of the final syllable, and makesthe substantive, mtesiven, axe or tool with which to chop. Many ofthese words likewise terminate in rina, as bcusirina, flute, frombcudan, I whistle, and bhirina, shovel, from bihn, I scrape.

RAGUA, SURA.

6, 7. Many _abstract nouns_ are formed by the addition of the particleragua, as vde, joyously; vderagua, joy; dni, good; dniragua,goodness; dhme, man, or people; dhmeragua, humanity; and sodisragua, divinity. Others, substantive nouns, applied to certainplaces end in sra, as, omsra, canebrake, from om, cane, and sra,

in or among; hurigosra, reedfield; hparosra, mesquitscrub: and soa town is called Opsra, because it is among some trees called op,elm.

8. The _verbs are substantives_ likewise, and as such are declined asmuch so as the same words are conjugated when verbs: thus, nemtzan,I bewitch, is also wizard, and hisguan, I write, is scrivener; butit is to be observed of these substantives, as well as of those whichend in daugh, that they too have equally their times, as nemtzan,the wizard--that is now, in the present; nemtzari, the preterite that


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has; nemtzatze, the future that will, with the difference that theseterminations are active, while those in daugh, etc., are passive.

* * * * *

ADJECTIVE NOUNS.

TERI, EI, RAVE, E, I, O, U.

9, 10, 11, 12. The many _adjective nouns_ ending in tri, and ei,signify quality, as, bavitri, elegant; aresumetri, different ordistinct; tasquei, narrow; asquei, thick; stei, white; and so ofthe rest signifying color. Some ending in rve, denote plenitude; forexample, sitorve, full of honey; composed of sitri, honey, and rve,full; seborrve, full of flies; aterve of at, louse, etc.; others,ending in e, i, o, u, signify possession, as, es, she that haspetticoats; cne, she that has a husband; gusue, he that has land forplanting; hvi, the married man, from hub, woman; nno, he that hasa father, from nnogua, father, and sutu, he that has finger-nails,from sut: and they, moreover, have their times like verbs, since,from es is formed esei, preterite, she that had petticoats; cnetze,future, she that will marry, etc.; and afterwards they are declinedas nouns, as, _Nom._, esi; _Gen._ esigue. (For other form of the

possessive, see section 19.)CA, SARI, SCOR, SGUARI.

13, 14. It is usual for the want of many positive affirmatives in thelanguage to express by the positive of the opposite signification,adding the negation ca, as, nucuatri, perishable; canucuatri,everlasting; cne, married, f.; cacne, not married; hbi, married,m.; cahbi, not married, etc. Those ending in sri, and scor, mark abad, or vicious quality, as, dedensri, tobacco-smoker, from dinan, Isuck; and hibesri, gluttonous, from hiban, I eat; nehrisri, talker,from nhren, I talk; capasri, old rags, from capt; banscor, weeper,from banan; cotzscor, sleeper, from cotzom; discor, vagabond, from

dion, I walk, or vacosri, which has the same signification, fromvcon. The termination, sguari, is used in this sense: dotzi, old man;dotzsguari, very old man; hit, female of middle age; hosguari, veryold woman.

DECLENSION.

Substantives of the First Declension form their genitive in _que_, andusually are such as terminate in a vowel.

_Nominative_, Siib, hawk, _Genitive_, Siibque, of hawk,

_Dative_, Siibt, to hawk, _Accusative_, Siibe, hawk, _Vocative_, Siib, hawk, _Ablative_, Sibtze, in \ Sibde, by > hawk. Sibquema, with /

The plural of substantives (requiring a special notice) will betreated of hereafter. Substantives of the Second Declension form theirgenitive in _te_ and _t_.


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_N._ Mavirot, Lion. _G._ Mavirote, _D. and A._ Mavrota, _V._ Mavrot, _A._ Mavrotze, in, Mavrode, by, Mavrotema, with lion.

The verb-noun hisguadauh, painting, is thus declined.

_N._ Hisgnadauh, _G._ Hisguadauhte, _D. and A._ Hisguadauhta, _Ab._ Hisguadautze, in, Hisguadauhde, by, Hisguadauhtema, with painting.

And so likewise decline the preterite passive hisguacauh, and thefuture passive hisguatzidauh.

But verbs in the present time, when they serve as substantives, arethus declined

_N._ Nemtzan, wizard. _G._ Nemtzante, _D. and A._ Nemtzanta, _V._ Nemtzan, _A._ Nemtzantze, in, Nemtzade, by, Nemtzantema, with wizard.

Some ending in _t_ while they form the genitive in _te_, part with avowel, as follows:

_N._ Arit, Ant. _G._ Arte,

_D. and A._ Arta, _V._ Arit; _A._ Artze, in, Arde, by, Artema, with ant.

Nnoguat, father, belongs to this declension, and forms the genitivennauhte; but when preceded by a possessive pronoun, it loses thefinal guat, as has been stated, and the termination is left in _o_, toform the genitive in the first declension, as, no, my, no nnoque, ofmy father, which rule applies equally to other names of kindred.

Sometimes an ablative is formed in _u_, as tepatu, in the church,

from tepa, hectu, in the shade, from hect.

Substantives of the Third Declension end in _s_, _r_, _z_, and formthe genitive by the addition of _e_, and the accusative by _i_.

_N._ Utzvor, Pitahaya. _G._ Utzv[=o]re, _D. and A._ Utzvori, _V._ Utzvor, _A._ Utzvortze, in,


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Utzvorde, by, Utzvorema, with pitahaya.

In this way decline tatas, crabapple,--gen. tatse, dat. and acc.tatsi, &c., also, portz, wildcat, gen. portze, dat. and acc.portzi, &c.

To Adjective Nouns there has been an inclination to assign a separateplace, but they terminate _in a vowel_, and there appears to beno reason why they should not go with substantives of the firstdeclension.

_N._ Svei, obscure. _G._ Sveique, _D. and A._ Svec, _V._ Svei, _A._ Svetze in, Sveide, by, Sveiquema, with obscure.

OF THE PLURAL.

15. Substantives, especially those animate of rational beings, usuallyform the plural by doubling the first syllable, as, dor, man, or male;

ddor, men; hoit, woman, pl. hhoit; dni, good, pl. dedni.Some other words form their plural irregularly, as, doritzi, boy,pl. vus, applied to both sexes, though when intended only for malesddorus is used; hoquis, large girls, pl. hrquir; temtzi, big boy,pl. tetemtzi; to which when the particle _te_ is added it marks theabsence of any of the other sex, as dodrte, men only; hohite,women only; hrquirte, girls only. The declension of these plurals isaccording to the rules before given.

OF KINDRED.

16. The language is remarkable for another peculiarity, which is, that

the females in many instances employ different words from the males:the father says to his son, Nognt, to his daughter, Mrqua; themother to either says, Ntzgua; the son to the father says, Nongua,and the daughter says, Msgua. The elder brother likewise is calledVtzgua, pl. Vaptz, the younger Vngua, pl. Vopon, the elder sisterCotzgua, pl. Coctz, the younger Vngua, pl. Vipim, to which addingthe possessive pronouns no, amo, and the like, the gua is omitted tosuch as have that termination. There is much to be learned about thenames of the kindred, but the subject is one too wide for presentexplanation.

PRONOUNS.

17. The _Personal Pronoun_ nee, I, followed by another word becomesne; nap, thou or you, becomes na, tamide becomes ta; emet or emdebecomes em, veride and iride become ver and ir; meride becomes mer.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

_Nom._ Nee, I, Tamide, we, _Gen._ No, of me, Tamo, of us, _Dat. and Acc._ Netz, to me, Tame, to us, _Voc._ (if there be any,) Nee, O, Tamide, O we,


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_Abl._ Noma, with me, Tamma, with us, Node, by me; Tamde, by us.the ma in this case being that of cause, manner and instrument.

_N._ Nap, thou, Emet, or Emde, ye, _G._ Amo, of thee, Emo, of you, _D. and A._ Eme, to thee, Em, to you, _V._ Nap, O thou, Emt, O ye, _Ab._ Amma, with thee, Emma, with you, Amde, by thee, Emde, by you.

_N._ Veride, or Iride, this, Meride, these, _G._ Vre, of this, Mere, of these, _D. and A._ Vra, to this, Mera, to these, _Ab._ Verma, with this, Merma, with these, Verde, by this, Merede, by these.

_N._ Vte, that, _G._ Vte, of that. No more appear to exist _N._ Id, At, or Ar, that, (he, she), Amt, or Met, these, _G._ Ide, or Are, of that, Ame, or Mere, of those, _D. and A._ Ia, to that, Ame, to those, _Ab._ Arema, or Idema, with that, Amma or Merma, with those, Arde or Idde, by that Amede, or Herede, by those.

No arcade, by my will, is more used than Nvide, by my will, Amvide, by your will, Tamvide, by our will, Vervide, by the will of this, Emvide, by your will. Arevide, by the will of that, Merevide, by the will of these, Amvide, by the will of those, Nosa, Nsava, I myself, Tomsa, Temsava, we ourselves. Amsa, Amsava, then thyself, Emsa, Emsava, ye yourselves. Arsa, Arsava, he himself, Amtva, they themselves.

These are all without inflections save this last, which has itsgenitive amva, being declined like amet. Nee vasu, likewise means Imyself.

Nee senva is, I alone; the plural, tamide amve, we alone; butneither senva nor amve are declined, only the pronouns thataccompany them.

GUAGUA, VUT.

18, 19. _Possessive Pronouns_ are the genitives of the primitive;thus, no vnama, means, my hat, no being the genitive of nee, andthe same with the rest. But in order to say, this is mine, guagua isused applied to inanimate things, as, veride quit no guagua, this ismy house; or vut applied to animate, as, veride cavadu no vut, thishorse is mine; and with the change of person those genitives of the

primitive must be added, as, no guagua, mine; amo guagua, thine, areguagua, his, &c., no vut, mine, &c. (Another manner of expressing thepossessive has been given in section 12.)

* * * * *

VERB.

Here opens a very broad field whereon may be observed the excellence


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of this language that is considered barbarous.

Conjugation of the verb hisguan, I write, or paint.

INDICATIVE MOOD.--PRESENT TIME.

_Singular._ ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. Nee hisgnan, I write, Nee hisguadauh, I am written, Nap hiosguan, You write, Np hisguadauh, You are written, Id, or At, hiosguan, He writes, Id, or At, hisguadauh, He is written.

_Plural._ Tamide hisguame, We write, Tamide \ Emt hisguame, Ye write, Emt > hisguadagua, Amet [3]hisguame, They write, Amet / We are written, &c.

[Footnote 3: In all moods and tenses when the person is put afterward,which it is very common to do, the form is this:

ACTIVE. PASSIVE. _Singular_, hisguamne, hisguadauhne, hisguanna, hisguadauhna, hisguanar, hisguadauhar,

_Plural_, hisguameta, hisguadaguata, hisguametem, hisguadaguatem, hisguametam, hisguadaguatam, and so on, according to their condition.]

IMPERFECT.

ACTIVE. PASSIVE. _Singular_. Nee \ I wrote, Nee \ Nap > hiosguamru, You wrote, Nap > hisguadauhru Id, or At,/ He wrote, Id, or At,/ I was written, &c.

_Plural_. Tamid \ We wrote, Tamide \ Emt > hisguameru Ye wrote, Emt, > hisguadauaru, Ame / They wrote. Amet / We were written, &c.

PERFECT.

_Singular_. Nee \ I have written, Nee \ Nap > hisguari, Thou hast written, Nap > hisguacauh, Id, or At,/ He has written, Id, or At,/ I have been written, &c.

_Plural_. Tamide,\ We have written, Tamide,\ Emt, > hisguarim, Ye have written, Emt, > hisguacagua, Amet, / They have written, Amet, / We have been written, etc.

ANOTHER PERFECT.

Nee, hisguarit, &c., I have been written, etc. Tamide, hisguarit, &c., We have been written, etc.


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PLUPERFECT.

_Singular_. Nee \ I had written. Nee, \ Nap > hisgnariru, Thou hadst written, Nap, > hisguacuahrutu Id, or At,/ He had written, Id or At,/ I had been written, etc.

_Plural_. Tamide\ We had written, Tamide\ Emt > hisguarimru, Ye had written, Emt > hisguacaguaru, met / They had written. Amet / We had been written, etc.

FUTURE.

_Singular._ Nee \ I will write, Nee \ Nap > hisguatze, You will write. Nap > hisguatzidauh, Id, or At,/ He will write, Id, or At,/ I will be written, &c.

_Plural._ Tamide\ We will write, Tamide\

Emt > hisguatze, Ye will write, Emt > hisguatzidagua, Amet / They will write. Amt / We will be written, etc.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

_Singular._ Hisgua, write thou. Wanting.

_Plural._ Hisguavu, write ye.

Another form of the IMPERATIVE made with sma, to see.

_Singular._ Asmane\ Asmane\ Asmana > hisguatze, Asmana > hisguatzidauh, Asmair/ I will see that I write, &c., Asmair/ I shall see that I be written, &c.,

ANOTHER IMPERATIVE.

Vensmana hisguam, Even though you write. Venesmatze em hisguame, Even though ye write.

ANOTHER IMPERATIVE.

_Singular._ Nee eme hisguaco naqum, Nee eme hisguarico naqum. I will that you write. I will that thou be written.

_Plural._ Nee em hisguaco noquim, Nee ame hisguarico naqum, I will that they write. I will that they be written.

OPTATIVE MOOD.


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This mood appears to have been anciently used with cne, would that itmight be! but now in general it is not so understood. The phrase maybe deemed to be in the Optative, although it does not express thatentirely, being formed by the union of the Imperative above withvenesma, even though.

Vensmane hisguam, Vensmane hisguadauh, I would that it might be, or, I would that it might be, or, Even though I may write. Even though I may be written.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

This mode of speech, If I should write, I should have written, &c.,the natives express by adding the particle _ru_ to the future.

_Singular._ Nee \ Nee \ Nap > ghisuatzeru, Nap > hisquatzidauhru Id / If I should write, &c. Id / If I should be written, &c.

_Plural._ Tamide\ Tamide\ Emt > hisguatzeru, Emt > hisguatzidauru, Amet / If we should write, &c. Amet / If we should be written, &c.[4]

[Footnote 4: Conjunctions, corresponding to _aunque, paraque, cuando_,and the like which it is common to make use of with the subjunctive inSpanish do not exist in the language.]

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Although this mode does not exist in the language, still the nativeshave ways to express the thought, some of which are these:

One mode is by the verb erm, I wish or think; so that to say, Iwish to write, Nee hisguavaerm may be used, which is the futurehisguatze, with the final syllable omitted for the particle va, and

followed by the erm. In the same manner, other verbs may be proceededwith, they remaining stable through all the mutations that ermundergoes, as in the following:

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

_Present_, Erm, I wish. _Pluperfect_, Ehritu, I had wished. _Imperfect_, Eramtu, I wished. _Future_, Ertze, I shall wish. _Perfect_, Ehri, I have wished. SUBJUNCTIVE, (Impt?) Ertzern, I might wish, etc.

In the passive erm is not used, but naqum, which also means, I wish,and with the preterite particle, in the manner that is stated in thefourth form of the imperative, the infinitive mood in this voice isexpressed, as, Nee no hisguarico naqum, I desire to be written.

Another mode that serves for the Infinitive, is that after a verbof motion, the future of the verb is used, as to express, I come toyou to say, Nee eme queitudetze gerem: here, Nee is I; eme, to you;gerem, or erem, I come, and queitudetze the future of the verb


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queituden, I say, or make known.

GERUNDS.

The gerund in _di_ is found in the expression: Already arrived thetime of labor; for which, taking the preterite pnauhri, the verbpnauan signifying labor, add dagua, time, and for arrived usehassde, the preterite of hssem, followed by the de, particle,signifying already, and the phrase is formed pnauhridagua hasside.

The gerund in _do_ is found in the phrase Vus hquedo panavame, theboys playing, work, in which vus is boys, hquedo or hqueco, thegerund of hoquen, play, and panavame, the plural of pnavan, work. Thepassive voice has likewise the gerund, as for example: Nap scriuhdocotzm, Whilst thou art shorn, sleepest; here nap cotzm is, yousleep, scriuhdo is the gerund in do passive of the verb sicn, andtoasquilo, hair.

The gerund in _dum_, and supine joined to a verb of motion isequivalent to the future as before stated in the second mode of theinfinitive; but should there be no verb of movement with the gerundin dum, the particle betzuai, for, is used, as this suffices forpayment, (hoc ad solvendum sufficit,) Veride hasem ovde betzguai;veride meaning this, hasem, suffices; ovide betzvai, for payment;

ovden signifying pay.Thus much it has been found necessary to say of the verb in its activeand passive voice, of its modes and times, which will serve as aparadigm for the conjugation of any verb observant of the form of itspreterite and future (the roots whence rise the other tenses) to bediscovered in the vocabulary.

FREQUENTATIVE VERB.

21. This verb signifies the frequent repetition of the same action,and is formed by adding the adverb ttze, peace-meal, as, I writeoften, ttze ne hisgan.

COMPULSIVE VERB.

22. It is thus called because it signifies to cause or compel to doany thing, and is formed by taking away the last syllable of any verband replacing it with tudem or tuden, which alone is conjugated, andhas the perfect tudari, and future tudetze, as varuhtden, I cause tosin; verhtze being the future of varuen.

APPLICATIVE VERB.

23. When the action is for, by, or through, ("para por,") this verbis used, having its termination in dem or den, perfect, deri, and

future, detze; as pnauan, work; whence is formed pnauiden, which isthe applicative, so that to say, I work for you, the phrase is Nee emepnauiden; and the mother to express, My son has failed me, (died),says, No ntzi mquideri; although in the place of this applicativethe preposition betzguai, for, is used likewise, or de, by; as,Christ died for us, Cristo tamo betzguai, or tamde mqui.

CONTINUATIVE VERB.

24. This verb serves to continue the action, and is made from the


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future, omitting the tze and substituting sem or sen, as nenrsem, Iam continually talking, from nehren, I speak; the future, nenrtze;biquesen, I am thus singing, from biquen, I sing; future, bequetze,for which there appearing to be no perfect, the imperfect, bquesenrumay be used, and the same is the case with the words that end in hon,as merihon, go running; nenerhon, be speaking; biquehon, be singing,of which the future termination is sintze, as nenrsintze.

COMPLETIVE VERB.

25. This gives completeness to the signification of the word out ofwhich it is made so full that nothing remains further, and is formedof the future taking away the final tze, and placing suam instead, as,ban, I eat; btze, I will eat; besuam, I eat until I have finishedit all; todam, I leave; todetz, I will leave; todesuam, I leaveforever,--at once. The penitent may say, Oquine hana no cananacemcatodesuatze, Now, forevermore, I will leave my sins; the perfect beingformed in coari, and the future in uatze.

ESTIMATIVE VERB.

26. This denotes the judgment that one forms of anything, as,dnitzem, I judge it good; dni meaning good; hana Diosi denitzem,perhaps you esteem God? nee eme deosaritzem, I judge you happy;

deosari meaning happy; nee eme nventzem, I consider you poor--pityyou; nven meaning poor: and they form the perfect, tziui, and futuretzihtze.

CONVERSIVE VERB.

27. When a thing changes so as to pass from one to another formor quality, this verb is used. Earth, tevat; genitive, teuhte;accusative, teuhta, whence comes the verb tehtuun, I make meearth,--as do the sticks become, and bodies that rot. So dhmetum,make man, explains the mystery of the incarnation, as, God the Sonmade himself man for us, Dios noqut tamde, or tamo, betzeguaidhmetui. So batuum, is made water, bat, water; nasrtaan, I throw

away; nasrtuun, is thrown away, to become corruption; of which theperfect is tui, the future, tutze.

28. There are some _Compound Verbs_ which end in donon, signifyingto go to do something, which appear to be formed from the future,omitting the last syllable tze, and substituting donon, as amdonon, Igo to hunt; amn being, I hunt; the future amtze; cumndonon, I go togather wood, from cumnan, I gather wood, future cumantze; baudnon,I go to bring water, formed of bat, water; vun, the future of vtze,bring, and donon, which has the perfect doni, and future dontze.

29. The termination guan, is usually a sign of the _Active Verb_, asin mtzguan, I begin: mguan, or mhuan, I plough, and is added by

the natives to some Spanish words they use, such are perdonroguan,I pardon; ayunroguan, I fast; velroguan, I watch. Some form theperfect in guari, and future in guatze; others the perfect in uhri,and future in htze, itze, or in guatze.

30. To form _Compound Neuter Verbs_, the verb dan, I go, isfrequently used, as bahtunan, I melt (active); bahtudaan, I melt,or am melting, the neuter, barnan, I soften; baricdaan, I go on tosoften; zicnan, I break; ziccdaan, I break (neuter); the perfectbeing dai, the future, dtze.


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31. _Other Neuters_ are formed of active verbs ending in an bychanging it into en, as sebn, I freeze; seben, freeze; basn, Iripen; basen, ripen; sepn, cool; sepen, cool; nacuan, hurt; nacuen,hurt. To form the perfect, the en is changed into i; but the future,although it always ends in tze, differs, as will appear by thevocabulary.

32. In the same manner as of Active Verbs in an, _Neuter Verbs_ inen are made, so from other actives in an, neuters are made in un, as,busn, I awake another; busn, I awake me; tutzan, I quench; tucn, Iquench me, in the perfect changing the un to i, and the future to tze.

PLURAL OF VERBS.

33. This language has the notable peculiarity of the verbs oftentimesdiffering greatly in the plural from the singular, as, vaqun, enterone; mume, enter many; von, one to lay down; medguame, lay downmany; mran, one to run; vome, many to run; batmucun, to drownoneself; betcoome, many to drown themselves; batemean, drown one;batecdan, drown many.

34. There are many _Compound Active Verbs_ ending in puguan or puuan,which signify to pluck, as begut, skin, genitive; behte, accusative;

behta, whence beuhpuuan, tear off the skin is formed, and from mo,hair of the human head comes mpuuan, pluck the hair, etc.; sequt,flower, genitive, sehte; accusative, sehta gives sehpuuan, topluck flowers; ngua; root, genitive, nahte; accusative, nahta, whennahpuuan, eradicate, is formed, their perfect being in uhri, theirfuture in natze.

