Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích Pedagogická fakulta Katedra anglistiky Závěrečná práce Grammatical category of tense in English verb Gramatická kategorie času u anglických sloves Program: DVPP - Učitelství anglického jazyka pro 2. stupeň ZŠ Vypracoval: Mgr. Petr Menčík Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Ludmila Zemková, Ph.D. České Budějovice 2018
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Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích
Pedagogická fakulta
Katedra anglistiky
Závěrečná práce
Grammatical category of tense in English verb
Gramatická kategorie času u anglických sloves
Program: DVPP - Učitelství anglického jazyka pro 2. stupeň ZŠ
Vypracoval: Mgr. Petr Menčík
Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Ludmila Zemková, Ph.D.
České Budějovice 2018
Prohlášení
Prohlašuji, že svoji závěrečnou práci jsem vypracoval samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury.
Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své závěrečné práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů.
V Českých Budějovicích 27. 4. 2018
…………………………………………………
Anotace:
Práce se zaměří na slovesnou kategorii času. V úvodní části bude vysvětlen rozdíl mezi časem
jako slovesnou kategorií a časem mimojazykovým, vyjadřujícím časové zařazení děje z
hlediska mluvčího či časové vztahy mezi různými ději. Bude též vysvětlen rozdíl v anglickém
označení pojmu “čas”. Dále bude osvětlen koncept času jako deiktické kategorie a bude
popsán celý systém časů z hlediska mluvčího, včetně časových forem anglického slovesa.
Samotný závěr práce bude tvořit analýza praktického užití gramatických časů na základě
testování žáků 2. stupně základních škol.
Klíčová slova: druhý stupeň, základní škola, vzdělávání, slovesa, čas, slovesný čas
Abstract:
The final work will focus on the category of verb tenses. The introductory part will explain
the difference between the grammatical category of the tense and the concept of time without
using tenses. The work will also comment on the possible meanings of the term "time".
Furthermore, the concept of time as a deictic category will be under the study as well as the
system of grammatical tenses. The conclusion, based on testing pupils of the 2nd grade of
elementary schools, will be devoted to an analysis of the practical use of grammatical tenses.
Key words: second grade, elementary school, education, verbs, time, tense
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The content
The introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Theoretical part ................................................................................................................................ 6
1.5. The present simple ..................................................................................................................... 10
1.6. The present progressive / continuous ........................................................................................ 11
1.7. The present perfect simple......................................................................................................... 11
1.8. The present perfect progressive ................................................................................................. 12
1.9. The past simple .......................................................................................................................... 12
1.10. The past progressive .............................................................................................................. 13
1.11. The future simple - will ......................................................................................................... 13
1.12. The future simple – going to ................................................................................................. 14
2. Practical part .................................................................................................................................. 15
2.1. The research .............................................................................................................................. 15
2.2. The results ................................................................................................................................. 18
The online sources: ................................................................................................................................ 32
List of figures: ....................................................................................................................................... 33
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The introduction The aim of the final work is to summarize the concept of English verb tenses. The work is
divided into theoretical part describing the system of grammatical tenses and practical part
exploring verb tenses in particular examples. The initial part defines the verb as the part of
speech and summarizes its categories. It also explains the difference between the terms tense
and time. The core of the theoretical part is devoted to the system of tenses. The practical part
investigates on the basis of a specially formed test, how pupils of a second grade of
elementary school are able to use and understand English tenses.
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1. Theoretical part A verb is a word that denotes action or being. According to Burton, the verb is the
essential word in the predicate, because it plays very important role in telling us something
about the subject of the sentence. Burton (1984:26) shows several examples:
Subject Predicate
1 The detective found three witnesses.
2 My sister emptied the bag of sweets.
3 A rescue team reached the stranded climbers.
If the italicised word is omitted from each of these sentences, the words that remain no
longer form a sentence, for they do not express a complete thought:
1 The detective - three witnesses
2 My sister - the bag of sweets
3 A rescue team - the stranded climbers
The verb may consist of one word, but they often consist of more words. Burton (1984:27)
shows several examples:
1 The guests were told the news after dinner.
2 We must leave next week.
3 That road has been dangerous for years.
Sometimes, words that are not part of the verb come between the words that make up the
verb. (Burton 1984:27)
Examples
1 The weather has often been cold in May.
2 The scientists could not repeat the experiment.
3 All the bargains have now vanished from the shops.
As Burton claims, the word (or group of words) that performs the essential 'telling'
function in the predicate is called the verb.
1.1. Verb classes There are two main classes of the verbs in English, the auxiliary verbs, the semi-
auxiliary verbs and the lexical verbs. They can be further divided into several subclasses, as
shown in the scheme below. According to this scheme (Quirk 1991:69), auxiliary verbs can
be divided into primary auxiliary verbs and modal auxiliary. The second group is formed by
full lexical verbs. The group of verbs in between is called semi-auxiliary verbs.
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Figure 1: Verb classes (Quirk 1991:69)
1.2. Grammatical Categories of Verbs The grammatical categories of the verbs in English are person, number, tense, mood,
voice, and aspect. Dušková stresses primary verbal features (tense, aspect, mood, voice) and
secondary nominal features (subject-verb agreement in person and number)
The person can be 1st, 2nd and 3rd.
The number is singular or plural for each person.
The tense can be past, present and future. Each of them can be simple, perfect or
progressive / continuous.
The voice is active or passive.
There are four moods– the indicative, the imperative, the infinitive, the subjunctive.
The aspect expresses how an action, event, or state, denoted by a verb, extends over
time.
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1.3. Tense The tense describes when the activity is happening. This term means the time whether the
action takes place. The lexical verbs can exist in the present (speak), in the past (spoke) and in
the future (will speak)
The simple tenses denotes present, past or future in a direct way. The continuous
tenses indicating that an action is, was or will be continuing. The perfect tenses indicating that
an action is, was or will be completed. The future in the past tense denotes an action that, at a
point in past time, still lay in the future.
Time is a concept which is related to our perception of reality. There are three times:
past, present and future. Tense is a grammatical category which is marked by verb inflection
and expresses when an event or action happens in the flow of time.
Strictly speaking, only two English tenses are marked by the inflection of the verb:
past (talked), present (talks)
Other tenses are marked by auxiliaries (be, have):
past continuous (was/were talking), past perfect (had talked)
past perfect continuous (had been talking), present continuous (am/are/is talking)
present perfect (have/has talked), present perfect continuous (have/has been talking)
As future time is expressed with the modal will + infinitive and not with inflection, the
forms with will (will talk, will be talking, will have talked, will have been talking) are not
considered to be tenses.
Therefore, the twelve basic tenses in English are:
Figure 2. (Grammaring, The English grammar, p. 118)
Note that certain tenses in English may refer to a different time than that expressed by
their names. For example, the present continuous tense may refer to either present or future
time:
"What are you doing?" "I'm reading." (present reference)
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous
Past Past simple Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous