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sk i l l l e v e l s Y o u c a n th e n u s e t he s e l f e v a l u a t e d r e s u l t s t o de t e r m i n e w h i c h s k i l l a r e a s y o u

m o s t n e e d t o im p r o v e

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b u s in e s s o u r le t te r s e m a ils p r o po s a ls a n d b ills n e e d to be g r a m m a t ic a lly p e r fe c t a n d f r e e o f s pe l lin ge r r o r s a n d p u n c tu a t io n e r r o r s S o I g u e s s g o o d g r a m m a r is a n e c e s s a ry e v il !"

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, m e c ha n ic s o r

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s c o r e the t e s t by c o m pa r i n g y o u r a n s w e r s t o t he

a n s w e r k e y o n p a ge 110 T he n,

u s e the Ski t ts À s s e s s m e n l fo r m o n p a ge 8 to r e c o r d y o u r n u m be r

o f c o r r e c t a n s w e r s f o r e a c h s e c t io n

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t ha t b e s t d e s c r ibe s e a c h s e n t e n c e

A In c o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e

B Ru n o n s e n t e n c e (ph r a s e s o r c la u s e s a r e in c o r r e c t ly s t r u n g t o ge the r )c M o d i f y i n g e l e m e n t s m i s p la c e d o r l e f t d a n g l i n gD s t r u c t u r e n o t p a r a l le l

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r e s p o n d t o t ho s e c o m m a n d s,

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t h e c h e e r i n g in c r e a s e d

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I d idn't n o t i c e t he m a c h in e a t a l l

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a n a dv a n c e d l a s e r j e t m o de l,

i s qu i t e r e l i a b l e

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t he m a i n f u n c t i o n

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, f+le y o w r e p o r t

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d i f f ic u l t t o s o l v e

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10 Sm o k i n g i s o n ly p e r m i t te d in de s ign a t e d a r e a s o n thi s c a m p u s

Co PY R I G HT © 2 009 PEA RSON ED UC A T Io N C A N A D A3


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13 Bomba. r <ç ï ha s m o v e d s o m e o f i t s a e r o s pa c e o pe r a t io n s t o N o r the n

I r e la n d

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' t d i s t u r b o u r c o n v e r s a t i o n s

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16 M e a s u r i n g e le c t r o n ic o u tp u t i s the m a in f u n c t i o n o f th i s m u l t i m e t e r

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a n d v e r bs t o e x p r e s s ba s i c m e a n i n g T he o th e r p a r t s o f sp e e c h s u pp o r t n o u n s a n d v e r

p r o n o u n s s t a n d i n f o r n o u n s ; a dje c t iv e s a n d a dv e r bs a dd de t a i l a n d c o l o u r ; p r e p o s i t i o n s,

c o n j u n c t io n s,

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o r e v e n a s v e r b s :

T he s e s l e e t (a dje c t iv e ) bo lt s a re m a de o f a n e x t r e m e ly e x pe n s iv e a llo y o f s t ee f (n o u n ), SO

s e f (v e r b) yo u r s e lf fo r t he c o s t o f t he 1, 000 bo lt s r e q u ir e d fo r t he de c k s u p po r t s

10 C o PY R I G H T © 2 009 PEA R SON E D U C A T IO N C A N A DA


B A SIC G RA M M A R

P l u r a l n o u n s

N o u n s c a n be s i n gu l a r : c o m p u t e r,

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h a s be e n f o r ge d f r o m o n e r o o t l a n gu a ge (A n g l o Sa x o n,

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, c r i t e r i o n ) b r o u gh t t he i r n a t iv e p h i r a l fo r m s w i t h th e m

P o s s e s s i v e n o u n s

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H o w e v e r,

the"

o w n e r s h ip" do e s n

' t ha v e t o be l e g a l :

t he v a n's m o t o r e a c h w o r ke r s lo c ke r a d o lla r s w o r t h

H e r e a r e th e u s u a l c o n v e n t io n s f o r u s i n g a p o s t r o phe s t o in di c a t e p o s s e s s i o n :

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c r on y ms , a

n d ind e f i ni te pr on o u n s , a

d d ' s

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B A S I C G R A M M A R

+ F o r p l u r a l n o u n s e n d i n g i n s , a dd o n ly t he a p o s t r o p he :

t he Jo n e s e s' t r u s t f u n d t h r e e p la ye r s

'e q u ip m e n t

+ F o r p l t 1r a l n o u n s n o t e n d i n g i n s,

a dd '

s :

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a dd '

s o n ly t o t he l a s t w o r d :

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's advi ce t he Pr im e Mln ls t e r s v e to

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's de s ks

+ T o i n d i c a t e j o in t o w n e r s h ip , a dd '

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t h e o ld bypa s s r o a d s e v e r a l r e s po n s ible b io lo g is t s t he w o e f u lly la t e r e po r t

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t h e ö l l b- m a d s ho u ld be u pg r a de d t o ha n d le t he c o n s t r u c t io n t r a f f ic

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O r,

i t m i gh t Dm c t i o n a s a c o m p l e m e n t :

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t he 1a b d ir e c t o r,

is o n e o f t he s e v e ra / r e - b n w h o s e

r e pu t a t io n s ha v e be e n t a r n is he d by a lle ga t io n s o f c a r e le s s s a m p lin g m e t ho d s

12C o PY R I G H T © 2 009 PE A RS ON E D U CA T ION CANA DA


B A S Ic G R A M M A R

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n n o u n s

U n de r l in e t he p r e fe r r e d c ho i c e w i th i n e a c h s e t o f pa r e n the s e s in th e fo l lo w i n g s e n t e n c e s Y o u

w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s fo r th e s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a ge 110

1 O u r f i r m'

s (s p e c ia t iy s,

sp e c ia t t i e s ) a r e in da t a ga the r in g a n d s t a t i s t ic a l a n a ly s is

2 W a t e r t e m pe r a t u r e e x c e e de d 34 de g r e e s (c e l s i u s C e ts i u s ) fo r t he s e c o n d da y in a r o w

3 P l a c e t he he a v ie r e qu ip m e n t o n t he l o w e r (s he , fs s he tv e s )

4 Se n d y o u r c o m p a n y n e w s le t t e r i t e m s t o the (e d i t o r i n c h i e f s e d i t o r : ç i n c h i e d í l o r

c h i e h ) e m a i l a ddr e s s

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R V '

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m o n th s

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, Ry a n C o tt i n

'

s Rya n ( ot t i n çe s Ry a n

C o l l i n s'

s ) r e p o r t s ha v e a l l be e n s u bm i t t e d o n t i m e

7 G e o r ge M c A v o y , th e a c t i n g (p i r bo s s

, P i t B o s s

, p i t B o s s ) , e n t e r e d t he m i n e j u s t a s t he s u p po r t

b e a m s c o l la p s e d

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s,

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s a n d Wa n d a'

s ) r e p o r t s r e c o u n t e d q u i t e d i f fe r e n t v e r s io n s o f th e

m e e t i n g w i th t he c i ty'

s s o l ic i t o r s

9 A th o r o u gh a n a ly s i s o f t he s t r e a m f lo w (da t a,

da t a s ) s ho w e d v e r y l i t t le e v i de n c e t o s u p p o r t

t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n s o c i e ty's a c c u s a t i o n s

10 O u r c o m p a n y ha s b e e n i n b u s i n e s s in F r e d e r i c t o n s i n c e t h e e a r ly (198 0s,

198 0 '

s,

198 0, s )

I m p r o v e m e n t e x e r c i s e s n o u n s

I n i t e m s 1 t hr o u gh 5,

u n de r l i n e th e c o m m o n n o u n s a n d c i r c le t he p r o p e r n o u n s Y o u w i l l f i n d

a n s w e r s f o r th e s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a g e 110

1 E a c h o f t h e c o n s u l t a n t s w r o t e a r e p o r t a b o u t R i v e r b e n d D a m's p r o je c t e d c o s t o v e r r u n s

2 I n t hi s b o o k,

"

g r a m m a t ic a l "r e fe r s t o e & e c t iv e

, w e l l fo r m e d ph r a s e s a n d s e n t e n c e s

3 G r - a r s t u d i e s t h e r u l e s gover ni ng t h e u s e o f l a n g u a g e,

a s D r B e n s o n ha s s t a t e d m a n yt im e s

4 W r i t t e n t e c hn i c a l c o m m u n i c a t io n i s n o t th e o n l y s u b je c t c o v e r e d i n Te c hn i c a l

Co 1?1m u n i c a t i o n,

a bo o k de s i gn e d f o r p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e t e c hn i c a l c o m m u n i c a t o r s

5 B r i c k w a l l s c a n w i t hs t a n d c o n s ide r a b ly M ghe r t e m p e r a t u r e s th a n c o n c r e t e bo a r d w a l l s

Co PY R I G H T © 2009 PE A R SON E D U CA T I ON CA N A D A


1 B A S IC G R A M M A R

I n i t e m s 6 th r o u g h I O,

u n de r l in e th e s u bje c t s a n d c i r c le the o bj e c t s Y o u w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s f o r

t he s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a g e 111

6 E a c h o f th e c o n s u l t a n t s w r o t e a r e p o r t a bo u t R i v e r be n d D a m's p r o j e c t e d c o s t o v e r r u n s

7 I n th i s bo o k,

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g r a m m a t ic a l "r e f e r s t o e f fe c t i v e

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a s D r B e n s o n ha s s ta t e d m a n yt i m e s

9 W D t t e n t e c h n i c a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n i s n o t t he o n ly s u b j e c t c o v e r e d i n Te c hn i c a l

C o m 1t 1u n i c a t DT n,

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10 B Dc k w a l l s c a n w i th s t a n d c o n s ide r a b ly h ighe r t e m p e r a t u r e s t ha n c o n c r e t e bo a r d w a l l s

I n i t e m s 11 th r o u gh 20,

u n de r l in e in a pp r o p r ia t e n o u n p l u r a l s a n d p o s s e s s i v e s a n d w r i t e th e

c o r r e c t f o r m (s ) in t h e s p a c e p r o v i de d Y o u w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s f o r th e s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a ge 1 11

1 1 R o l l o v e r r a t e s f o r SU V s a r e n e a r ly t w i c e t h a t o f s e d a n s,

a n d 30 p e r c e n t

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bu l l e t i n s

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14 H i s p a r tn e r'

s o f ï e r s w e r e in s u f f ic i e n t t o r e s o l v e t h e c o m p a n i e s de b t l o a d

15 P l a g i a r i s m m a y be m o r e p r e v a l e n t t ha n e v e r,

b u t s o i s d e t e c t i o n s o f tw a r e s

16 R e v e n u e C a n a da r e q u i r e s m o r e s t r in g e n t a c c o u n t i n g p r o c e d u r e t h a n o l Br

f i r m c a n a f f o r d

17 A c c o r di n g t o R e n e C o r be i l s r e p o r t,

t h e bDdg e i s n o l o n g e r s a f e

18 E v e r y o n e o f t h e s e v e n s t i m u l u s e s i n t r o d u c e d in t h e t e s t s e q u e n c e

p r o v o k e d a bn o r m a l ly h igh l e v e l s o f r a d i a t i o n

19 D o n' t e x p e c t y o u r c e l l u l a r p ho n e

'

s t o r e c e i v e s t r o n g s i g n a > s i n t h e fa r

nor t her n A r c t i c

2 0 W Do k n o w s w hi c h s h o r e l in e's w i l l b e m o s t a f ee c t e d by g l o b a l w a r m i n g ?

14C o PY R I G H T © 2 009 PEA RSON E D U C A T I ON C A N A D A



D o c u m e n t c r i t i q u e n o u n s

T he fo l l o w i n g d o c u m e n t m a y c o n ta in e r r o r s in g r a m m a r,

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U n de r l i n e a l l e r r o r s a n d ide n t i fy th e m u s in g s ta n da r d p r o o f r e a d in g m a r k s (Se e t he C o r r e c t io n

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W e ha v e ha d d if fic u lty s e s ta b lis h in g the a c c u r c y o f r e c e n t e x pe n s e c la im s s u b m itte d by yo u r e x p lo r a t io n

g r o u p E s pe c ia lly th is pa s t m o n th

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c o u ld s pe n d $9 0 0 o n c a m p s U p p ly's in a dd it io n to t he fo o d a l lo w a n c e !

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1 =


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: Æ F = Hs e c t io n s o f t he p la n t ; M e y f r e t

p r o d u c t io n fig u r e s

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, t o a v o id c o n f u s in g t he r e a de r H o w e v e r

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16C o PY R IG HT © 2009 PEA R SO N ED U C A T ION CA NA DA



H o w w o u l d a r e a de r u n de r s t a n d t he r e fe r e n c e s t o he r a n d s he in t he a bo v e s e n t e n c e u n le s s the

r e a de r a l r e a dy k n o w s th e s i t u a t i o n ? T he a c r o n y m C O I K ha s be e n c o in e d f o r s u c h u n c le a r

r e f e r e n c e s - "c l e a r o n ly i f k n o w n ! "

Su c h a s e n t e n c e c a n b e m a d e c le a r by r e pe a t in g n o u n s w he r e n e c e s s a r y :

Elm a de Lo o s to ld Ma r c ie Ha r pe r a bo u t t he c ha n ge t o Na n r ? w o r k s c he d u le ; N a nc ¢i : w a su n ha ppy a bo u t t he c ha n ge s

, be c a u s e t he ha d a lr e a dy a r r a n ge d fo r ba bys it t ln g

O r,

E lm a de Lo o s t o ld Ma r c ie Ha r pe r a bo u t t he c ha n ge t«» Er ma wo r k s c he d u le ; E rpn a w a s

u n ha ppy a bo u t t he c ha n g e s,

be c a u s e s he ha d a lr e a dy a r r a n ge d fo r ba by s it t in g

P r o n o u n c a s e

G r - a r h a n dbo o k s n o r m a l ly ide n t i fy th r e e p r o n o u n c a s e s,

t he t e r m u s e d fo r fo r m s i n w h ic h

p r o n o u n s a r e e m p l o y e d : s u bje c t,

o bje c t, po s s e s s i v e T o t ho s e t h r e e

, w e c o u ld a l s o a dd t he

r e f le x i v e c a s e,

be c a u s e in c r e a s in g ly t he p r o n o u n m y s e . Fi s m i s t a k e n ly u s e d i n s t e a d o f 1 a n d m e

T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e l i s t s t he s i n g u l a r a n d p lu r a l f o r m s o f t he s e c a s e s

T a b le 1 P r o n o u n C a s e s

F i r s t I w e m e u s m y m in e o u r,

o u r s m y s e lf o u r s e lv e sp e r s o n

. " " " ", yo u r s yo u r yo u r s yo u rs e lf yo u r s e lv e s

囫旺二芝

Su bje c t i v e p r o n o u n s p e r f o r m the a c t i o n o r p r e c e de a s t a t e m e n t o f be in g :

h e r a n t he s a m p le s t h ro u g h a s pe c t ro m e t e r T he is ha ppy t o be he r e

Su b je c t iv e p r o n o u n s c a n a l s o f o l lo w a l in k i n g v e r b,

a s th e f o l l o w in g t w o e x a m p l e s de m o n s t r a t e :

A r e yo u m r t a in t h a t it w ill be t he w ho is a s s ig n e d t o t he Sa m u e l Pla in s p ro je c t ?

W ho is t he r e ? I t is I

Co PY R I G H T 0 2 00 9 PE A RSO N E D UC A T IO N CA N A D A


B A S I C G R A M M A R

i n c o m p a r a t i v e s t a t e m e n t sI t c a n be t r i c k y t o c h o o s e w h e t h e r t o u s e t h e s u b j e c t i v e o r o b j e c t i v e c a s e w he n w o rds a r e 0 t h itr¢q

She is m o re in t e llig e n t t ha n j [ T he o m it t e d w o r ds h e r e a r e"

a m i n t e l lig e n t " ]

Pr o fe s s o r Ma g e lla n like s yo u m o r e t ha n m e 【T h e o m it t e d w o rd s a r e"

m o r e t ha n he likes ·

]

I n th e f i r s t c a s e a bo v e,

a suj ect i s n e e de d & * I a m i n t e l l i g e n t"

T he s e c o n d s e n t e n c e r e q u i r e s a n o bj e c t" M o r e t h a n h e l i k e s m e

"

I n m a n y s i t u a t i o n s, y o u w i l l k n o w w h e t h e r t o u s e t h e o b j e c t i v e

, s u b j e c t i v e

, O r p o s s e s s iv e :orm o l

a p r o n o u n,

bu t s o m e p r o n o u n p r o b l e m s d o p l a g u e w r i t e r s (a n d r e a d e r s )

1

R e c e n t ly , s p e a k e r s (a n d w r i t e r s ,

t o o ) h a v e b e e n u s i n g l l?a t i n s t e a d o f w l ?o o r w l io m, pe r haps

be c a u s e m a n y p e o p l e do n' t k n o w t ha t wl o o p e r a t e s i n th e s u b j e c t i v e c a s e a n d w ho m i s

de s i gn e d t o r e c e i v e a c t i o n (o bj e c t i v e c a s e ) O r, p e r h a p s m a n y p e o p l e a r e j u s t l a z y a n d they

do n' t w a n t t o t h i n k a bo u t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n O r

, m o r e l i k e ly ,

w e s i m p ly m i m i c w ha t w e he a r,

w i th o u t t h i n k in g a bo u t i t m u c h H o w e v e r,

c a r e f u l w r i t e r s s h o u l d u s e" th a t "

t o r e fe r t o

i n a n i m a t e o bj e c t s,

a n i m a l s t h a t a r e n o t n a m e d,

a n d i d e a s

R e m e m be r t ha t w )?0 a n d w T1o m a r e f o r h u m a n s o r f o r a n i m a l s t h a t h a v e b e e n g i v e n n a m e s2

T he yo u n g m a n w o r e t r ie v e d t he r e c o r d b r e a k in g ho m e r u n ba l l l a t Ba r r y Bo n ds h it ha s

o f f e r e d t o s e l l t he ba ll ; he be l ie v e s t ha t t he" f in d e r s / ke e pe r s

"r u le e n t it le s h im t o t he c a s h Othe rs

s a y t ha t t he ba s e ba ll be lo n g s in t he Ma jo r Le a g u e Ba s e ba ll ha ll o f fa m e in Co o pe r s t o w n Who mdo yo u s u ppo r t in t his c o n t r o v e r sy ? A n d w ha t if D u s ty t he B lo o d ho u n d

, w ho ha n g s o u t re gu la rly

a t T r ic o m Pa r k,

ha d " fe t c he d ° t he ba ll? Sho u ld D u s t y be a b le t o t r a d e t he ba ll fo r a 20 ye a r

s Upp ly o f Do g Cho w a n d a p lu s h do g ho u s e ?

B u t ho w do y o u t e l l w h e n t o u s e wl o a n d w h e n t o u s e w h o m ? T h e d o w n a n d di r ty t e c hn iqu ei de n t i f i e s t he k e y c l a u s e a n d the n de c i de s w h e t he r i t n e e d s a s u b j e c t

, w h i c h w o u l d e qu a t e to

w) o,

o r a n o bje c t tha t w o u l d r e q u i r e w l i o m F o r e x a m p l e,

t h e c l a u s e"

w h o /w ho m sho u ld beP r i m e M in i s te r ?"

r e q u i r e s a s u bj e c t i f y o u s u b s t i t u t e d h e o r }i i m f o r w h o o r w ho m, y o u

w o u l d w r i t e,

" h e sho u l d be Pr i m e M i n i s t e r" I n o t h e r w o r d s

, th e c o r r e c t v e r s i o n o f the abo v e

e x a m p l e w o u l d be"

w h o sho u ld be PDm e M in i s t e r ?"

2 M ig n o n F o g a r ty , a k a The G r a m m a r G i r l

, w h o s p e a k s e n t e r ta in i n g ly a bo u t g r - a r,p r e fe r s the t r a di t io n a l r u l e o u t l in e d a bo v e H o w e v e r

, s h e p o i n t s o u t th a t " ie s m o r e o f a gr a ya r e a tha n s o m e p e o p l e tM n k

, a n d i f y o u ha v e s t r o n g f e e l in g s a bo u t i t, y o u c o u l d m a k e a na r gu m e n t f o r u s in g i l la t w he n y o u

'r e t a lk i n g a bo u t p e o p l e B u t m y g u e s s i s th a t pe o p le w hou s e w l l o a n d i lla t i n te r c ha n g e a bly do i t be c a u s e the y d o n

't k n o w t h e d i & e r e n c e

" Se e thet r a n s c r i p t o f he r p o dc a s t Ep i s o de 24, Po s t e d N o v e m be r 4

, 2 006 a t- a n u n a r q u i c k a n - m 向南 0 v e r s u s tha t A s D x

18

C o PY R I G H T © 2 009 P EA R SON E D U CA T ION CAJ4ADA


B A SIC G R A M M A R

H o w a bo u t t h i s e x a m p le :"

w ho / w ho m do y o u w a n t t o l e a d the c o u n t r y ? ï n t h i s c a s e,

the k (: ytho u ght i s

" do y o u w a n t ?" T he c la u s e r e q u i r e s a n o bj e c t s u c h a s h i m (do y o u w a n t

h i m ?) , s o t he c o r r e c t v e r s io n o f t he a bo v e e x a m p le w o u ld be

' W h o m do y o u w a n t t o le a d t hc

c o u n t r y ?"

A dd i t io n a l e x a m p le s f o l lo w :

W ho / w ho m s a w Elv is a t t he c a r w a s h? (h e s a w Elv is )T he p r o fe s s o r g lo w e r e d a t w ho e v e r {w ho m e v e r s po ke o u t o f t u r n (h e s po ke o u t o f t u r n )W ho / w ho m d id y o u s e e a t t he r a l ly ? (yo u s a w h i m )I w il l h i r e w ho e v e r l w ho m e v e r t he h ir in g c o m m it t e e r e c o m m e n ds (t he c o m m it t e e r e c o m m e n d s

h i m )+ I w i ll h i r e t he pe r s o n w ho l w ho m is be s t q u a lif ie d (h e is be s t q u a llf le d)

2 U n c l e a r r e f e r e n c e p r o n o u n s

T o h e l p r e a de r s u n de r s t a n d th e r e la t io n s h ip be t w e e n a p r o n o u n a n d t he n o u n i t r e p l a c e s,

m a k e s u r e t h a t y o u r p r o n o u n r e fe r s t o a n o u n t h a t i s m e n t i o n e d n e a r by a n d n o t m e r e ly

i m p l i e d T o Dm h e r h e lp y o u r r e a de r, p la c e tha t p f o n o u n a s c lo s e a s p o s s ib le t o th e n o u n i t

r e p l a c e s

U n c le a r n=nar ence : Ja s o n ga v e Ro ge r h is ke y s t o t he c o m pa n y v a n

tA r e t he s e Ja s o n's ke y s o r Ro ge r

's ke ys ?]

Cle a r r e fe r e n c e : Ja s o n ga v e h is ke y s t o t he c o m pa n y v a n to Ro ge r

[T he po s s e s s iv e p r o n o u n h l is n o w c lo s e r t o t he n o u n it r e fe r e n c e s ]

A l s o,

do n' t u s e th e v a gu e i t o r t he y i f s u c h w o r d s do n o t r e f e r t o a sp e c i f i c w o r d o r p h r a s e I n

s o m e c a s e s, y o u w i l l n e e d t o r e w o r d a s e n t e n c e i n o r de r t o i n c l u de t h e n o u n o r ph r a s e y o u

h a d i n m i n d

U n c le a r : O u r o ff ic e r e c yc le s a s m u c h pa pe r a s po s s ible be c a u s e l l he lps t he e n v i r o n m e n t

[Do e s l l r e fe r t o t he pa pe r , o r t o t he o f f ic e , o r t o s o m e t h in g t ha t '

s n o t e v e n in t he s e n t e n c e ?]

Cle a r : O u r o f f ic e r e c yc le s a s m u c h pa pe r a s po s s ible be c a u s e s u c h e o r t he lp t he

e n v ir o n m e n t

Un c le a r : W he n w e a s ke d t he c o m pa n y w he t he r M e y w o u ld f o llo w t he n e w gu ide l in e s f o r

c a pt u r in g pla n t e m is s io n s,

M e y d id n o t r e s po n d

[w ho a r e l he p A n d do e s t he w r ite r ha v e pe rs o n s in m in d fo r e a c h o f t he t w o l fje r ?]

Cle a r : W he n w e a s ke d t he c o m pa n y w he t he r / ew o u ld f o llo w t he n e w g u ide lin e s f o r

c a pt u r in g pla n t e m is s io n s,

/ B Pu b/ ir Re r TüiTn s o mæ d id n o t r e s po n d

r e f e r e n c e s o n ly w he n th e y a r e

Co PY RI G HT 2 0 0 9 PE A RSO N E D UC A T I O N C A N A D A



y n c !e a r : Nego t ia t o r s a n n o u n c e d a n e x pa n de d he a lt h pla n,

a r e d u c t io n in de n t a l c o v e ra ge,

[Do e s t ht $ re fe r t o t he he a lt h pla n , t he red u c e d de n t a l c o v e ra ge

, o r t he c h ild c a r e fa c llit le s?]

Clea r : : Ne go t ia t o r s a n n o u n c e d a n e x pa nde d he a lt h p la n , a r e du c t io n in de n t a l c o v e r a ge

,

e m p lo ye e

a n d o n s it e c hild c a re f a c ilit ie s

p r o t e s t s

Un c le a r : T he be a c h sa n d ha s e ro de d a w a y , le a v in g a r o c ky be a c h 77$ ha s m a de t he p ro pe rty

le s s de s ir a b le fo r t o u r is t c a m pe r s

or t o t he r o c ky be a c h,

o r t o t he c a u s e e ffe c t r e la t io n s hip?] The

t h r e e fo llo w in g e d it s e x p r e s s w ha t t he w r it e r r e a lly m e a n t t o s a y

Cle a r : T he be a c h s a n d ha s e r o de d a w a y , le a v in g a r o c ky be a c h TJbt f e m s io i7 ha s m a de t he

Cle a r : T he be a c h s a n d ha s e r o de d a w a y , le a v in g a r o c ky be a c h Thspl cl peri yi s n o w le ss

de s i r a ble fo r t o u r is t c a m pe r s

E r o de d a w a y , le a v in g a r o c ky be a c h

, w bi : h ha s m a de t he p r o pe r ty

le s s de s i r a b le fo r t o u r is t c a m pe r s [ l i l l i : b r e f e r s t o e v e r y t h in g t ha t p r e c e de s it ]

3 M i s u s e o f r e f l e x i v e P r 0 n 0 U n S

a r e s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d i l t l e n s i v e p r o n o u n s,

r e f l e c t o r i n t e n s i fy the

n o u n s o r p r o n o u n s th e y i n v o k e :

I f in is he d it m y_Giv e y - u rs e lf s o m e c r e d it ! T he y ha v e o n ly l e ms e / ve s t o bla m e

H o w e v e r,

th e y s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d a s s u b je c t s :

No : / \ Ty : s e lf a n d t h r e e o t he r s s po ke a t t he m e e t in g

Yg i : T h r e e o t he r s a n d I s po ke a t t he m e e t in g

N (

NQ : T he c r e d it w a s g iv e n m ys e rl a n d Ja n u s Cz o rz in s k ish o u l d th e y b e u s e d a s o b j e c t s :

Ye s : T he c r e d it w a s g iv e n t o Ja n u s Cz o rz in s k i a n d m e

4

P r o n o u n s s h o u ld a g r e e i n n u m b e r, p e r s o n

, a n d ge n de r w i t h t h e i r a n t e c e d e n t s :

T he s t u de n t s ha n de d in t he ir a s s ig n m e n t s , c o n f ide n t t ha t t he i r w o r k w o u ld be g r a de d fa ir ly

Fo r t he t h i rd da y in a r o w , G r a n t c a lle d in t o s a y t ha t TTe w a s s ic k

T he a bo v e t w o e x a m p l e s a r e qu i t e s t r a i gh t fo r w a r d,

b u t c o m p o u n d a n t e c e de n t s p o s e m o r e o f a

c ha l l e n ge So,

w he n t w o p a r t s o f a c o m p o u n d a n t e c e de n t a r e j o in e d by a n d,

u s e a p l u r a l

p r o n o u n :

T e le v is io n a n d r a d io c o m m e r c ia ls o f te n e x p r e s s l he lt p it c he s in c o l lo q u ia l la n g u a g e

A c o m p o u n d a n t e c e de n t tha t i s p r e c e de d by e a c h o r e v e r y r e qu i r e s a s i n g u l a r p r o n o u n :

Ev e r y pe r io d,

c o m m a,

c o lo n,

a n d s e m i c o lo n ha s j & u s e f u l f u n c t io n

20 C o PY R I G H T © 2 00 9 PE A R SON E D U C A T ION CAN A DA


B A S IC G RA M M A R

w Re n t he pa r t s o f a c o m p o u n d a n t e c e de n t a r e j o i n e d by o r o r n o r,

the p r o n o u n a g r e e s w i t h t he

n e a r e s t a n t e c e de n t :

Ne it he r t he «x »m pa n y n o r t he u n io n m e m be r s w o u ld r e v ise M e ir ba rga in in g po s it io n s

5 P o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s

R e m e m b e r th a t n o t o n e o f t he p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s r e q u i r e s a n a po s t r o p hc N o t o n e o l the m !

L e t 's r e p e a t a t po i n t i t s

, h i s

, he r s

, m y ,

m i n e,

o u r,

o l Br s,

t he i r,

¢he i r x, y o 1Br , y o u r s w h o

n o n e o f t he s e p r o n o u n s u s e s a n a p o s t r o phe T he a po s t r o phe is u s e d w i th n o u n s t o in d ic a te

p o s s e s s io n

6 T h e r e l a t i v e p r o n o u n s , t h a t a n d w h i c lB

T he i s s u e o f w he t he r t o u s e t ha t o r w l?i c l ? ha s p la g u e d w r i te r s f o r g e n e r a t io n s,

b u t lu c k i ly

th e r e s a s t r a igh t f o r w a r d r u le o f t h u m b : 1h t t 1 i n t r o d u c e s e s s e n t i a l ph r a s e s o r c la u s e s,

w h i le

w ì1i c ì1 l e a d s in t o n o n e s s e n t i a l phr a s e s a n d c la u s e s

T he c a r M a t he s o ld to m is in be t t e r s ha pe t ha n I t ho u ght

【T he M a t c la u s e in t h is s e n te n c e ls e s s e n t ia l t o t he m e a n in g ]

T he Ho n da Civ ic,

w bi c h he s be e n m m m og c a r in Ca n a ó m e rm m v e a [ s ,

s u it s m y t r a n s po r t a t io n n e e d s pe r fe c t ly

[ T he w bi : b c la u s e is n o t e s s e n t ia l t o t he m e a n in g ; t h is c la u s e p r e s e n t s e x t r a in fo r m a t io n ]

7 G e n e r i c p r o n o u n s

E n g l i s h h a s m a s c u l i n e p r o n o u n s (he,

hi m,

h i s ) a n d f e m i n i n e p r o n o u n s (s he,

h e r,

h e r s ) , bu t t he

l a n g u a g e d o e s n't ha v e ge n de r n e u t r a l s in gu la r p r o n o u n s U n t i l r e c e n t ly ,

E n g l i s h s p e a k e r s

u s e d m a s c u l i n e f o r m s f o r e i t he r m a s c u l i n e o r f e m i n i n e e x p r e s s i o n s I n a p o s t f e m i n i s t w o r ld,

t h a t u s a g e i s de e m e d t o be a g e n de r b i a s a n d i s the r e f o r e u n a c c e p t a b l e I n th e 1970 s,

t he r e

w a s a c o n c e r te d e & o r t t o i n t r o d u c e t he w o r d s 1e y , 1e m

, a n d l e r a s g e n de r n e u t r a l p r o n o u n s

,

b u t t h a t i n i t i a t iv e fa i l e d,

a s h a v e p r e v i o u s a t te m p t s t o in t r o du c e g e n e Dc s i n g u l a r p r o n o u n s

T o a v o i d s e x i s t l a n gu a g e,

w e n e e d s o m e w a y o f d e a l i n g w i t h s e n t e n c e s s u c h a s t h e fo l l o w i n g :

A s t u de n t w ill s u c c e e d in a w r it in g c la s s o n ly if / ie c o m p le t e s a ll h J $ a s s ig n m e n t s

A w Dt e r m igh t be t e m p t e d t o u s e th e w o r d s s he a n d he r, p e r ha p s i n a n a t te m p t t o c o m p e n s a t e

f o r c e n t u r i e s o f m a le s e x i s m :

A s t u de n t w ill s u c c e e d in a w r it in g c la s s o n ly 〒 f t he c o m ple t e s a ll he r a s s ig n m e n t s

H o w e v e r,

t ha t s o l u t io n i s n o be t t e r t ha n th e m a l e v e r s i o n,

i s i t ? M a n y p e o p l e n o w M ja c k th e

p lu r a l f o r m s,

t he y , t he 1?1

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C o P Y R I G H T 2 0 0 9 PE A R SO N E D UCA 110 N CANADA



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w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s f o r t he s e e x e r c i s e s o n pa ge 112

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25 I f o u n d tha t in r e s e a r c h i n g thi s r e p o r t i t w a s u s e f u l i n l earni ng a bo u t m a n a g e m e n t t e c hn iqu e s

24

C o P Y R I G H T © 2 00 9 PE A R SO N E D UCA T ION cAHADA



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C o PY RIG H T © 2 009 PEA RSON E D UCA T IO N CA N A D A



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26 C o PY R IG H T © 200 9 P EA RSO N E D UCA T ION CAHADA



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t he r io t po lic e r ð j s e d t he i r s h ie ld s

T he p r o je c t m a n a ge r ha s r q - t ha t he hø s f iJ u n d s a fe t y in f r a c t io n s

H o w e v e r,

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c h a n ge c a s e a c c o r d i n gly :

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s a s a m p l i n g o f i r r e g u l a r v e r bs :

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r u n r a n r u n

be c o m e be c a m e be c o m e

g o w e n t g o n e

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m a k e m a de m a de

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B A SIC GRA M M A R

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he / s he l it ha s be e n

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bu t do n o tt r a n s fe r i t t o a n o bje c t H e r e a r e s o m e e x a m p le s th a t sh o w th r e e s e t s o f v e r b s (l i e / l a y ,

s i t / s e t, a n d

r i s e / r a i s e ) t ha t o f te n p o s e p r o bl e m s fo r w r i t e r s :

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- 1- it iv eE v e n t ho u g h t he V a r s ity B lu e s te a m ha s lo s t 12 j J u s t la y t ha t r e b a r be s id e îhe d r iv e w a yg a m e s in a r o w

, d o n

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P r e s e n t P a s t P a s t P a r t i c i p l e

I l i e I l a y I h a v e l a i nI la y (s o m e t hi n g do w n ) I l a id (s o m e th i n g do w n ) I ha v e l a id (s o m e th i n g do w n )T o Du t he r c o n f u s e m a t te r s

, a n a l t e n m t e m e a n i n g f o r t o t i e (t o t e l l a n u n t r u th) ,

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2 8

C o PY R I G HT © 2 009 PEA R SON E D UCA T ION CA NA DA



Su b j e c t v e r b a g r e e m e n tC l e a r p ha s i n g o f te n de p e n d s o n a g r e e m e n t be t w e e n s u bje c t a n d v e r b

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m y w a t c h k e e p s p e r fe c t t i m e"

p r e s e n t f e w d i f f ic u l t ie s,

bu t he r e's a m o r e c o m p le x s e n t e n c e th a t m igh t p r o v e v e x i n g :

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A l th o u gh t he s in g u la r w o rd b r o n c h i t i s i s c lo s e t o t h e v e r b a n d m a y s e e m s t o be t he s u bje c t o f the

s e n t e n c e,

t h e a c t u a l s u b je c t, s ym p t o m s

, i s p l u r a l a n d i t r e q u i r e s a c o r r e s p o n d in g p lu r a l v e r b

I n c a s e s w he r e th e s u bje c t m a y be s i n g u l a r o r p l u r a l, y o u n e e d t o e x a m i n e t he s u r r o u n d i n g

s e n t e n c e t o d e c ide w h i c h v e r b fo r m t o u s e I n the fo l lo w in g e x a m p le s,

t he s u bje c t is u n de r l in e d

a n d th e v e r b i s i t a l ic i z e d E x p l a n a t i o n s a pp e a r in b r a c k e t s

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, æ q u l rg a c le a re r to p ic s e n te n c e

[ The p lu r a l s u bje c t r e q u i r e s a plu r a l v e r b ; a i m o s t a n d o f M e p a / a grqp hs m o d ify ä l r ]

Eithe r t he Dire c to r o r t he re s e a rc h te a m m e m be r s h a v e is s u e s t ha t m u s t be re s o lv e d

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n e i Ä e / : N o c o r n o t o m y Bu t a nn t he

v e r b a g r e e s w it h t he c lo se r s u bje c t ]

Rlu n n in a a m a r a t ho n r e q u r t r e m e n d o u s w i llpo w e r

[w he n a w ho le c la u s e o r ph r a s e is t he s u bje c t, u se a s in g u la r v e r b ]

Ea c h s Pe a ke r m u s t l aD n o lo n ge r t ha n 10 m in u t e s

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[i n de f in it e w o rd s s u c h a s ev£r j e a c h a n d a n y r e q u i re a s in g u la r v e r b w he n t he y a c t a s a

s u bje c t o r p r e c e de a s u bje c t w o rd ]

Mec a i n s J h ir in g pla n t w o r ke r s f o r t he s u m m e r m o n t hs

Su r pr is in g ly 1 - Can a o ian 7 - / TÖ S h ig he r sa le s f ig u r e s in t he u s Tha n in Ca n a da" Fe lic it a t io n s

"/ ç a ph r a s e he o f t e n u s e s w he n g r e e t in g pe o p le

[Na m e s o f c o m pa n ie s , t it le s o f bo o ks , a n d w o rds u s e d a s t e r m s r eq u i r e a s in g u la r s u bje c t ]

T w e n t y s pe llin g e r ro rs J s e x c e s s iv e in a f iv e pa ge do c u m e n t

Did yo u kn o w t ha t 20 s c ie n t is t s a r e p l 5n n hn g t o m o v e t o t he u o f s r e s e a r c h fa c i lit y?

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w hi le q u a n t it ie s t ha t r e fe r t o

in d iv id u a l,

c o u n ta ble u n it s r e q u ir e p lu r a l v e r bs ]

T he st a f f p - fa t o e a t lu n c h a w a y f r o m t he o ff ic e

[w he n yo u pe rc e iv e a n a ppa r e n t ly s in g u la r s u bje c t a s a c o u n t a ble c o lle c t io n o f in d iv id u a ls,

u s e a

plu r a l v e r b ]

T he 1o g b o o k a n d t he t e s t m p o r t a r e in m y o f f ic e

[A c o m po u n d s u bje c t r eq u i re s a plu ra l v e r b ]

T he n e w s m e d ia a m v e ry in t e r e s t e d in t he g lo ba l w a r m in g is s u e

[A p lu r a l s u bje c t r eq u i r e s a p lu r a l v e r b ]

C o PY RI G H T © 2009 PEA RS ON E D UC A T Io N CA N A D A


» li

B A S I c G R A M M A R

A c t i v e a n d p a s s iv e v o i c e

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t he s u bje c t p e r f o r m s the a c t io n o f t he v e r b I n p a s s i v e v o ic e,

the s u bje c t

r e c e i v e s t he a c t i o n

P a s s i v e : T h e r e p o r t w a s w r i t t e n by m e [w e a k a n d w o r dy ]

T he e x pe r im e n t w a s c o n d u c t e d by o u r g r o u p

T h e p r o je c t ha s b e e n c o m p le t e d

A c t i v e : I w r o t e t h e r e po r t [s t r o n ge r a n d m o r e c o n c i s e ]

O u r g r o u p c o n du c t e d the e x pe r i m e n t

T h e f i e l d e n g in e e r s ha v e c o m p l e t e d t he p r o j e c t

P a s s i v e : A l l do o r s in t h i s bu i ld i n g w i l l be lo c k e d by 8 p m

A c t i v e : T he c o m m i s s i o n a i r e w i l l lo c k a l l do o r s i n t h i s bu i ld in g by 8 p m

[c ha n g e in e m ph a s i s,

c h a n g e i n r e s p o n s ib i l i ty ]

P a s s i v e : W n i le c o n du c t in g t he s e e x pe r im e n t s,

th e r a t s w e r e s e e n t o b e c o m e e x c i t e d w he n f o o d

w a s b r o u ght i n [p a s s i v e v o ic e he lp s c o n t r ib u t e t o t he da n g l i n g m o d i f i e r ]

A l t h o u gh t h e p a s s i v e v o i c e u s u a l ly le a d s t o w o r dy , l e s s p o w e r f u l p h r a s in g th a n th e a c t i v e v o i c e

,

th e p a s s i v e v o i c e do e s ha v e i t s u s e s :

P a s s i ve vo i ce ca n pl ac e emp ha s i s on t he ac t i on , r

at he r t ha n on t he doe r of the ac t i on .

T he p r o je c t ha s be e n c o m ple t e d o n t im e a n d o n bu dge t

S o m e t i me s a wr i ter doe s n 't kno w ,

or doe s n '

t wa n t to sa y , wh o pe r f or me d the ac t i on .

Se v e n o f t he g o lf c o u rs e's g r e e n s w e r e da m a ge d by v a n d a ls o n T u e s d a y e v e n in g

T he p r o je c t w a s c o m p le t e d t h re e w e e ks be hin d s c he d u le

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n v e r b s

U n d e r l in e th e p r e f e r r e d c ho i c e w i thi n e a c h s e t o f p a r e n t he s e s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s Y o u

w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s f o r th e s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a ge 114

1 O n e h u n d r e d d o l l a r s (i s,

a r e ) f a r t o o m u c h t o p a y f o r a D V D

2 M a r y , B a r r y ,

a n d L a r r y (ha s,

h a v e ) g o n e t o l o o k a t c o m p u t e r p r o g r a 】n s

3 W n i c h o n e o f t ho s e g u y s (s i n g s,

s in g ) in the c h o i r ?

4 N o Å Bt e r n a t i v e s (w a s,

w e r e ) v e r y t e n s e r e a d in g

5 O n e o f th e b o y s (w a s,

w e r e ) s u pp o s e d t o m e e t y o u a t t he t r a i n s t a t i o n

6 E v e r y o n e o f t h e s e b u i l d i n g s (n e e t i n e e is ) a n e w r o o f

7 E v e r y o n e ha s uzi s o r he r,

t h e i r ) e m a i l a dd r e s s p o s t e d o n th e c l a s s m e s s a g e bo a r d

8 t h e m e a s l e s (w a s w e r e ) th o u gh t t o be e r a di c a t e d u n t i l n e w c a s e s d e v e l o p e d in th e 1990s

9 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r m i t ig a t in g p o t e n t ia l i m p a c t s (a r e,

w e r e ) p r e s e n t e d

10 So m e o n e ha s i n a dv e r te n t ly (l a i n,

la id ) t he sp e c i m e n c a s e o n th e v a n'

s r o o f

30 C o PY R I G H T 2 0 0 9 PEA R SON E D UCA 110 N CA N A DA


B A S IC G R A M M A R

I m p r o v e m e n t e x e r c i s e s v e r b s


r e w r i t e the s e n t e n c e s s o th a t th e y u s e the a c t i v e v o ic e H o w e v e r , i f y o u

be l i e v e a s e n t e n c e s ho u ld be le f t in the p a s s i v e v o ic e, s a y s o A n d t he n e x p la i n y o u r de c i s io n

Y o u w i l l f in d a n s w e r s fo r t he s e e x e r c is e s o n p a ge 114

1 T h e e x pe r i m e n t w a s c o n d u c t e d by o u r g r o u p

2 A f i n a l r e po r t w i l l b e p r e p a r e d u po n r e c e ip t o f y o u r c o m m e n t s

3 A l i s t o f u p c o m i n g s q u a s h g a m e s ha s be e n p o s t e d o n t he b u l le t i n bo a r d

4 F o l lo w i n g a s t o r m i n M a r c h 200 8,

w o o dy d e b r is,

bo u lde r s,

a n d g r a v e l w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m

the s it e

5 T he f i r m'

s p r o p o s a l w a s s u b m i t t e d by t he e n g in e e r in g f i r m t h r e e da y s e a r ly


r e p l a c e l in k i n g v e r b s w i t h a c t iv e v e r bs

6 T h e f o l lo w i n g r e p o r t i s a s - a r y o f th e p r o j e c t 's p r o g r e s s t o d a t e

7 A l s o in c l u d e d i n t h e r e p o r t a r e c o m m e n t s in t e n de d t o g i v e a n e s t im a t e o f e c o s y s te m D c hn e s s

a n d th e p r e s e n c e o f in v a s i v e a l ie n s p e c ie s

8 Su c c e s s i v e a pp r o x i m a t i o n s i s a m e tho d o f c o n v e r t in g a n a l o gu e t o d ig i t a l s ig n a l s,

i n w h ic h

c o m p a r i n g th e u n k n o w n in p u t a g a in s t a k n o w n i n pu t p r o du c e d by th e D /A c o n v e r t e r

9 T he i r s o f tw a r e i s u s e d by o u r f i r m f o r t r a c k i n g t r a f f ic o n o u r w e b s i t e

10 Se e k in g r e l i a b l e da t a o n w h o u t i l i z e s o p e n s o u r c e s o f t w a r e,

F r e e w a r e c o m p r o v i de s th e be s t

o p t i o n

T he f o l l o w in g 18 s e n t e n c e s m a y c o n t a i n e r r o r s i n s u bje c t v e r b a g r e e m e n t o r in v e r b t e n s e O r,

l i n k i n g v e r bs m ig h t he lp bu r y th e a c t io n i n n o u n s o r a dje c t i v e s R e w r i t e s e n t e n c e s w h e r e

n e c e s s a r y , c o r r e c t in g g r a n u n a t i c a l a n d/o r s ty l i s t i c e r r o r s I f a s e n t e n c e n e e ds n o im p r o v e m e n t

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w r i t e c i n the sp a c e f o l l o w in g t h e s e n t e n c e Y o u w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s fo r t he s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a ge s

1 14 a n d 115

11 I n M a r c h 2009,

Nor t her n N u r s e r i e s a n d L a n d s c a pin g be ga n the i r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e ba n k s

o f M a c D o n a l d C r e e k

Co PY R I G HT © 2009 PE A RSON E DU C A T ION CA N A DA 3 1



12 A n e w c r ib w a l l c o n s t r u c t io n w a s do n e i n Ju ly 2008

13 I t i s m y o pi n io n tha t o n l in e ga m bl i n g i s a thr e a t t o s m a l l lo c a l c a s in o s

14 T h e t e s t m e th o d a n d t he a n s w e r k e y i s fa u l ty

15 T he s y s t e m i s t w o c ig a r s i z e d da ta lo gge r s,

e a c h o f w hi c h i s c o n t a i n i n g a p r e s s u r e t r a n s du c e r

a n d a t e m pe r a t u r e r e c o r de r T he s e a r e ho u s e d in p r o t e c t iv e c a s in g s

16 A s in s t r u c t o r o f th i s c o u r s e,

i t i s m y r o le t o be fa c i l i t a t i v e a n d p r o v ide te a m in g o ppo r tu n it ie s

17 I w i l l be g r a du a t in g f r o m Ge o r ge B r o w n Co l le ge'

s H e a l th I n f o r m a t ic s p r o g r a m o n M a y 26

18 N o w o r k p r o g r a m w a s p l a n fo r a t th e t im e o f t h is e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e s s m e n t

19 B y a l l o w i n g th e e n g in e t o b r e a the e a s ie r ty p i c a l ly i s p r o du c in g 15 m o r e ho r s e po w e r

2 0 T he s tr u c t u r e o f th e fo l lo w i n g a n a ly s i s i s a c o m b in a t i o n o f a n a s s e s s m e n t,

a c o m p a r i s o n,

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s r e s e a r c h bu dg e t

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m y bo s s w a s r a i s in g o bj e c t i o n s o f a bu dge t

n a t u r e

22 T h e r o u gh dr a f t o f th e gu ida n c e do c u m e n t i s r e c o m m e n di n g t ha t pha r m a c e u t i c a l s w o u ld be

l a be l l e d i f th e y w o u ld po s e a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l r i sk w he n r e le a s e d i n t o th e w a t e r s u pp ly

2 3 H e m u s t h a v e g r e w f o u r i n c he s o v e r the s - e r ho l ida y s !

24 T he A c c ide n t Pr e v e n t i o n B o a r d l ik e t o ho ld i n fo r m a l s e s s i o n s th a t in c l u de a l l s t ak e h o lde r s

2 5 T he A c c ide n t Pr e v e n t i o n B o a r d i s c o m p r i s e d o f s e v e n m e m be r s f r o m a w i de r a n ge o f

in du s t r i a l o c c u pa t i o n s

26 Th e r e (i s,

a r e ) s o m e o r a n ge s in the f r u i t bo w l

27 Ea c h o f the w i n n e r s r e c e iv e $500 a n d th e i r c ho i c e o f C o r e l s o f tw a r e

2 8 T he m e d i a ha s i t s o w n a ge n da r e ga r din g the K y o t o A c c o r d

32 C o PY R I G HT © 2009 PE A RSON E D U CA T ION CA N A DA



D o c u m e n t c r i t i q u e v e r b s

T he fo l lo w i n g do c u m e n t m a y c o n ta i n e r r o r s in g r a m m a r,

c a p i t a l i z a t io n pu n c t u a t io n , o r s pe l l i n g

U n de r l in e a l l e r r o r s a n d la be l the m u s in g s ta n da r d p r o o f r e a d i n g m a r k s (Se e t he C o r r e c t io n

Sy m bo l s l i s t o n p a ge 136 ) Y o u w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s fo r th is e x e r c i s e o n pa ge 1 15

C o n c e p t A r c h i t e c t u r a l D e s ig n s

M E M O

T o : S h i rl e y T o s te n s o n,

M a n a g in g P a r t n e r

F r o m : De v in M a r c ha n d A r c h ite c t u r a l T e c hn o lo g is t

D a t e : A p r il 2 2,

2 0 0 9

S u b j e c t : P r e l im in a ry Re s e a rc h fo r P o te n t ia l p r o je c t

A s yo u ha v e r e q u e s t,

I ha v e be e n e n g a g in g in r e s e a r c h o f s e v e r a l w a te r fr o n t d e v e lo p m e n ts A s yo u w i ll s e e

in t he a t ta c he d r e s e a r c h O v e rv ie w s o m e v e r y e x c it in g d e v e lo p m e n ts ha v e ha ppe n in c a n a d a E n g la n d t o o

I g u e s s yo u s h o u ld be kn o w in g w he r e 1 f o u n d the in f o r m a t io n a bo u t the r e s pe c t iv e w a te r f r o n t

d e v e lo p m e n ts W e ll,

I ha v e go t a 1o t o f in f o f r o m the in te r n e t,

bu t m o s t o f it is be in g s U p p ly by the

d e v e lo pm e n t c o r po r a t io n t h e m s e lf S o,

it s s u s pe c t T ha e s w hy I t he n w e n t to n e w s pa pe r a r c h iv e s f o r t h e

V a n c o u v e r,

T o r o n to B i r m in g ha m a n d w in n ipe g d a i ly P a pe r s E s pe c ia lly the b is in e s s s e c t io n s

A ls o 1 w a s a b le to g e t d o c u m e n t s f r o m the p la n n in g o f fic e s in t he c ity o f V a n c o u v e r a n d a ls o the c ity o f

w in n ipe g I ha d a f r ie n d in C ity ha ll in T o r o n to,

s o s h e is a b le to g iv e m e ba c kg r o u n d de ta ils o f the p r o po s a ls

s u b m it te d to the C ity fo r the D is t i lle ry D is t r ic t d e v e lo pm e n t t ha t I r e c e iv e d la s t w e e k I ha v e pho n e d t h e C ityC L E R K in B ir m in gh a m

, h e p r o m is e d to s e n d a pa c k a g e o f m a te r ia ls w h ic h w il l ha v e d e s c r ibe d the w ho le

C u s t a rd F a c to ry d e v e lo pm e n t c o m p le te w ith c o n s t r u c t io n c o s t s I ho pe it c o m e be c a u s e a s yo u s e e the r e

w a s n o t m u c h e ls e a v a ila b le

T h a n ks f D r ha v in g be e n a s s ig n in g m y s e lf t h is r e s e a r c h p r o je c t w h ic h ha d be e n v e ry in te r e s t in g

C o PY RI G H T © 2009 PEA RSON E D U CA T ION C A N A D A


BA SIC G RA M M A R

A d j e c t i v e s a n d A d v e r b s

A dje c t i v e s a n d a dv e r bs de s c r ibe o r a dd in fo r m a t i o n a bo u t o th e r w o r d s in p hr a s e s a n d c la i rsesA n a d j e c t i v e m o d i f ie s t he m e a n i n g o f a n o u n o r a p r o n o u n I n o th e r w o rd s

, a dje c t iv e s Pr o y idet he n o u n o r p r o n o u n s ign i f i e s H e r e a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s tha t m o d i fy n o u n s :

c a m p le æ c o v e ra ge h e a w lo a d b lu e u n ifo r m l r7e )ca c t m e a s u r e m e n t

T he s e a dje c t iv e s m o d i fy p r o n o u n s :

Áu a :y yo u I a m / 5æ t he y lo o k a n gr y he w a s b n t

a v o i da b l e"

M o s t a dje c t i v e s tha t m o di fy p r o n o u n s fo l lo w l in k in g v e r b s,

a s in" E a c h ty p e o f e r r o r i s

A d v e r b s m o d i f y the m e a n i n g o f v e r b s,

v e r ba i s,

a dj e c t i v e s, o r o t he r a d v e r b s

, a s in the fo l lo w in g

a dv e r bs t ha t m o d ify v e r bs r u n s wi y w r it e - ya dv e r bs t ha t m o d ify v e r ba is to a im - to a d v a n c e s l J ¢1l iy

j u m pe d g ï a æy

a dv e r bs t ha t m o d ify a dje c t iv e s s o t a ll i ws l ow e Jó ra c a re f u la dv e r bs t ha t m o d ify a dv e r bs i wy w e il 1 9 0 c a r e f iu Dy l o o h li?1 iry p la c ed

T y p e s o f a d j e c t iv e sSe v e r a l ty p e s o f p u r p o s e s a r e s e r v e d by a d je c t i v e s :

a dje c t iv e s t ha t d e s c r i b e / gd e a r t h / la /g c f is h

a u j e 1 v e s m a t l i m i t b vo c o ll is io n s - s io n a l c r a s he s - 1 ¬ xa dje c t iv e s t ha t e m p h a s iz e t he My y o n e p e r f e c t s u c c e s s c o m p le te id io t

En g l i sh ha s s e v e r a l w o rd s o u r c e s fo r a d je c t i v e s So m e w o r d s f u n c t i o n o n l y a s a dje c t i v e s :ta t t

sp l e n d id l a r g e

O the r s c a n a l s o f u n c t io n a s n o u n s :

e m p 1y s t r o n g r i e ti

c o ld r o u g h

s t I 11 o t h. ' " p . N d p a r t o f th . I, t im . A s

"

= : . . " . . . o1bat l

w e t t l a t e e a r ly

i o me a d je c t iv e s a r e ta k e n * o m t he p a r t i c i p l e f o r m .'

V e r b . :

r 1 ' " /

W5shl i rg m a c h in ep a r k in g m e t e r w h is t l in g w in d r u n n in g waer

34

C o PY R IG H T © 2 009 PE A R SO N E DUCA T ION c ANADA



O th e r a d je c t i v e s ta k e hy p he n a t e d fo r m s :

la s t m in u t e o Tde rs u p t o a t e e qu ip m e nit w e ll bu ilt Ur u 10 y e a r e m p \ o y e e

A r t i c l e s a s a d j e c t i v e s

M a n y g r a m m a r i a n s c l a s s i fy th e a r t i c le s a,

a n,

a n d t he a s a dj e c t i v e s be c a u s e t he s e u s e f u l l i t t lew o r d s l i m i t th e m e a n i n g o f n o u n s T he de f i n i t e a r t ic l e t he s pe c i f ie s a p a r t ic u la r

, i de n t i f ia b l e n o u n

a s i n t h e c a u s e w a y o r t he a pp l e,

w H l e th e in de f in i t e a r t i c le s a a n d a n r e fe r t o n o l 1n s i n

n o n s p e c i f i c w a y s,

a s i n a c a u s e w a y o r a n a pp l e

T y p e s o f a d v e r b s

M o s t a dv e r b s a r e f o r m e d by a dd i n g ly t o a dj e c t iv e s o r by dr o pp i n g o r c h a n g i n g th e f i n a l l e t t e r

a n d th e n a dd i n g By :

A d j e c t i v e A d v e r b

s a d s a d lye ff ic ie n t e ff ic ie n t lyc o ld c o ld lys lo w s lo w ly

q u ic k q u ic klyd u e d u lye m pt y e m p t i lybu s y bu s i ly

B u t s o m e a dv e r bs do n o t e n d in ty :

v e r y s o o n to o m u c h o l i e n w e l 1

So m e a dv e r bs a r e f o r m e d a s p h r a s e s,

n o t a s s i n g l e w o r d s :

T he y d i s p l a y e d t he w a v e f o r m o n a n o s c iBl o s c o p e [t he p r e p o s i t i o n p h r a s e o n a n

o s c iBto s c o p e i s u s e d a s a n a dv e r b t o m o di fy d i s pBt w e d ]

I 'm w r i t i n g th i s bo o k t o s ho w c a s e e & e c t i v e gr a m m a r [th e i n f i n i t i v e p hr a s e [ o s f1o w c a s e

i s u s e d a s a n a d v e r b t o m o d i fy w r i t i n g j

O c c a s i o n a l ly , t he a dv e r b a pp e a r s a s a c l a u s e th a t c o n t a i n s a s u b je c t a n d a v e r b :

W e r e po r t e d t he i n c i d e n t aft e r w e r e t u r n e d t o t he o mg e

[A j ìe r w e r e t u r n e d I o th e o Mc e m o d i f i e s r e p o r t e d by i n d i c a t i n g w he n th e r e po r t

ha pp e n e d ]

C o m p a r a t i v e f o r m s o f a d j e c t i v e s a n d a d v e r b s

B o th a dje c t i v e s a n d a d v e r b s c a n be u s e d t o c o m pa r e i t e m s G r - a r ia n s u s e the t e r m s p o s i t i v e,

c o m p a r a t i v e,

a n d s u p e r l a t i v e t o de n o t e th e th r e e de g r e e s o f c o m p a r i s o n T a b l e 6 l i s t s a d je c t i v e s

a n d a d v e r bs i n t h e s e th r e e de g r e e s

N o t e :

So m e g r a m m a r ia n s u s e t h e t e r m s i m p l e in s t e a d of i t i ve

C o PY R IG HT 0 2009 PE A RSO N E D UC A T iO N C A N A D A35



Ta b le 6 C o m p a r a t iv e f o r m s

Po s i t iv e C o m p a r a t i v e S u p e r la t i v e

h a rd ha rde r h a r d e s tA d je c t iv e s

ta il ta lle r ta l le s t

r ic h r ic he r r ic he s t

go o d b e t te r be s t

lit t le le s s le a s t

s o m e m o r e m o s t

a c c e pta b le m o r e a c c e p ta b le m o s t a c c e p ta b le

da u n t in g m o r e d a u n t in g m o s t d a u n t in g

fa s t fa s te r f a s te s t

A d v e r b s

w e l l be t te r be s t

b a d ly w o r s e w o r s t

s lo w ly m o r e s lo w ly m o s t s lo w ly

a gg r e s s iv e ly m o r e a gg r e s s iv e ly m o s t a gg r e s s iv e ly

s m o o th ly le s s s m o o t h ly le a s t s m o o th ly

M o s t a dv e r bs u s e m o r e a n d 1??o s t o r te s s a n d l e a s t t o c r e a t e th e i r c o m p a r a t i v e f o r m s

T he fo l lo w i n g a dv i c e i s de s ign e d t o he lp y o u u s e a dje c t i v e s a n d a dv e r b s e f k c t i v e ly

U s e a w he n t he fo l lo w in g w o r d s t a r t s w i m a c o n s o n i ï 1r L b l J LU LU

a br a c ke t a de s ig n a s o f tw a r e p r o g r a m a CBC po dc a s t

U s e a n w he n th e fo l l o w i n g w o r d s t a r t s w i th a v o w e l s o u n d :

a n a m a t e u r a n ho n o u r a n SOS s ig n a l [t he s he r e is s o u n de d a s"

e s" ]

U n t i l r e c e n t ly , a n w a s u s e d w i th u n a c c e n t e d s y l l a ble s be g in n in g w i t h h

, a s in

"a n M st o Dc a l

e p i c"

; ho w e v e r,

c u r r e n t u s a g e i s s w i t c h in g t o a hi s t o r y o r a M s t o r i c a l e p i c

2 B e c a r e f u l w i t h c o m p a r a t i v e a d j e c t i v e s a n d a d v e r b s

M o s t o n e s y l la ble a dje c t i v e s u s e e r a n d e s t e n d in g s f o r c o m p a r a t i v e s :

g u ic k g u k ke r q u i

36 C o PY R IG H T 2 0 0 9 PE A RSON E D U C A T I ON CA NA DA

/



So m e t w o s y l l a b l e a d je c t i v e s ta k e e r a n d e s l ; o t he r s u s e m o r e a n d m o s t :

w in d y w in d ie r w ín d ie s tg ra t e fu l m o r e g r a t e fu f m o s t g ra t e fu l

A d v e r b s m o s t o f te n u s e m o r e a n d m o s t o r te s s a n d l e a s t t o f o r m c o m pa r a t i v e s :

c le a r ry m o r e c le a r fy m o s t c le a r ly

T h r e e s y l l a b l e a d je c t iv e s a n d a d v e r bs a lm o s t a l w a y s u s e m o r e a n d m o s t o r te s s a n d ìe a s l t o

f o r m c o m p a r a t i v e s :

ho n o u ra ble m o r e ho n o u r a b le m o s t ho n o u ra blec he e r f u Ny m o r e c he e r f u lly m o s t c he e r fu lly

A v o i d d o u b l e c o m p a r i s o n s in w h i c h b o th e r a n d m o r e (o r e s t a n d m o s t ) a r e u s e d :

T he - w lno n : r c it y t he - n : he s t de s s e r t o n t he t a ble

3 A v o i d d o u b l e n e g a t i v e a d v e r b s

T r u ly e f f e c t i v e n e g a t i v e a d v e r b s s u c h a s n e i t he r,

n o r,

n o,

n o l,

s c a r c e By , a n d s e l d o m d o n

' t

n e e d h e lp i n c o n v e y in g n e ga t i o n So,

a v o i d s t a t e m e n t s s u c h a s t he fo l lo w in g (e s p e c i a l ly i f

y o u w a n t t o s e e m e d u c a t e d) :

I d g n t w a n t n o m o r e m a t e r ia ls d e liv e r e d t o t he Spa d in a w o r ks it e

[w r it e,

" I d b n t w a n t a n y m o r e m a t e r ia l "O r

" I w a n t n o m o r e m a te r ia ls " ]

T h e y c D U l J r?t h a r dy c ro s s t he r o a d be c a u s e o f t he he a v y t r a f f ic

[w r it e,

" T h e y coul / Taml ycr oss "o r

" T he y c D U l J r7t c ro s s" ]

Ra pha e l s c a r c e ly pa id a t t e n t io n t o n e it he r o n e o f t he in s pe c to r s

[w r it e,

" Ra pha e l s ca r æ ry pa id a t t e n t io n t o t he in s pe c to r s°

o r" Ra pha e l pa id a t te n t io n t o n e i Ä e r

o f t he in s pe c t o r s ]

4 B e a w a r e o f t h e p i t f a l l s w i t h w e l l, g o o d

, ba d

, ba d ly ,

r e a l, a n d r e a l fy

We i l c a n D1n c t i o n a s a n a dje c t i v e o r a s a n a d v e r b A n d,

i n c o n v e r s a t i o n,

m a n y p e o p le do n' t

p a y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e d i s t i n c t i o n s be t w e e n g o o d a n d w e l l a n d be t w e e n ba d a n d ba d ly H e r e a r e

s o m e e x a m p l e s o f u n g r - a t i c a l u s a g e :

Yo u d id r e a lly g o o d o n t he Ma r t in Br o t he r s p r o je c t

[c o r r e c t u s a g e :" Yo u d id r e a lly w : / ! ' 1

T he lo bs t e r t a s t e d b a a y be c a u s e o f t he r a n c id g a r lic bu t t e r

[c o r r e c t u s a ge :" T he lo bs te r t a s t e d b a d " ]

C o PY RI G H T © 2 00 9 P E A RSO N E D U C A T ION C A N A D A37


\1

B A SJC G R A M M A R

He u s e s s p r e a ds he e t s g - a n d a c c o u n t in g s o f tw a r e n o t h a d

[c o r r e c t u s a ge :" He u s e s s p r e a ds he e t s w : I I a n d a m u n t in g s o f tw a r e n o t b a a w ]

He's be e n fe e lin g g _ si nce h is kidn e y t r a n s pla n t

[c o r r e c t u s a ge :" He 7 be e n fe e l in g w : D/ ' 1

Yo u lo o k w : Df in t ha t bla c k d r e s s

[c o r r e c t u s a ge :" Yo u lo o k g -

' 1

R e a l a n d r e a l ty a r e o f te n u s e d in c o r r e c t ly in c a s u a l c o n v e r s a t i o n :

He ha s a l g o o d a t t it u de

[c o r r e c t u s a ge r e q u i r e s a n a dv e r b : " He ha s a n a Dy g o o d a t t it u de" ]

R e m e m b e r t ha t r e a l i s a n a d je c t i v e a n d r e a t fy i s a n a d v e r b

5 D o n o t p i l e u p n o u n m o d i f i e r s

N o u n s c a n Dt n c t io n a s a dj e c t i v e s in s u c h p h r a s e s a s l io r s e f a r m o r a l o m b o n ?b bu t w h e n n o u n

m o d i f i e r s p i le u p , t h e y c a n o b s c u r e m e a n in g F o r e x a m p l e

, h o w l o n g w o u l d i t t a k e a r e a d e r t o

de c i ph e r th i s phr a s e : du p l i c a t e c r o s s c o n t a m i n a n t g r o u n d w a t e r w e t l s a m p l e s ? F 0 1JI n o u n s

p i l e u p in Ir o n t o f s a m p Be s,

a n d t w o o f th o s e n o u n s u s e d a s a dj e c t i v e s a r e c o m p o u n d n o u n s

Th e p o o r r e a de r lo o k s a t s u c h a p h r a s e a n d t h i n k s,

- C o m e o n, g i v e m e a b r e a k ! " H e r e a r e t w o

m o r e e x a r a p l e s t a k e n f r o m a c t u a l w o r k p la c e do c u m e n t s :

t h e 2 0w h _ w w w a c c e s s in fo r m a t io n c o n t a in e d n o s u r p r is e s

[ l n t h is s e n t e n c e1

fo u r n o u n s a ll he lp m o d ify / - l b /7 Fo u r !]

T h e bo a rd c re a t e d a o b w rTl o w r7 c ommumy ðc ees a n d 0 - s t r u c t u r e t o de a l w it h t he

bu rg e o n in g r a bb it po pu la t io n 【T h is s e n t e n c e a ppe a r e d in a n e w s pa pe r a c c o u n t o f aC it yc o u n c il ' s c r e a t io n o f a c o m m it t e e Ye s æ - w a s w ha t t he y m e a n t by a l l t ho s e w o r ds ]

6 K n o w w h e n t o u s e c o m m a s t o s e p a r a t e a d j e c t i v e s

W i r e n m o r e t ha n o n e a dj e c t i v e p r e c e d e s a n o u n,

c o m m a s c a n b e v e r y u s e D i n s i g n a l l i n g th e

w r i t e r's e x a c t m e a ia in g :

T he y d is c o v e r e d t o x ic,

n o n r e c o v e r a ble t ra c e s o f p ha r m a c e u t ic a ls in t he w a t e r

s Upp ly [ Tc * b a n d n o n r e co ve r ö b l : in de pe n de n t ly m o d ify 1 l a æ l c x r d o e s n o t m o d ifyn o n - v e r a b le 1

T he y d is c o v e r e d t o x ic pha r m a c e u t ic a l e le m e n t s in t he w a t e r s u pp ly:H e re

, pharmaceut i cal m e s e le m e n t s a n d t o x ic m od Ñe s p ha r m a m u t ic a l \

H i n t :

I f y o u c o u l d c h a n g e t he o rd e r o f the a dje c t i v e s w i th n o r e a l c ha n g e i n m e a n in g , th e s e

a d je c t i v e s a r e a c t in g in de p e n de n t ly a n d r e qu i r e c o m m a s :Se v e r a l / p7Ø - m o ü vð t e¢ h lrgn a c hie vm q s t u de n t s r e c e iv e d s c ho la r s h ips

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44 C o PY R I G H T © 2 00 9 P E A RS O N E D U C A T I ON C A N A DA



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Si n g l e n o u n : / 1t ù s ic s o o t he s t he s o u l

Si n g l e p r o n o u n : 5 * e r e pa i r e d t he f u e l lin e

C o m p o u n d s u b j e c t : T he w h ite w n a n d t he H u m m e r c r a s he d he a d o n

N o u n p h r a s e : G J /p o r a æ resi oonsl bi yhas t i lt e d to w a rd s a t ls fy ln g t he s ha r e ho lde r s

G e r u n d (a p r e s e n t p a r t i c ip l e fo r m o f a v e r b) : R u n n n ig g iv e s m e t im e by m ys e lf

G e r u n d p h r a s e (a g e r u n d a n d o th e r w o r d s c o m b i n e t o a c t a s a s u bj e c t ) : R u n n nr g a o zn qgJnn e r e q u ir e s s pe c ia liz e d t r a in in g

N o t e :

C o - a n d s s u c h a s Sw e e p t he d e c k o r Su bm i t t he p r o p o s a l by M o n d a y m o r n i n g u s u a u y do n' t

in c l u de t h e s u b j e c t, y o u

, w h i c h i s u n de r s t o o d t o b e p r e s e n t I n r a r e c a s e s

, t he s u bj e c t i s

i n s e r te d in a c o m m a n d s e n t e n c e : L a d i e s a n d æ n l Be m e a p l e a s e r i s e a n d r e n ?o v e y o u r ha l s f o r

t he s i n g i n g o m n a t i o n a l a n t he m

P r e d i c a t e s

I n a s e n t e n c e,

t he p r e di c a t e c o n t a in s t h e v e r b,

w h i c h e x p r e s s e s w ha t t h e s u bj e c t i s e x p e r i e n c i n go r d o i n g ,

o r w ha t i s b e i n g do n e t o th e s u bje c t A s i m p l e p r e d i c a t e c o n t a in s o n ly t he v e r b :

O u r t e a m le a de r is l n! T he t ra in s r Fy M Su r p r is in g ly 1 t he Ca n a d ia n do lla r m

A c o m p l e t e p r e d i c a t e c o n t a i n s t h e s i m p l e p r e d i c a t e a n d o n e o r m o r e m o d i f i e r s :

O u r t e a m le a de r is v e /Jf J%( T he t r a in sl qopedabr qoyat l be s t a l l io n

A c o m p o u n d p r e d i c a t e c o n t a i n s t w o o r m o r e v e r b s :

T he c o a c h w a ve d he r a r m s a n d w h sOM in a v a in a t t e m pt t o g e t t he po in t g u a r s a t t e n t io n

O u r la te s t ic e s t o r m 0 3/77a g_ t r e e s a n d o ? w r?e d po w e r lin e s

C l a u s e s

T he a b o v e e x a m p l e s o f s e n t e n c e s sh o w i n d e p e n d e n t c l a u s e s, pat t erns o f th o u g ht t h a t s t a n d

a l o n e a s c o m p le t e s e n t e n c e s A l t ho u gh d e p e n d e n t c l a u s e s a l s o c o n t a i n a s u bje c t a n d a p r e d i c a t e,

the y r e ly o n be i n g a t ta c h e d t o a n in de p e n de n t c l a u s e t o c o m p l e t e t h e i r m e a n i n g I n t he fo l l o w i n gs e n t e n c e

, th e de p e n d e n t c l a u s e (i n i t a l i c s ) c o m e s f i r s t

, f o l l o w e d by the i n de p e n de n t c l a u s e th a t

c o u ld h a v e o p e r a t e d o n i t s o w n :

A ¬ , h e / : R u n i ws æ rlv Ra o u l j o in e d a n o i l e x p lo r a t io n f i r m

C o PY R I GH T 2 0 0 9 PEA RSON E D U C A T ION C A N A D A


SE N T E N C E G R A M M A R

I n th e n e x t e x a m p l e,

t h e i n d e p e n d e n t (o r m a i n ) c la u s e c o m e s f i r s t,

f o l l o w e d b y t h e d e p e n d e n t (O r

s u b o r d i n a t e ) c l a u s e :

Sa r a h w o n a Ko hlm a n b u r sa r y b e c a ü s e her gr ao w : re w e u a b o v e t he n o n ??