ZEM, ZEN.

35. Estimative Verbs it has already been said end in tzem, but thereare other verbs of that termination that signify certain passion,failing, or quality, as, hisumtzem, I am hungry; verctzem, I amthirsty; vrtzen, I am hot; vttzen, I am cold, which form their

perfects in tziui, the futures in tzuhtze.

TAAN.

36. _The Particle_ taan compounded with a substantive, signifies todo, as, sibrtaan, to make girdles composed of sibra, band; zntaan,to make arrows, zamt signifying arrow; vacotaan, to make bow, fromvcotzi, that instrument; but when it is component of the verb itsignifies, I say that I wish, thus from nsquen, I return, nsquitaanis made, signifying, I say that I wish to return, and from pnauan,labor, is pnauataan, I say that I wish to labor.

ENI, MANI, HABI,

Being the English substantive verb AM.

37. Such is the condition of this part of speech: yonder is a man,ant sei dor _eni_, and if he live there, or is there standing, antcatz, etc., which catz is used only for persons. Yonder is water,ant, or agut bat _man_, yonder is grass, ant dsa _hab_, and alsomay be said, bat eni, dosa eni, but bat hab, dosa mani would not becorrect. Further than this the substantive verb am appears not to showitself clearly: thus that utterance of God, I am that I am, has no


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corresponding words in the tongue: it could seemingly be made somewhatintelligible in this wise: Nee uehva nee, which word for word means,I greatly I, and am is not expressed though understood. So in asking,Who is it, the answer is, Nee, and not I with the verb. This method ofspeaking should be regarded: to say the house of Pedro was my house,it should be, Pevroque qui no quiru, of which qui means house, andPevroque qui, house of Pedro. The verb was, does not now exist in itapart, but in expression it appears, or nearly so, in the substantivequi, which is put in the imperfect by the termination of that tense,ru being added, as, quiru, was house; no quiru, was my house. The sameis otherwise said: Pevroque qui no guaguaru, the house of Pedro wasmine; the guagua, if alone, signifies, is mine.

MAGUAN.

38. There are several _Compound Verbs_ that end in maguan, whichsignify, to throw something to another, as, ermaguan, to throw blood(ert) on him; dsmaguan, to throw grass (dost) on him; tehmaguan,to throw dirt (tevt) on him; sitrimaguan, to throw honey (sitri) onhim, which form the perfect in guari, the future in guatze.

TADEN.

39 The _Particle_ tden, the terminal of several verbs, expresses the

like or dislike the good or evil appearance of anything according tothe name or adverb to which it is joined, as, neve sodta nanactden,or hidenatden, I do not like this bower; tamide naven tamo tademe,we find ourselves poor; nee deosri no taden, I find myself fortunate,the perfect being found in taderi, the future in tadetze.

MUCUN.

40. Of the Verb _Mucn_, I die, compounds such as these are made:vrumucn, I die of heat; vrcome, they die of heat; his-mucn, Idie of hunger; hismcome, they die of hunger; vartmucn, I die ofthirst; var-come, they die of thirst; cmemucn, I die of envy;cumecome, they die of envy. Vrtzen is, I have heat; hismtzen, I

have hunger; verctzen, I have thirst; cmen, I have envy. The reasonof changing mucn to form the plural may be seen in section 36.

NEOQUEN.

41. Nequen, means I command, and observe this method as respects itsuse: Nee unequen, and I command to bring; nee nerta nequen, and Icommand, to pray; nee ouit nequen, and I command to call. Vtze isthe future of vun, I bring; nerttze, I pray, the future of nrtaan:ouictze the future of ouican, I call; so that the tze is taken fromthe future, and nequen is placed in its stead. Notice, likewise, thismethod: Nap ca istutndauh, It is commanded not to lie.

So far of the verbs, which as well other parts of speech all theIndians use with nicety and elegance. For their conjugation, asingle exemplar has been given; but their perfects and futures beingdifferently formed, which are the roots whence the other tensesspring, they have been placed in the vocabulary added to the verbs, aknowledge of which will suffice to form all the other times.

* * * * *


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PARTICIPLE.

42. The verbs become participles without undergoing change of form,as, hisguam, I write, or he that writes, is the present participle;hisguari, I have written, or he that has written; hisguatze, I willwrite, or he that will, is the preterite (future?) participle. Thesame in its proportion is to be understood of the passive voice.

The _Present Participle_ is of the second declension, forming thegenitive in te, thus Nominative, hisguan; Genitive, hisgnante,etc. The imperfect participle is of the same declension, with thedifference that the mark of the imperfect, ru, is the final, as, Nom.hisguamru, Gen. hisguamteru, etc.

The _Perfect Participle_ is of the first declension, having itsgenitive in que, as, Nom. hisguari, Gen. hisguarique.

_Pluperfect Participle_ is declined like the perfect, observingwhat has been said of the imperfect, as, Nom. hisguariru, Gen.hisguariqueru, etc.

The _Future Participle_ belongs to the second declension, thegenitive ending in te, preceded by n or m, as, Nom. hisguatze, Gen.hisguatzente.

The plural, it appears, should be declined in the same manner as thesingular in respect of its termination in te or que.

* * * * *

PREPOSITION.

43. The prepositions that govern the genitive might with reason becalled postpositions, since they follow the case; for Pedro Pedroquebetzgnai, with you am ma.

* * * * *

ADVERB.

The adverbs are very many, and by them more especially is expressedthe manner of walking, of sitting, of sounding, etc., and oftentimesthe enunciation copies after the sense, as, cusan, I sound; catzcatzecusan, clattering sound.

* * * * *

INTERJECTION.

