Grammarhandbook semester 2 sp3h

Grammar Handbook

Zorro Sanchez

Table of ContentsSlide Numbers

3. Nationalities4. Stem Changer5. Para6. IOP7. Pronoun Placement8. Gustar9. Affirmative and Negative Words10. Superlatives11. Affirmative tú commands/ irregulars/ pronoun

placement12. Negative tú commands/ irregulars/ pronoun

placement13. Sequencing events14. Preterite15. Trigger Words16. Car, -Gar, Zar17. Deber + Infinitivo18. Modal Verbs19. Present Progressives

20. Adverbs21. Preterite22. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns23. Ordinal Numbers24. Prepositions25. Future26. Imperfect27. Reflexives28. Por vs. Para29. Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns30. Usted and Ustedes Commands31. Present Subjective32. Verbs of Will and Influence33. Verbs of Emotion (Subjunctive)34. Subjunctive Doubt vs. Certainty35. Conjunctions36. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses37. Tú Commands38. Nosotros Commands39. Past Participle Used as Adjectives40. Present Perfect41. Past Perfect42. Future Tense43. Conditional Tense44. Past Subjunctive

Nationalities

Stem Changer• Servir• Decir• Despedir

Pedir ( to ask for) E > i

• Querer• Tener • Preferir

Pensar ( to think)E > ie

• Almorzar• Contar• Costar

Dormir ( to sleep)O > ue

Pido

Piden

Pides

Pide

Piensa

Piensas

Pienso

Piensan

Pedimos

Pensáis

Pensamos

Pedís

Duermen Duerme

Duermes

Duermo

Dormís

Dormimos

Para

To indicate destination

To show the use or

purposes of a thing

To mean “in order to” or

“for the purpose of”

To indicate a recipient

To express a deadline or

specific time

To express a contrast

from what is expected

“Estar para” to epress an action that will soon be completed

IOP

Singular

Le (you

formal, him, her)

Te (you

familiar)

Me (me)

Plural

Les (you, them)

Os (you

familiar)

Nos (us)

IOPs are nouns that

tell to whom/what

or for whom/what

Pronoun Placement

• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive• Attach the pronoun to progressive

tense • Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command• Place the pronoun before a

conjugated verb

Gustar

Gusta/ Gustan

Me (I) Te (You)Le

(Him/ Her/It)

Nos (We)

Os (You all)

Les (They/ Them)

• Negative phrase• No ___ gusta

• Gusta singular• me gusta la

comida

• Gusta antes de un infinitive• me gusta

hablar español

• Gustan • me gustan las

enchiladas

Affirmative and Negative Words

Affirmative Words

Algo

Alguien

Algún/ Alguno(a)Siempre

También

Negative Words

Nada

Nadie

Ningún/ Ninguno(a)Nunca

Tampoco

When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or negative word.

If a verb is proceeded by a no, word that follow must be a negative and a double negative is required when no proceeds the verb

SuperlativesSuffix

added to adjective

and adverb

ísimo

ísimos

ísima

ísimas

Equivalent to extremely or very

Adjective and adverb ending in c, g, and z change spelling to qu, go, and c respectively

Adjective that end in n or r form by adding císimo/a

Affirmative tú commands/ irregulars/ pronoun placement

Irregular command

s

Di

Haz

Ve

Pon

Sal

Sé

Ten

Ven

Put into the tú form and drop the s

Negative tú commands/ irregulars/ pronoun placement

T• No tengas

V• No vengas

D• No des/ digas

I• (Ir)No vayas

S• No seas

H• No hagas

E• No estés

S • No sepas

Put i

nto

yo fo

rm

Change

the

vowel

er/ir

-a

and a

r- e

Add

the

s

Sequencing events

Por l

a

mañ

an

a

Por la tarde Por la

noche

Prim

ero

Entonce

s

Luego Después

Por fin

Antes

de

Después de Los lunes

PreteriteAR ER/IR

-é-aste

-ó-amos-asteis-aron

-ó-iste-ió

-imos-isteis-ieron

YoTú

Él/ella/ustedNosotros/asVosotros/asEllos/ellas/

ustedes

Trigger Words

One day Once Yesterday

At night A year ago Already

Last month Day before yesterday For one hour

Finally At eight On February fifth

Twice

Un día Una vez Ayer

A noche Hace un año Ya

El mes pasado Anteayer Por una

hora

Por fin A las ocho El cinco de Febrero

Dos veces

English Spanish

Car, -Gar, Zar• Car,

gar, and zar forms only have the yo form changed

Tocar• Toqué• Tocaste• Tocó• Tocamos• Tocaron

Jugar• Jugué• Jugaste• Jugó• Jugamos• Jugaron

Comenzar• Comencé• Comenzaste• Comenzó• Comenzamos• Comenzaron

Deber + Infinitivo

Debo

Deben

Debéis

Debemos

Debe

Debes

Deber(should/ought to)

Infinitive

Proper SpanishGrammar

Modal Verbs

These verbs must be paired with and infinitive that follows

the conjugated verb

Present Progressives

Ar= -ando

Er/ir = -iendo

When the verb stem ends in a vowel = -

yendo

• pasando

• moviendo

• leyendo

Adverbs

Adjective•Feliz •Cuidadoso•Frecuente

Plus –mente•Changes the masculine ending to feminine if ending letter is “o”

•Adds mente to end if first rule doesn’t apply

Adverb•Felizmente•Cuidadosametne•Frecuentemente

PreteriteAR ER/IR

-é-aste

-ó-amos-asteis-aron

-ó-iste-ió

-imos-isteis-ieron

YoTú

Él/ella/ustedNosotros/asVosotros/as

Ellos/ellas/ustedes

RegularOne day Once

Yesterday At night

A year ago Already

Last month Day before yesterday

For one hour Finally

At eight On February fifth

Twice

Un día Una vez

Ayer A noche

Hace un año Ya

El mes pasado Anteayer

Por una hora Por fin

A las ocho El cinco de Febrero

Dos veces

English Spanish

• Car, gar, and zar forms only have the yo form changed

Tocar•Toqué• Tocaste• Tocó• Tocamos• Tocaron

Jugar• Jugué• Jugaste• Jugó• Jugamos• Jugaron

Comenzar•Comencé• Comenzaste• Comenzó• Comenzamos• Comenzaron

Repetí

Repitieron

-

Repetimos

Repítío

Repitiste

Snake

Construí

Construyeron

-

Construimos

Construyo

Construiste

Snakey

Spock Verbs ir/ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueronhacer-hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos. Hicierondar/ver- di/vi, diste/viste, dio/vio,

dimos/vimos, dieron/vieron

Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

To make it a demonstrative pronoun, just add an accent mark to the last vowel. Use a neuter pronoun like esto, eso, and aquello when the gender of the noun is unidentified.

Ordinal Numbers• Notice that the words for 1st

(primer, primero, primera) and 3rd (tercer, tercero, tercera) both drop the final "O" if they come before a masculine singular noun - for example:• Es el primer libro que ha escrito• Ellos están en el tercer coche

• When used before a feminine or plural noun, either the "A" or "O" endings are used.• La fiesta es el primero de

Agosto• Vamos en los primeros días de

Agosto• Es la sexta casa allí a la derecha• El boleto es para segunda

clase

Prepositions

Future

ImperfectAr Verbs

Hablaba

Hablabas

Hablaba

Hablábamos

Hablabais

hablaban

Er verbs

Tenía

Tenías

Tenía

Teníamos

Teníais

Tenían

Ir verbs

Salía

Salías

Salía

Salíamos

Salíais

Salían

Ser

Era

Eras

Era

Erámos

Erais

Eran

Ir

Íba

Íbas

Íba

Íbamos

Íbaís

Íban

Ver

Veía

Veías

Veía

Veíamos

Veíais

Veían

Reflexives

Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se Used when the subject

receives the action

Reflexive verbs will have se attached at

the end like acostarseLocated in front of the conjugated verb, attached to a gerund, attached to an infinitive, or attached to an affirmative command

Por vs. Para

Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns

Usted and Ustedes Commands

Present Subjective

Regulars

Irregulars

Verbs of Will and Influence

Verbs of Will and Influence

Aconsejar• To advise

Importar• To be

important• To matter

Insistir (en)• To insist on

Mandar• To order

Prohibir• To prohibit

Recomendar (e->ie)• To recommend

Rogar (o->ue)• To beg, to

plead

Sugerir (e->ie)• To suggest

Verbs of Emotion (Subjunctive)

Subjunctive Doubt vs. Certainty

Conjunctions

Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses• Adjectival clauses function as adjectives modifying a noun or pronoun,

which is known as the antecedent. These clauses are most frequently introduced by the relative pronouns que (which/that/who) quien/quienes (who), el que, la que, los que, los que (which/that/who), or el/la cual, los/las cuales(which/that/who).

• If the noun or pronoun modified is negated, nonexistent, vague, or indefinite, then the verb in the modifying clause will be in the subjunctive.

• Example– Have you found someone who can help us?

¿ Has encontrado a alguien que nos pueda ayudar? / ¿ Has encontrado a alguien que pueda ayudarnos?

Tú Commands

Nosotros Commands

Past Participle Used as Adjectives

• Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.– La puerta está cerrada.

The door is closed.– Las puertas están cerradas.

The doors are closed.– El restaurante está abierto.

The restaurant is open.– Los restaurantes están abiertos.

The restaurants are open.

Present Perfect• In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the present

tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:– he

hashahemoshabéishan

• When you studied the past participle, you practiced using it as an adjective. When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. However, when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.– Past participle used as an adjective:

La cuenta está pagada.The bill is paid.

– Past participle used in the present perfect tense:He pagado la cuenta.I have paid the bill.

Past Perfect• In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using

the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:– había

habíashabíahabíamoshabíaishabían

• When you studied the past participle, you practiced using it as an adjective. When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to agree with the noun it modifies. However, when used in the perfect tenses, the past participle never changes.

Future Tense

Conditional Tense

Past Subjunctive

• The imperfect/past subjunctive follows all the same rules as the present subjunctive for when to use it. The only difference is timing. Use the imperfect subjunctive when theWEIRDO verb (independent clause) is in the imperfect or the preterite or refers to a previous experience.

• To conjugate a verb in the imperfect subjunctive, you must first remember the 3rd person plural of the preterit. Instead of using the infinitive for a stem, the imperfect subjunctive uses the 3rd person plural of the preterit (without the -ron).

infinitive 3rd person preterite

imperfect subjunctive stem

infinitive 3rd person preterite

imperfect subjunctive stem

caber cupieron cupie- pedir pidieron pidie-

dar dieron die- poder pudieron pudie-

decir dijeron dije- poner pusieron pusie-

dormir durmieron durmie- preferir prefirieron prefirie-

estar estuvieron estuvie querer quisieron quisie-

haber hubieron hubie- saber supieron supie-

hacer hicieron hicie- sentir sintieron sintie-

ir fueron fue- ser fueron fue-

leer leyeron leye- traducir tradujeron traduje-

tener tuvieron tuvie- traer trajeron traje-

yo -ratú -rasusted, él, ella -ranosotros -ramosvosotros -raisustedes, ellos, ellas -ran