D e p e n d e n t c l a u s e s t h a t p e r f o r m a n a d v e r b i a l f u n c t i o n u s u a l l y s ta r t w i th a s u b o r d in a t e

c o n j u n c t i o n s u c h a s be c a u s e,

u n t i l,

e r,

o r w h e n F o r a m o r e c o m p l e t e l i s t o f s u b o r d i n a t e

c o n j u n c t i o n s,

s e e T a b l e 7, p a g e 4 2

T y p e s o f Se n t e n c e s

G r a m m a r i a n s r e c o g n i z e f o u r t y p e s o f s e n t e n c e s :

s i m p l e s e n t e n c e s c o n t a i n a s in g l e i n d e p e n d e n t c l a u s e ;

c o m p l e x s e n t e n c e s c o n t a i n o n e i n d e p e n d e n t a n d o n e o r m o r e d e p e n d e n t c l a u s e s ; a n d

c o m p o u n d c o m p l e x s e n t e n c e s f e a t u r e t w o o r m o r e i n de p e n d e n t a n d o n e o r m o r e d e p e n de n t

c l a u s e s

G o o d t e c h n i c a l w r i t i n g c o n t a i n s a M g h p e r c e n t a g e o f s t r a i gh t f o r w a r d s e n t e n c e s O n e s t u dy 4

f o u n d t h a t r e a d a b l e p r o s e c o n s i s t s o f a m i n i m u m o f 7 5 5 p e r c e n t s i m p l e s e n t e n c e s,

e i t h e r i n

s u b j e c t v e r b o b j e c t (SV O ) o r d e r o r i n s u b j e c t v e r b c o m p l e m e n t (SV C ) o r d e r

SV O s e n t e n c e s a r e e a s y t o f o l l o w,

e s p e c i a l ly i f th e s u b j e c t (u n d e r l i n e d b e l o w ) a p p e a r s a t t h e

v e r y b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s e n t e n c e,

f o l l o w e d im m e d i a t e ly by t h e v e r b (i t a l i c i z e d b e l o w ) :

Re g in a w pnf h o s r t he 20 10 G r e y Cu p g a m e

w w 7 t h e f i r s t m a t c h w it h a de v a s t a t in g s e r v e

B o t h t h e a b o v e e x a m p l e s fe a t u r e s i m p l e s u b j e c t s,

b u t s e n t e n c e s w i t h m o r e c o m p l e t e s u b j e c t s a r e

a l s o q u i t e e a s y t o u n de r s t a n d :

Ac t u a lly , Re g in a ,

t he ho m e o f t he Sa s ka t c he w a n Ro u g h r id e r s,

PI/ ri f h o s t t he 2 0 10 G r e y Cu p ga m e

La t e r t ha t a f t e r n o o n,

hg e a s ily W Of T h is s e c o n d m a t c h w it h a f in e s s e g a m e, p r o v in g h is

a da p t a b i lit y

T h e s e e m be l l i s h e d s e n t e n c e s n o w b e g i n w i t h a t r a n s i t i o n a l w o r d o r ph r a s e th a t h e lp s m a in t a in a

s m o o t h f l o w o f ide a s w i th i n a p a r a g r a p h T h e f i r s t s e n t e n c e a l s o i n s e r t s a n o u n p h r a s e (th e ho m e

o f t he Sa s ka t c h e w a n R o u g b r id e r s ) t h a t a dd s s o m e t e x t u r e t o t h e s e n t e n c e T h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e

a dd s a n a dv e r b (e a s i ly ) a n d a v e r b a l p h r a s e (p r o v i n g h is a d a p t a b i l i ty ) St i l l,

t h e s e a u gm e n t e d

SV O s e n t e n c e s r e m a in e a s y t o f o l l o w

4 D r F r a n c i s C hDs t e n s e n,

a n E n g l i s h p r o f e s s o r a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f Sout her n C a l i f o m i

r e p o r te d h i s f in d in g s i n " N o t e s T o w a r d a N e w R h e t o r i c

,

" in C o l l e g e E n g l is h,

O c t o b e r 1963 (PP

7 18) H i s da t a a n d c o n c l u s io n s r e m a i n r e l e v a n t t o d a y

50 C o PY R I G H T 2 0 0 9 PE A R SON ED U C A 110 N CA N A DA


SEN T EN C E G R A M M A R

M o s t SV C s e n t e n c e s a r e a l s o e a s y to r e a d th e c o m p l e m e n t a r y b it s f o l lo w t he c o r e s u bje c t a n dv e r b T h e c o m p l e m e n t c o u ld s a y m o r e a bo u t t he s u bj e c t

, o r m o r e a bo u t the v e r b o r bo t h

. A n a d j e c t i v e o r ph r a s e c o u ld f u n c t i o n a s a n a dj e c t i v e,

f o l l o w i n g a l i n k i n g v e r b :

O u r bo s s is u n ha w [ u n ha pp y m o d if ie s b 1J sqMa r t in e is u n d e r Uie w e a t he r 【T he p r e po s it io n a l ph r a s e u n o : r l he u l e a l he r m o d if ie s / Wal t (r?¬ )

A d v e r b s o r a d v e r b i a l ph r a s e s m igh t f o l l o w a n a c t i v e v e r b :

D e n m a n mo n s ha r d a t h is c ho s e n p r o fe s s io n,

fo r s ix 12 ho u r da ys a w e e k[ T he a dv e r b h a n ý m o d if ie s W Ð T he p r e po s it io n a l ph r a s e a t h c ho s e n Pf uf essgn f u r t he r

m o d if ie s w o f ks T he ph r a s e b r S I 12 ho u r a 5y s a w e e k s a y s w h e n De n m a n w o r ks ]

A s t r i n g o f c o m p l e m e n t a r y ph r a s e s m igh t c o m b i n e a dv e r b ia l a n d a dj e c t i v a l f u n c t i o n s :

On Su n d ays,

D e n m a n r e m a in s ha pp ily a t ho m e w it h h is c o l le c t io n o f e x o t ic b i rd s

【T he a dv e r b h a pp 1y m o d if ie s m m a u ?s T w o a d v e r b ia l p r e po s lt io n a l ph r a s e s c o m p le m e n t t he

s u bje c t v e r b c o r e o f t h is s e n te n c e : a t h o m e a n d w rich h 1 c o l - Bo t h s a y w h e r e De n m a n

r e - T h e a dje c t iv a l ph r a s e o f e x io ü ic b r o m o d if ie s c o - n T h is c u m u l a t i v e b u i ld in g o fm e a n in g w o r ks w e l l be c a u s e it ke e ps t he m r e m e a n in g a t t he be g in n in g o f t he s e n t e n c e

, a n d it

r hy t h m ic a lly a dd s in fo r m a t io n ]

T h e p r e v i o u s e x a m p l e u s e s a s h o r t p r e p o s i t io n a l ph r a s e,

o n Su n d a y s,

t o l e a d in t o t h e s e n t e n c e

Su c h t r a n s i t i o n s p e r f o r m a u s e f u l Dm c t i o n a n d th e y do n' t im p e de th e r e a de r

's u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f

t h e s e n t e n c e'

s m e a n i n g

T h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h i l l u s t r a t e s SV O a n d SV C s e n t e n c e s a t w o r k in a t e c hn i c a l do c u m e n t :

O n La ke Su pe r io r,

En v i r o n m e n t Ca n a da a n n u a l ly s a m p le s w a t e r a t 94 s t a t io n s T h is s a m p l in gr e q u ir e s a s t u r dy v e s s e l t o n a v ig a t e t he la ke a n d ga in a c c e s s t o r e m o t e s po t s a lo n g t he s ho re I n

a dd it io n,

2 5 s u r v e i l la n c e c r u is e s ha v e g a t he r e d da t a o n La ke Su pe r io r be t w e e n 19 7 6 a n d 20 0 6

Du r in g t he s e c r u is e s,

s c ie n t is t s s a m p le d f o r n u t r ie n t s,

m a jo r io n s,

o r g a n ic c o n t a m in a n t s,

a n d

b io lo g ic a l a n d phy s ic a l t r e n ds T he r e s u lt s ha v e be e n s t a r t lin g

T h e a b o v e p a s s a ge p a c k s a c o n s i de r a b le a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n t o i t s 66 w o r d s H o w e v e r,

i t 's

r e a da b l e b e c a u s e a l l f i v e s e n t e n c e s u s e a n SV O o r SV C pat t er n, a n d th e s e n t e n c e s a r e l i n k e d

t o g e th e r w i th t r a n s i t i o n s s u c h a s" thi s s a m p l i n g ,

" " i n a dd i t i o n,

" a n d " d u D n g t h e s e c r u i s e s

" T o

Du t he r a i d r e a d a bi l i t y , t h e a v e r a g e s e n t e n c e i s o n ly 13 2 w o r d s l o n g ,

t h e a v e r a ge m 1m be r o f

w o r d s be f o r e th e s u b j e c t i s o n l y 2 0,

a n d th e v e r b s im m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w t h o s e s u b je c t s

T h e g o o d n e w s :

Y o u d o n' t h a v e t o b e a g r e a t s t y l i s t t o b e a n e f f e c t i v e t e c hn i c a l w r i t e r ; y o u j u s t h a v e t o

l o t s o f c le a r SV O a n d SV C s e n t e n c e s,

l i n k e d by t r a n s i t i o n a l w o r d s a n d sh o r t t r a n s i

p h r a s e s

C o m p o u n d s e n t e n c e s

A t s o m e p o i n t in y o u r w r i t i n g c a r e e r, y o u

'v e p r o b a b ly b e e n t o l d th a t y o u n e e d t o w r i te a v a r i e ty

o f s e n t e n c e t y p e s,

in c l u d i n g c o m p o u n d a n d c o m p l e x s e n t e n c e s Th a t a d v i c e d o e s n' t n e c e s s a r i ly

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1&SEN T E N C E G RA M M A R

ho ld f o r t e c hn i c a l w r i t i n g , b u t s o m e t im e s y o u r tho u g h t s w i l l r e q u i r e lo n g e r

, m o r e in v o l v e d

s e n t e n c e s tr u c t u r e s s u c h a s c o m p o u n d s e n t e n c e s H e r e a r e t w o c o m p o u n d s e n t e n c e s, O n e w i th

t w o i n de p e n d e n t c l a u s e s a n d o n e w i t h t h r e e :

Se r v e r s M u s t o pe r a t e c o n t in u o u s ly a n d re lia bly , s o

B o u la r - n g sy s t e m s f ær v er s m de r i E a t he m - w a n d,

bu t t he m a n te r s ha m o f t he Wnobsemerp ro d u c t i ne ha s be e n g r o w in g s t e a d i ly

T h e a bo v e 15 w o r d s e n te n c e do e s n' t p r e s e n t a r e a d i n g c h a l le n g e

, bu t t h e 3 7 w o r d s e n t e n c e

de m a n d s c l o s e a t t e n t io n,

a n d p e r h a p s e v e n a s e c o n d r e a d i n g W r i t e r s o f s u c h s e n t e n c e s n e e d to

p l a n th e m c a r e f u l ly t o e n s u r e t ha t th e t h o u g h t pat t ern d e v e l o p s l o g i c a l ly

C o m p l e x s e n t e n c e s

E s s a y i s t s w h o e s p o u s e c o m p l e x p h i l o s o ph ie s o f t e n n e e d c o m p l e x m o d e s o f e x p r e s s i o n t he

c o m p l e x s e n t e n c e,

w i th i t s s i n g l e i n de p e n de n t c l a u s e a n d o n e o r m o r e d e p e n de n t c l a u s e s, c a n

s e r v e th a t n e e d H o w e v e r,

s e n t e n c e s s u c h a s th e f o l l o w i n g a r e r e l a t i v e l y r a r e i n t e c hn i c a l w r it in g :

A ltho u g h e le c t r ic a l s ig n a ls p ro pa g a te a lo n g a c a b le v e r y q u ic k ly , - t r s o

t ha t e le c t r ic a l in t e r fe r e n c e f ro m n e a r by de v ic e s s u c h a s f lu o r e s c e n t lig ht s c a n s c r a m b le t he s ig n a l

T h e i n de p e n d e n t c l a u s e,

" t h e y w e a k e n a s t h e y t r a v e l,

" i s a t th e h e a r t o f t h e a b o v e c o m p l e x

s e n t e n c e N o w,

a r e y o u r e a dy f o r a n e v e n m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d c o l l e c t i o n o f w o r d s ?

C o m p o u n d c o m p l e x s e n t e n c e s

m s ty p e o f s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s t w o o r m o r e i n d e p e n de n t c l a u s e s a n d o n e o r m o r e d e p e n de n t

c l a u s e s,

a s i n

A s in g le s ha r e d c a b le c a n s e r v e a s t he ba s is fo r a c o m p le t e Et he r n e t n e t w o r k a n d s e v e r a l m a c hin e s

c a n be c o n n e c t e d t o t he n e t w o r k, a lt ho u g h t he r e a r e p r a c t ic a l lim it s o n t he s iz e o f t he Et he r n e t

n e t w o r k in t h is c a s e , a n d t he le n g t h o f t he s ha r e d c a b le m u s t be c o n s id e r e d

So,

h e r e w e h a v e 4 c l a u s e s a n d 4 8 w o r d s i n o n e s e n t e n c e T h e s e n t e n c e r e q u i r e s y o l 】r f u l l

c o m m i t m e n t,

do e s n' t i t ? W o u l d y o u f e e l be t t e r i f t h e s e n t e n c e w e r e b r o k e n u p ? D o y o u f in d the

f o l l o w in g a r r a n ge m e n t e a s ie r t o r e a d?

A s in g le s ha r e d c a ble c a n s e r v e a s t he ba s is fo r a c o m p le t e Et he r n e t n e t w o r k a n d s e v e r a l m a c hin e s

c a n be c o n n e c te d t o t he n e t w o r k Ho w e v e r,

t h is c a s e im po s e s p r a c t ic a l l im it s o n t he s iz e o f t heEt he r n e t n e t w o r k I n pa r t ic u la r

, t he le n g t h o f t he s ha r e d c a b le m u s t be c o n s ide r e d

N o w,

the f o u r c l a u s e s o c c u p y t hr e e s e n t e n c e s a n d 4 7 w o r d s F l o w h a s b e e n m a i n t a in e d by u s in gt r a n s i t i o n s

G r a m m a r a t W o r k : w r ite s ho r t,

c r is p s e n te n c e s

" A v o id t h e p it fa l l o f u s in g e x c e s s iv e te c hn ic a l ja r g o n o r c o m p le x s e n te n c e s K e e p t h e s e n t e n c e ss ho r t

, c r is p a n d s im p le A ls o

, d o n

' t ja m to o m u c h th o u g h t c o n te n t in t o o n e po s t In s te a d,

a dda n o th e r po s t la te r

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"

po s te d J u n e 19,

2 0 0 7 a t t h e B lo g g in g S t r a te g ie s w e b s ite,- Blo g q 0 n gst ra t e

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R e la t iv e ly sh o r t,

u n c o m p l i c a t e d s e n t e n c e s h e l p r e a de r s n a v ig a t e t e c hn i c a l a n d bu s i n e s s

do c u m e n t s,

bu t th e s e s e n t e n c e s c a n s t i l l be s a b o ta ge d by th e fo l lo w i n g k i n ds o f m i s t a k e s

P a c k e d s e n t e n c e s

T e c hn i c a l w r i t e r s m a y be t e m p t e d t o o v e r f i l l s e n t e n c e s w i t h de s c r ip t i v e o r a n a l y t i c a l de t a i l :

T he No k ia n W R a ll se a s o n t i r e's f e a t u r e s p ro v ide im po r ta n t s a fe t y be n e f it s : a h lg h d is pe rs io n s i lic a

c o m po u n d p r o v ide s e x c e lle n t g r ip , lo n ge r m i le a ge

, a n d be t te r r o llin g r e s is t a n c e w h ile t he a r ro w he a d

t r e a d pa t te r n e f f e c t iv e ly e x pe ls w a t e r,

s n o w,

a n d s lu s h, a n d t he Ha ka s lp ln g c r e a t e s

"r u bbe r s t u ds

"

in t he t r e a d t ha t r e s u lt in be t t e r g r ip a n d h ig h s t a b i lit y d u r in g h lg h s pe e d d r iv in g

I de fy y o u t o g r a s p t h a t 57 w o r d s t a t e m e n t t he f+r s t t im e y o u r e a d i t Pe r ha p s a b u l l e t e d l i s t w o u ld

m a k e th e s e n t e n c e e a s i e r t o s w a l lo w

T he No k ia n W R a l l s e a s o n t i r e f e a t u r e s Im po r t a n t s a f e ty be n e f it s :

a hi gh di sp e r si on si l ica co mp ou n d pr ov i des ex c e l len t gr i p, lon g e r mi lea g e ,

an d bet t er r ol l ing

r e s is t a n c e ;. t he a r r o w he a d t r e a d pa t t e r n e f f e c t iv e ly e x pe ls w a t e r

, s n o w

, a n d s lu s h ; a n d

. t he Ha ka s ip in g c r e a t e s"

r u bbe r s t u ds" in t he t r e a d t ha t r e s u lt in be t t e r g r ip a n d h igh s t a b i lit y

d u r in g h ig h s pe e d d r iv in g

W o r d s b e f o r e t h e s u b j e c t

Su bj e c t s c a n be h a r d t o f in d i n s e n t e n c e s th a t o p e n w i th l o n g ph r a s e s

I n a c it y w he r e c a r e e r s a r e m a de a n d br o ke n in t he t im e it t a ke s t o g r i ll a ho t do g , p l n k is o n e o f

Ho l lyw o o d 's f e w c o n s t a n t s a p la c e w he r e f a m i lie s

, s t r u gg l in g a c t o r s a n d t he s ho w b iz e lite

t e m po ra r i ly u n it e in t he c o m m o n pu r s u it o f ho t do gs

T h e a bo v e s t a t e m e n t t r o t s o u t 19 w o r d s be fo r e ge t t in g t o t h e s u bje c t o f th e s e n t e n c e,

P i n k '

s

E la b o r a t e o p e n i n g s m i gh t b e f in e fo r p o p u l a r j ournal i sm th e a bo v e s e n t e n c e a pp e a r e d in a n

M SN s t o r y a bo u t A m e r i c a'

s be s t h o t do g j o in t s bu t r e a d e r s o f t e c hn i c a l w r it in g do n' t e x p e c t t o

be e n t e r ta i n e d ; th e y w a n t p l a in En g l i s h a n d the y w a n t s e n t e n c e s t o p l a c e th e s u bj e c t a t o r n e a r

th e be g in n i n g , a s i n t h i s s e n t e n c e :

T he No kia n W R a l l s e a s o n t i r e fe a t u r e s im po r t a n t s a fe t y be n e f it s :

a hi gh di sp er si on si l ica comp ou n d pr ov i des ex c el len t gr i p, lon g e r mi lea g e , a n d bet t er r ol l ing

r e s is t a n c e ;. t he a r r o w he a d t r e a d pa t te r n e f f e c t iv e ly e x pe ls w a t e r

, s n o w

, a n d s lu s h ; a n d

. t he Ha ka s ip in g c r e a t e s"

r u bbe r s t u ds" in t he t r e a d t ha t r e s u lt in be t te r g r ip a n d h igh s ta b i lit y

d u r in g h ig h s pe e d d r iv in g

C o m p a r e th e a bo v e l i s t t o t h i s m e s s,

w h i c h p r e s e n t s 52 w o r d s be f o r e n a m i n g th e s u bj e c t :

Be c a u s e o f e x c e lle n t g r ip , lo n ge r m ile a ge

, a n d be t t e r ro llin g r e s is t a n c e re s u lt in g f r o m a h ig h

d is pe r s io n c o m po u n d,

t o ge t he r w ith a n t he a r r o w he a d t r e a d pa t t e r n t ha t e ff ec t iv e ly e x pe ls w a t e r,

s n o w,

a n d s lu s h a n d Ha ka s ipin g t ha t c r e a t e s"

r u bbe r s t u ds" in t he t r e a d t ha t r e s u lt in be t t e r g r ip

a n d h ig h s t a b i lity d u r in g h igh s pe e d d r iv in g , t he N g k ian w ? a l r s e a s o n Mre r o lls o u t im po r t a n t s a fe t y

be n e f it s

Co PY RI G HT © 200 9 PE A RSO N E D U C A T ION CA N A D A53


SENT EN C E G R A M M A R

w o rds be fo r e n a m in g t he s e n t e n c e s s u bje c t I n o th e r w o r ds. Ge t t o t he po i n t a s s o o n a s po s s ible

H e r e's a go o d r u le o f t hu m b : the s e n t e n c e s in a g i v e n pa s s a ge s ho u ld a v e r a ge n o m o r e tha r i thr e t

W o r d s be t w e e n t h e s u b j e c t a n d t h e v e r b

A ga i n,

the r u l e o f thu m b u s e s t he n u m be r 3 O n a v e r a ge,

n o m o r e t ha n t h r e e w o r ds s ho u ld c o m ebe t w e e n t he s u bje c t a n d t he v e r b in c la u s e s I f y o u u s e m o r e

. Yo u in c r e a s e r e a d in g d iff i c u l tyW he n y o u m a k e m a t e Da l ha r d t o r e a d

, y o u lo s e y o u r r e a de r s

Em p lo ym e n t po r t fo lio s,

w hic h m ight c o n t a in s u ppo r t in g do c u m e n t s,

w o r k sa m p le s,

lls7 o fa c c o m plis hm e n t s

, r e c o rds o f c o m m u n ity s e r v ic e , pho t o do c u m e n t a t io n

, c e r t a in ly a ta r ge te d r es u rne

,a n d m a ybe e v e n v ide o e v ide n c e,

c a n be v e ry u se f u l in Jo b s e a r c he s

A fte r p lo u gh in g t hr o u gh the 2 5 w o r d s tha t s e pa r a t e t he s u b je c t a n d t he v e r b,

t he r e a de r m is htw e l l fo r ge t w ha t th e s u bje c t o f the s e n t e n c e i s A be t t e r a pp r o a c h w o u l d r e u n i t e the s u bje c t a n dv e r b a t the be g in n i n g o f a t w o s e n t e n c e s t a t e m e n t :

Em plo ym e n t po r t fo lio s c a n be v e ry u se f u l in Jo b s e a r c he s T he s e po r t fo lio s m ight c o n ta in s u ppo r t ingdo c u m e n t s,

w o r k sa m ple s,

lis t s o f a c c o m plis hm e n t s,

re c o rds o f c o m m u n ity s e rv ic e, pho to

do c u m e n t a t io n,

a t a rge t e d re s u m e,

a n d m a ybe e v e n v ide o e v ide n c e

A n d w hy n o t b r e a k t he s e c o n d s t a t e m e n t in t o a bu l le t e d l i s t ?

Em p lo ym e n t po r t fo lio s c a n be v e ry u s e f u l in j o b s e a r c he s T he s e po r t fo lio s m ight c o n t a in

s u ppo r t in g do c u m e n t s a n d pho t o do c u m e n t a t io n,

w o r k s a m p le s,

lis t s o f a c c o m p lis hm e n t s,

r e c o rd s o f c o m m u n ity s e r v ic e ,

a t a r ge t e d r e s u m e , a n d

+ v ide o e v ide n c e

Se n t e n c e f r a g m e n t s

A p h r a s e o r a de pe n de n t c la u s e th a t i s p r e s e n t e d a s i f i t w e r e a s e n t e n c e i s c a l l e d a s e n t e n c e

f r a gm e n t E d i t o r s p o u n c e o n the s e f r a gm e n t s b e c a u s e c o m p l e t e t ho u gh t s a r e n o t p r o v ide d St i l l,

f r a gm e n t s ha v e t he i r p l a c e i n,

f o r e x a m p le,

a dv e r t i s i n g m e s s a ge s :

C m e s a t t he R n g Do n ke y Re s o rt The be s t po w de r in ß c No lif t lin e s A n d be s t ba n g fo r

yo u r bu c k !

T he a bo v e e x a m p le w o u ld l a c k pu n c h i f the a d r e a d,

" W e ha v e t h e be s t p o w de r in B c A l o n gw i th v i r tu a l ly n o l i f t l i n e s T h e r e f o r e

, w e o f f e r e x c e l l e n t v a lu e

" N o T h a t a pp r o a c h do e s n' t w o r k

in a d c o py H o w e v e r,

c o m p l e t e d th o u gh t i s e x a c t ly w ha e s n e e de d i n w o r kp l a c e w D t in g , w hi c h

n e e ds t o de s c r i be a n d e x p l a i n,

n o t e n t e r ta in H e r e'

s a n e x a m p l e o f t he p r o b l e m w i th s e n t e n c e

f i a gm e n t s in w o r kp l a c e w r i t i n g :

Po llu t a n t s c a n e n t e r a w a te r c o u r s e t h ro u g h a pa r t ic u la r e n t ry s u c h a s a d ra in p ipe Y b w riing o (msc oyi n l io a s i g a m o n Tke Ft nt sowwpo - n T ha es it s n a m e

, a n d it s m a in s o u rc e s a r e s e w a ge

t r e a t m e n t p la n t s a n d in du s t r ia l w a s t e d is c ha r ge s 1n c lu a ling r c c he m ic a 台 a n d hu m a n u l as l ie

54C o PY RI G H T 2 0 0 9 PE A R SON E D U CA T I ON CA N ADA



I n the a bo v e p a r a g r a ph,

th e t h r e e f r a g m e n t s a r e i t a l i c i z e d E a c h la c k s a n e l e m e n t t ha t w o u ldc la r i fy w h a t t h e w r i t e r i n t e n d e d t o c o n v e y I t '

s ha r d t o t e l l i f tha t f i r s t f r a g m e n t i s m e a n t t o s a ym o r e a bo u t th e p r e c e d i n g n o u n, ch a i n p ip e

, o r w he t he r ß o w i n g d ir e c l ty i n t o a s t r e a m o r l a ke i sm e a n t t o be t i e d t o t h e ph r a s e

, p o i n t s o u r c e P o BBu l i o n T he th i r d f r a g m e n t m igh t be i n t e n d e d t om o d i fy d is c l i a rg e s

, o r i t m i g h t be a m o d i f y i n g p hr a s e f o r a s t a t e m e n t tha t di d n

't m a k e i t t o th e

a n d hu m a n w a s t e

p a g e T h e f o l l o w i n g e d i t e d v e r s i o n a dd s a c l a u s e t ha t c a n s ho w t he r e le v a n c e o f t o x i c c he m i c a l s

Po l lu t a n t s c a n e n t e r a w a t e r c o u r s e t h ro u g h a pa r t ic u la r e n t r y SUCH a s a d r a ln p ïpe t ha t f lo w s d i r e c t lyin t o a s t r e a m o r la ke Kn o w n a s Po in t s o u r c e Po l lu t io n,

it s m a in s o u r c e s a r e s e w a ge t r e a t m e n t

w a s t e

p la n ts a n d in d u s t r ia l w a s t e d is c ha r g e s Po in t s o u r c e Po llu t a n t s in c lu de t o x ic c he m ic a ls a n d hu m a n

L e t 's q u i c k l y r e v i e w Phr a s e s a n d de p e n de n t c l a u s e s a r e n

' t p a r t i c u la r ly u s e f u l by t he m s e l v e s F o re x a m p l e

, b e ca û s e a l m c s o he n r p o t t rj Mo n c o m e s / ira m m a n y oi bs e s o u næ s i s i n c o m p l e t e

, e v e n th o u gh

i t c o n t a in s a s u b je c t a n d a p r e d i c a t e T h e c o n ju n c t i o n be c a u s e ha s h in t e d a t s o m e t h in g t h a t w o u l dc o m p l e t e th e t h o u gh t

, bu t w e d o n

't k n o w w ha t t ha t s o m e thi n g i s W e c o u ld gu e s s th a t th e

i n t e n d e d c o r n p l e t e s e n t e n c e w o u l d r e a d,

Be ca b s e a l m o sp he r %r p o t r ui on c o /7?e s Tï o m m a n y oi i JSes o w w w / l i f o _ l i9 c o n t r o ( h o w e v e r

, g u e s s w o r k i s n t g o o d e n o u gh f o r t e c hn i c a l a n d b u s i n e s sd o c u m e n t s