45. Some of the interjections are these: Ari! and when repeated ari,ari! are those of one feeling pain; Asioma is of one that menaces,like, You will see! and Asma is like, I desire to see! Hbesamatzi, Well, then! Ahne is exclaimed by one who recollects himself;Navehtzemne, Alas! Woe to me!

* * * * *


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CONJUNCTION.

46. The conjunctions to the extent they can, will be treated ofseparately; for although the language of Indians is exact, there aredifficulties to be encountered, and from those not brought up in theiruse, requiring special study.

47. The word _And_ is represented by aui, as, Nee aui nap, I and you,and also by vai placed afterward used in this way, Nee nap vai.

48. Whether the sentence consist of one or of two parts, thisconjunction If is nowhere found, but the gerund in do or co is used;and in this manner should it be of a single part or an individual: IfI do it well, I shall be content, hidnane ndo, or nco, nanacertze;when of two, thus: If I did it well, you will be content, hidnanetzendo, or emco, nap nanacertze: whence it may be seen that in thefirst passage is put the nominative nee, having but one part, and inthe second the dative or accusative netz, since another member comesin which is nap, you. These are other examples: If I should be well,I will go to see you, Nee hidna crdo, ost eme teuhdontze, which isan expression of one proposition, for though two persons enter therethe action is single: If I shall have worked well you will pay me, Neehidna pananhriuhco, nap netz ovidetze, which is of two positions, the

action being of two.49. In the examples about to be given, it will be observed that_That_ is never used, whether it correspond to the quod or the utof the Latin. Nee eme vitzn, nap hibe, I see that you are lax; Neeaguteran, Domincotze amo misa ea vitzaca, I know that you have notheard mass Sunday; where vitzaca or vitzcauh is passive perfect, andthe literal rendering is, I know, on Sunday your mass was not heard.I desire that you may live here, Nee eme iuide cteo naqum, in whichcteo is an active perfect participle, and the verb naqum, I desire,ever requires this construction. The verb queem, I command, ispeculiar likewise in one respect: in order to say I command you thatyou work, Nee eme panaaoqueem is said; panaaoqueem being composed of

two words, of which panauatze, I will work, is from panaan, work, thetze final being taken away and substituted by queem.

50. The equivalent of _Because_, nanvari, can be thus shown. I becomeangry because you are lax, Nee znauan, ne nuari nap hbeen: with theparticle arde, which means because, it may be elegantly expressed,Nap hbeen, aredene zinauan, which, word for word, is, You are lax,for that I become angry. Here are other instances: Because I am sickI do not work, Nee ca panauan, nanuarine cocotzem; in another manner,Nee cocotzem, ardene ca panauan, or Nee no ccotzihdade ca panauan,which corresponds to this, I, because of my infirmity, do not work. Icome, because you called me, Nee eue hasi, naneuari nap netz ouqui.Eue, signifying hither, is used because to the Indian ear, I came

hither, is more euphonious than only I came. Nap netzoiqui, ardenehsi, I am glad, because you come to see me, Nee nnaceran, nanuarinap netzeue tehdniueren, or otherwise, Nap netz eue tehdniuerenardene nanaceran.

51. The equivalent of _Before_ is caque, the translation of which isnot yet. Before you could come I was already here, Nap caque hasdo neevnu iuide nitude, of which hasdo is the gerund of hsem, that partof speech being thus used with caque, when it signifies before, and isliterally, You not arrived yet, already was I here. Another instance:


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Before you can go, you will pay me: Caquena dado, netz ovidetze; also,Before the wheat could be planted, it rained: Perilon caque tzihdauh, duqui.

52. _After_ is rendered likewise by the gerunds with the adverb vaar,after. After he had sinned, he was converted to God: Varhruco var,Diosse ven are viranari, that is, having sinned afterward, etc.; andalso it may be without var, as, After it had rained much, the rivercarried away the earth: Muic duco, bata guasta dari. Again: After thewheat had been cut, it got wet, and was lost: Pericon are tepnaricouasnhruco nasrtui.

53. _When_ may be rendered by hco, as, When you had come to see me, Ihad gone for wood: Hcona netz eue teuhdni, nee cumandniru. Another:When Christ had died, so much as was man died, and had not diedso much as was God: Hco mcruco Cristo, are dremcade muqui, areDisemeade ca muqui; where also mucruco is gerund, and likewise maybe said, hco muqui Cristo etc. If the question be asked, When? theaccent is placed upon the last letter.

NUMERALS.

54, 55, 57. The native having counted to ten, says ten and one on it,etc., and at twenty says one man, sei dhme, for the reason of that

being his full number of fingers and toes: for forty he says, twomen, got dhme, and so on to a hundred, marqui dhme. After twenty thecount is the same as with the ten, twenty and one on it, etc. Thesenumerals have also their inflections:

1, sei, once, ses, 6, vusani, six times, vusanis, 2, godum, twice, gos, 7, seniovusni, seven times, seniovusnis, 3, veidum, thrice, veis, 8, gos nvoi, eight times, gos nvos, 4, nauoi, four times, nvos, 9, vesmcoi, nine times, vesmcois, 5, marqui, five times, marquis, 10, macoi, ten times, mcois.

The word _Already_, de, is thus added:

Gsade, Mrquisade, Gosnavosade, Veisade, Vusnisade, Vesmcoisade, Navsade, Seniovusnisade, Mcoisade.

ORDINALS.

56. To form these the numerals are put in the ablative with in, _tze_,which is placed afterward as the prepositions ever are. Stze, first;gctze, second; victze, third; nvoctze, fourth; mrquitze, fifth;vusnitze, sixth; seniovsanitze, seventh; gosnvoctze, eighth;vesmcoitze, ninth; mcoitze, tenth. First is also called vatzutnerntze.

58. On the third day, is expressed, Veie queco; on the fourth day,Navoe queco, etc.

* * * * *

THE LORD'S PRAYER.

IN SPANISH AND HEVE.


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Nuestro Padre, que ests en el cielo. Tu nombre sea grandemente creido. A nosotros venga tu reino. Tu voluntad aqui en la tierra se haga, come se hace en el cielo. Nuestra comida cotidiana danosla hoy. Ten nos lstima limpiandonos nuestros pecados, asi como tenemos lstima nuestros enemigos. No dexaras al Diablo, que nos hace caer en el pecado; mas gurdanos del mal. Amen.

Tamo Nno, tevetze catzi, cann tegua uhva vitzua terdauh. Tomo canne ven hasm amo Quidagua. Amo canne hindocauh iuhtpatz ndaugh, tenctze endahtevn. Qucovi tamo bdagua qui tame mie. Tame nventziuh tame piuidcdo tamo cande mea; ein tamide tamo. Ovi tamo pven tziuhdahteven. Cana ttzi Dablo tatacritze tame hutudenta; nassa tame hipur eadnitzenai Amen.

ENGLISH FROM THE SPANISH.

Our Father, who art in heaven. Thy name be greatly believed in. To us come thy kingdom. Thy will here on earth be done, as it is done in heaven. Our daily bread give us this day. Have pity on us, cleansing us of our sins, as we have pity on our enemies. Leave us not to the Devil, that he cause us to fall into sin, but keep us from evil. Amen.

* * * * *

VOCABULARY.

Acorn, _tohtacat_. Adobe, _saam_; to make _saamtaan_. Air, _vaheia_. Amoli, soap-plant, _bart_, Gen. _barte_, Ac. _barta_.

Arm, _nocat_. Arrow, _zamt_, to make _zntaan_, to poison with vegetable _hithutzaguan_. Arrowhead of stone, _tavit_. Autumn, _mahukis_. Axe, _mtesiuen_.

Bad, _cadni_. To bark, _vden_. Basket, _huarit_. Bear, _mavr_. Beard, _hinsi_. Bee, _mumhuo_. Belly, _sguat_.

Bird, _viguits_. Bitter, _chipen_. Black, _svei_. Blanket, _estri_. Blue, _tadei_. Blood, _ert_. To boil, _tonri_. Bone, _hgua_. Bow, _vcotzi_. Boy, _doritizi_.


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Brother, the elder, _vtzgua_ the younger, _rngua_. Brown, _temosei, vamei mai_. Buzzard, _tec_. But, _nass_.

Cane, _om_. Canoe, _vvasguasiuen_. To cheat, _istuden_. Chameleon, _itzcamr_. Clay, _taart_. Cloud, _mosit_. Coal, _ovi_. Cobweb, _vitoroca_. Cold, _vteri, vteragua_; it is cold, _vten_, to feel cold _vtetzen_. To come, _vern_. Cotton, _chin_. Coyote, _voi_. Crane, _coro_. Cricket, _vaui sortz_. Crow, _cratz_.

Dance, _dhdauh_, to _duen_. Daughter, the father says, _mrgua_; the mother, _ntzgua_. Day, _taui_, to-day, _oqui tuitze_.

Deaf, _nacp_. Deer, _mast, suputz_. Difficult, _omtziteri_. Distant, _mecu_. Ditch, _vavat_. Dog, _chchi_. Dove, _ococi_. Drizzle, _veiguat, bah ragua_. Drown, see Water. Drunkard, _tutzan_. Dry, or thin, _huqui_. Duck, _bavitz_, a large black variety, _humuviri_. Dumb, _nip_.

Dust, _bta_.

Eagle, _pue_. Ear, _nact_. Earth, _tvat_. East, _sivn_, from the east hither _sivitz-cue_, for the east _sivitzuai_, to the east nearly _sivicon_. To eat, _hiban_. Egg, _aiavora_. Elm, _vast_. Enemy, _ovigua_. Eye, _vusit_.

Face, _vsva_. To fall, _huetzn_. Father, _nonogua_; the woman says _msgua_. Feather, _hunsa_. To fear, _scuitzen_. Female, if a child, _hoquitz_; if large, _hoquis_; if grown, _hoit_; if aged, _hoisguari_. Finger, _mamt_. Fire, _te_. To finish, _bihu_.


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To fight, _ncodan, nahdan_. First, _batzt_; first time, _viguat_. Fish-hook, _seiuiquirina_; fish, _cucht_. Flesh, _sba_. Flower, _sequt_. To fly, _men_. Flea, _tepu_. Food, _hib, badagua_. Foot, _tart_. Fox, _caos_. Frog, _temat_; small _sivor_. Fruit, _tacat, basgua_; of the field, _tdaugh, tudahua_.

Girl, _hoquitzi_. To go, _daau_. Good, _dni_. Goodness, _denirava, dnihibraua_. Grass, _dsa_. Gratis, _nassahitua_. Great, _tavi_. Green, _sidei_.

Half, _nataio_. Hand, _mamt_, right, _hibe puuai_, left, _zicpeuai_.

Happy, _decsari_. Hail, _teht_. Hard, _zeen, zeitera_. Hawk, _tohuo_, the large, _sbi_, the red, _hisntocotz_, the little _chinupar_, the little spotted _oris_. Head, _zonit_. Heart, _hibs_. Heat, _ruri_. Heron, white _batsa_, with dark wings, _bahes_. Hole, _hibhi_. Honey, _vatzia_. House, _quit_, of stick _cquit_, of adobe _saamiquit_, of grass _dosquit_, of mud _batquit_, of mat _hipequit_.

Hunger, _hisumagua_. Husband, _cngua_.

Ice, _sutuhoi_. Idol, _hsit_. Infant, _vrtz_. To irrigate, _vanuun_.

Knee, _tont_.

Language, _nerit_. Lagune, _bhri_. Lead, _temsti_.

Leaf, _sagua_; of maize, _sont_, to leaf or bud, _ziradaan_; to fall, _sauhdirion_. Leg, _morica_. Liar, _istuneri_. To lie, _istun_. Lie, _isturagua_. Lizard, _behr_. Lime, _azot_. Lip, _tnpira_. Little, _chpi_.


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Love, _hinadodauh_. To love, _naqun, hindocon_.

Maiden, _nhua hoquis_. Maize, _sunt_. Maizefield, _etzt_. Mesquit, _hupuro_, the fruit _zona_. Metal, _sati_. Moon, _metzat_. Mother, _degua_. Mouse, _zicr_. Mouth, _tent_.

Night, _chgoi_. North, _batn_, from the North hither _bahitz-ue_, to _bahitzuai_, to the north nearly _btecon_. The Indian ever has the points of the compass present to his mind and expresses himself accordingly in words, although it shall be of matters in his house. No, _quta, ca_. Nose, _dact_. Now, _qui_.

Oak, _toh_, the red _vadsor_. Old man, _dotz_.

Orphan, _topini_. Owl, _haropeutz_.

Parched, _saqut_. Paroquet, _zra_. Peak, _cauitze mgua_. People, _dhme_. Petticoat, _est_. Phesant, _purva_. Pigeon, _macgua_; the wild _cucr_. Pine, _vocot, sivr_. Pine grove, _voceura_. Plant, _zivadai, vehri_.

Plume-crest, _cumisa_. Poison, _zarua_. Purple, _hcagua_.

Quail, _cue_. To quarrel, _nevden, nepden_.

Rabbit, _tvu_. Rain, _dqui_, to _dcun_. Rainbow, _vainra_. Rat, _voiset_. Red, _siquei_. River, _haquit_.

Rivulet, _bavtzque_. Road, _vouet_. Rock, _evt, sibt_.

Salt, _ont_. Sand, _sa_. To say, _ten_. Scorpion, _tomor_. Season of rain, _bads_; of heat, _cuus_, _cuuesragua_; of cold, _tomragua_, _tomodagua_.


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Seed, _suvtzi_. Squirrel, _heretz_. Stomach, _voquima_. Stone, _tet_. Straw, _moqut_. String, _tegmi, fibre_. To seek, _hiamun_. Shade, _heias, heiagua_. Shower, _dqui_. Silver, _teoquita_. Sister, the elder, _ctzgua_; the younger, _vngua_. Skin, _peguat_. Sky, _teguica, teuica_. Sleep, _cotzt, cotziragua_. Smoke, _morgua_. Snow, _suthri_. Son, the father says _nguat_; the mother, _notzgua_. Sour, _zocen_. South _tenn_, to the south nearly, _tenacon, tenauai, tnai_, from the south hither _tnauai ue_. Speech, _nerit_. Spring, time of drought, _tsar, cuuesragua_. Star, _sibora_; Venus, _zarin_; the three Marias, _vaurra tcsoi_. To steal, _etzbaan_.

Stick, _cut_. To sting, _hhan_. Stream, _haquit_. Summer, time of rain, _bads_. Sun, _tui_. Swallow, _vaidarus_. Sweet, _quegaen, queguateri_.

Tail, _basit_. Tear, _opet_. That, _at, ar_. Thicket, _churi_. Thief, _etzbaan, etzibaras_.

Thigh, _morca_. This, _verido, vet_, with this _verema_, by this _vrede_. Thrush, _chanate, zaia_. Thorn, _vetzt_, of nopal, _nacuetzat_. Tiger, _tutz_. Toad, _cohar_. Tobacco, _vivt_. To-morrow, _queco_. Tongue, _nent_. Tooth, _tanus_. Town, _hoirgua_. Track, _dart, druh_. Tree, _cut_.

Turkey, _zii_. Turtle, _mri_.

Valley, _haqit_. Viper, _sameior_, the coral _mapurvcotz_. Virgin, _naha hoquis_. Virmillion, or yellow, _basca_.

War, _nahdadauh_. To wash, _vacoran_.


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Wasp, _huiquituntz_. Water, _bat_, G. _bate_, Ac. _bta_; hot, _basuera_, warm, _camrabasucrari_, cold _batuteu_. To drown one _btemean_, Per. _batemari_, Fut. _batematze_, from _mean_ to kill one: to drown many _batcodan_, Per. _batcoi_, Fut. _batcoitze_, from _codan_ to kill many: many to become drowned _batecome_, Per. _batcoi_, Fut. _batecotze_, from _coome_ many to die: one to become drowned, _batmucun_, Per. _batmuqui_, Fut. _batmuctze_, from _mcun_ one to die. (See section 33.) Watermelon, _himus_. To weep, _banan_. Well, _batcori_, to make, _batcoran_, from _tecori_, bowl. West, _huritzei_; to the west, _hurn, hurucon, huritzuai_; from the west hither _huritzcue. To whistle, _bicudaguan_. White, _stei_. Wide, _huena_. Wife, _hhgua_. Wild-cat, _portz_. Wind, _vahca_. Winter, _tom, utdo_ time of cold. Wolf, _hrue_. Word, _nerit_. Wood, _ct_.

Woman, _hoquis_. Wood, _cquit_. Wound, _vcat_, to _nacan_.

Year, _betragua_. Yellow, _svei_. Yes, _hue_, (more emphatically) _hai eco_; woman says, he_. Yesterday, _tuut_.

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Grammatical Sketch of the Heve Language

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