R u n o n s e n t e n c e s

C o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e s n e e d t o b e s e p a r a t e d by p e r i o d s,

s e m i c o l o n s,

o r c o l o n s T h e s e p u n c t u a t i o nm e t h o d s r e c e i v e D1l l t r e a t m e n t i n t h e

' T u n c t u a t i o n E x e r c i s e s"

s e c t io n o f th i s w o r kb o o k,

s o h e r e

w e fo c u s o n w h a e s w r o n g w i th c o m m a s p l i c e s a n d f u s e d s e n t e n c e s

Co m e s k i a t t he Ro c k in g Do n ke y Re s o r t,

it ha s t he be s t po w de r in B c A n d n o l if t lin e s

I 'v e u n de r l i n e d t h e s e q u e n c e o f w o r d s w he r e t he t w o i n de p e n d e n t c la u s e s a r e in e f fe c t i v e ly

s p l i c e d t o g e t h e r w i t h a c o m m a T h e f i r s t c l a u s e e n d s a t R e s o r t T he s e c o n d c l a u s e b e g in s a t i tT h a t c o m m a do e s n

' t he lp u s a t a l l N o w h e r e a r e f o u r p o s s ib l e in t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e w r i t e r's

in t e n t i o n :

1 Co m e s k i a t t he Ro c k in g Do n ke y Re s o r t b e ca û æ Æha s t he be s t po w de r in B c a n d n o lif t lin e s

2 Co m e s k i a t t he Ro c k in g Do n ke y Re s o w hi : h ha s t he be s t po w de r in B c A n d n o lif t lin e s

3 Co m e s k i a t t he Ro c k in g Do n ke y Re s o rt H a s t he be s t po w de r in B c a n d n o lif t lin e s

4 Co m e s k i a t t he Ro c k in g Do n ke y R ¬ s o r t : Æha s t he be s t po w de r in B c A n d n o lif t l in e s

T he s e f o u r v e r s i o n s ha v e s l igh t ly d i f k r e n t m e a n i n g s V e r s i o n 1 e m pha s i z e s th e c a u s e e f ï e c t

r e l a t io n s hip V e r s i o n 2,

l i k e V e r s i o n 1,

a l s o t ur ns t he s e c o n d c la u s e i n t o a de p e n d e n t c l a u s e,

bu t

n o w the r e a s o n s f o r g o in g t o t h e R e s o r t a r e l e s s im p o r ta n t tha n go i n g t he r e T he s e c o n d c l a u s e i s

n o lo n ge r e s s e n t ia l t o the s e n t e n c e V e r s io n s 3 a n d 4 s e p a r a t e t h e t w o c l a u s e s,

bu t t he p e r i o d i n

V e r s io n 3 p r o m p t s th e r e a de r t o p a u s e a l i t t le lo n ge r tha n i n di c a t e d by the s e m i c o l o n in V e r s i o n

4 A l s o,

V e r s i o n 3 's s e m i c o l o n s u gge s t s a c lo s e r r e la t io n s h ip be t w e e n th e t w o c l a u s e s th a n t h e

p e r i o d do e s in V e r s i o n 4

Co p y RI G HT © 2 009 PEA R SON ED UC A T ION CA N A D A



Y e s,

the d i s t i n c t i o n s a r e r a t he r s u b t le,

bu t t he y do e x i s t M o r e o v e r , o n e o f t he f o u r v e r s io n s

a lm o s t c e r ta i n ly e x p r e s s e s e x a c t ly w h a t t he r e a de r in t e n de d T he c o m m a s p l i c e do e s n'

t e v e n

c o m e c l o s e !

F u s e d s e n t e n c e s do n' t e v e n bo t he r w i th a c o m m a :

A ll o u r n e t w o r ke d c o m pu t e r s a r e c he c ke d fo r v ir u s e s e v e ry m o n t h a n 】T t e c hn ic ia n c a r e fu lly

s e a r c he s e a c h c o m pu te r s ha r d d is k d r iv e s

So w ha t e x a c t ly did t he w r i t e r m e a n ? D id he o r s he m e a n t o e m pha s iz e t ha t a l l t he c o m pu te r s a r e

c h e c k e d e v e r y m o n th,

o r d id t he w r i t e r m e a n t o s a y tha t e v e r y m o n t h a n I T t e c hn ic ia n s e a r c he s

th e h a r d d i s k d r i v e s ? I n p r a c t i c a l t e r m s,

i t a m o u n t s to th e s a m e th i n g O r do e s i t ? P r o ba b ly , t he

I T de p a r tm e n t w o u ld l i k e t he e m p h a s i s p l a c e d o n w ha t t he I T t e c h n ic ia n s do , e s p e c ia l ly i f t h i s

s e n t e n c e a pp e a r s in a p r o p o s a l t o M r e m o r e t e c hn ic ia n s So , t he r e

's m o r e a t s t a k e he r e t ha n i s s u e s

o f c o r r e c t n e s s a n d r u l e s a bo u t w he n t o u s e pe r i o d s o r s e m i c o lo n s T h e r e a l p r o b l e m w i t h fu s e d

s e n t e n c e s i s th a t i t 's ha r d t o t e l l w ha t t he w r i t e r m e a n t

O f t e n,

a m o d i fy i n g w o rd o r ph r a s e c a n d r a m a t i c a l ly c ha n g e t he m e a n i n g o f a s e n t e n c e by i t s

p l a c e m e n t :

T he Ac t o n l : y a r b w ç e n g in e e r s t o a pp ro v e de s ig n s [bu t it do e s n' t r e q u ir e e n g in e e r s t o d o s o ]

ö m y l he A c t a llo w s e n g in e e r s t o a pp r o v e de s ig n s [o n ly t he" Ac t

,

"n o t a n y o t he r do c u m e n t i

T he A c t a llo w s o n v e e e /s t o a pp r o v e d e s ig n s k u s t e n g in e e r s , n o t t e c hn o lo g is t s o r fo r e m e n ]

T he Ac t a l lo w s e n g in e e rs t o o m y a pp m ve de s ig n s [t he y c a n a pp r o v e bu t n o t c r e a t e t he de s ig n s ]

O n e o f th e a b o v e v e r s i o n s r e f l e c t s w h a t t he w r i t e r m e a n t

So m e t im e s,

t h e w r i t e r c l e a r ly h a s m i s p l a c e d t he m o d i f i e r a n d,

a l t h o u g h w e c a n de c ip h e r w h a t

w a s m e a n t in s u c h c a s e s,

th e p r o c e s s t a k e s t i m e a n d t h e w D t e r l o s e s c r e d ib i l i ty :

R l : 1 w f ira m e v iw o n e o f M e s e ve n : a d e q w e s a w t he e a g le s t a k in g f lig ht

[ T he e a g le s r o s e ; w e d id n' t ]

St ép ha n e D io n de l iv e r e d a r in g in g e n do r s e m e n t o f fe de r a lis m , d : l e r m i n e d l o s e e m s t r o n g in

Q- tHe r e , t he m o d ify in g ph r a s e s ho u ld im m e d ia t e ly p r e c e de t h e s u bje c t be c a u s e D io n is

t he o n e w ho w a n t s t o a ppe a r s t ro n g in La B e r e Pr 7 n r M¬ ]

D a n g l i n g m o d i f 1e r s

I n s o m e c a s e s,

a m o d i fy i n g w o r d o r p h r a s e h a s n o t h i n g i n t h e s e n t e n c e t o m o d i f y , p e r h a p s w i th

c o m i c e f r e c t :

Jo gg in g a lo n g t he r o a d,

a c a r s w e r v e d a n d n e a r ly h it m e [c a n c a r s J ? ]

B e M e r : A s f w 5s j o gg in g a lo n g t he r o a d,

a c a r s w e r v e d a n d n e a r ly h it m e

J o gg i n g a l o n g l ìl e r o a d i s k n o w n a s a d a n g l i n g m o d i f i e r I n th e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e,

a m o di f i e r

v a gu e ly im p l i e s a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h s o m e t h i n g o r s o m e o n e n o t i de n t i f i e d i n t h e s e n t e n c e :

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fo r 2008 ha u l lim n c e s Do e w a s n' t t a lkin g t o h im s e lf ]

5 6 C o PY R IG H T © 2 009 PEA R SO N E D U CA T ION CA N A DA



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he t o ld m e t ha t

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in t e m 1p t s t h e n a t u r a l p r o g r e s s i o n f r o m s u bj e c t t o v e r b t h a t r e a de r s e x pe c t :

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I n s t e a d, p l a c e th e p h r a s e e i t h e r b e f o r e t h e s u b j e c t o r a f t e r t h e v e r b :

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s e c o n d e x a m p l e s h o w s a c a u s e e f fe c t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e t w o c l a u s e s

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th e m a t i c c o n n e c t i o n I n e a c h c a s e,

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T h is m n t r o l bo x is c o n n e c t e d t o e a c h s e n s o r a n d it s e n d s in f o r m a t io n a bo u t e a c h r o o m t o t he

bu i ld in g's m a in c lim a t e c o n t r o l c o m p u t e r

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w hic h ha s s e v e r a l s iz e a b le s a n d ba r s,

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5 7



F a u l t y p a r a 11e l i s m

B a la n c e d s e n t e n c e s j o i n m a t c h i n g g r a m m a t i c a l fo r m s :

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, bo t h o f w h ic h a r e pa s t t e n s e v e r bs ]

Sh o et s e &- r e d u c e w o nd c o u n t s a n ü im p r o ve nea da b ilit y[T he t w o v e r b a l p h r a s e s u s e p a r a l le l p h r a s i n g ]

hs t he h e a d e n g in ee r,

he o v e r s e e s a ll the de s ig n s a n ù he t a ke s tha t r e s p o n s ib i lity s e ño u s ly[T he t w o c la u s e s u s e p a r a l le l p h r a s i n g ]

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, o r c la u s e s a r e n o t phr a s e d i n p a r a l le lw a y s :

T he p r o po se d u pg r a de s in c lu de :UW ] a a ñng t he e le c t r ic a l s e r v ic e f r o m 15 a m ps t o 30 a m ps ;Re p t 5æ m e n t a n d a n q o gva d : o f t he w a t e r p ipe s o n t he p ro pe r ty ; a n dA n u c 91 a d e o f t he e x is t in g d r a in f ie ld is a n t ic ipa t e d

T h e l i s t h e l p s r e a 山山 i l i ty , bu t t h e i t a l i c i z e d w o rd s i n th e t hr e e l i s t e d i t e m s sh o u l d u s e th e s a m e

g r w w w a t i c a l f o r m i n th i s c a s e,

th e p r e s e n t p a r t i c ip le w o u ld w o r k w e l l :

T he p r o po s e d im p r o v e m e n t s in c lu de :

U C gi aarvg t he e le c t r ic a l s e r v ic e f r o m 15 a m ps t o 30 a m ps,

æ p l 5c¢nr g an d uo g l aa ( rTg the wa t er pi pes on t he pr op er t y, a n d u c 9- d i ng the ex i st i ng dr ai n f i el d.

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s a n o t h e r l i s t th a t r e qu i r e s p a r a l l e l s t r u c t u r e :

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. l g : x j

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b u t th a t t a s k w o u ldb e e a s i e r i f b o t h t he b u l l e t e d i t e m s (a n d t h e b r a c k e t e d p h r a s e ) w e r e p a r a l l e l a n d i f t h e t w ob r a c k e t e d a d je c t i v a l p h r a s e s w e r e a l s o p h r a s e d i n p a r a l l e l :

Se le c t in g t he p r io r ity w a t e r s he ds t o be s t u d ie d f o c u s e d o n t w o m a in c o n s ide r a t io n s :th e w a te r s he ds m u s t be s ig n ific a n t um es m u s t ha v e h ig h f is he r y o T d o m e s t ic w a t e rs u p p ly v a lu e s ) ,

a n d

p r o po s e d r e s t o r a t io n p r o je c ts m u s t ha v e a h ig h p r o b a b iut l o i s -

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ó e l 1iw l o M e J p7l e r v rie w s ø g e c a n s o m e t im e s be m o r e s a t is fy in g t ha n t D o b w e N a t M e1r 7æryr?wi t sel f [ T he pa ra lle l ph ra s e s s ho u ld be g c l u n q l o a n d Ji ng w mD iff e r in g da t a ga t he r in g m e t ho ds c a n n o t o n / : y r E s u l l s po t ty da t a c o l le c t io n bu t a 1 so le a d lbd if f ic u lt ie s in in t e r p r e t in g t he da t a

t he pa r a lle l ph r a s e s s ho u ld be n o t o n i ly r e s u l r i r7 a n d c a n a i so / : a d l o l

58C o PY R IG H T © 2 00 9 PEA R SO N E D U C A T ION C AN A DA


> 1 : ?/

SE N T EN C E G RA M M A R

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n 1 id e n t i f y s u b j e c t s a n d p r e d i c a t e sU n de r l i n e t he c o m p l e t e s u bj e c t i n e a c h o f th e f o l l o w i n g s e n te n c e s a n d c i r c le t he s im p l e s u bje c tD o u b l e u n de r l i n e e a c h c o m p l e t e p r e di c a t e a n d c i r c l e e a c h s im p le p r e d i c a t e Y o u w i l l fi n da n s w e r s f o r th e s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a ge 12 1

1 Y o u w i l l n e e d t o r et ur n t ha t sp e c t r o m e t e r t o G o r do n B u m s

2 W i l l the r a t e p a y e r s p a y t he de v e l o pm e n t c o st s fo r th e p r o p o s e d r i v e r s ide t r a i l s y s t e m ?3 So m e a i r t o x i n s c o m e f r o m n a t L1r a < s o u r c e s s u c h a s f o r e s t f i r e s a n d s o i l e r o s io n

4 A i r t o x in s po s e a s e r i o u s t h r e a t t o h u m a n he a l t h in a l l p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld5 T he o z o n e l a y e r in sout her n an ad a th i n n e d by a n a n n u a l a v e r a ge o f a bo u t 6 p e r c e n t i n t h ela t e 1990 s

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n 2 i d e n t i f y s e n t e n c e t y p e sI n the s p a c e p r o v i d e d

, n a m e t h e ty p e o f s e n t e n c e f o r t h a t i t e m (s i m p l e

, c o m p o u n d

, c o m p l e x

,c o m p o u n d c o m p l e x ) Y o u w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s f o r t he s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a g e 12 1

6 A l th o u gh th e o z o n e l a y e r i s a n i m p o r ta n t de f e n c e a g a in s t U V p e n e tr a t io n,

s e v e r a l o t h e rf a c t o r s c a n h a v e a n e a e c t

7 T h e a i r i s c l e a n e r a n d c o o l e r i n t h e A r c t i c r e g i o n

8 B o th g r e e n h o u s e w a r m in g a n d th e t hi n n i n g o f th e a tm o s phe r i c la y e r r e s u l t p a r t i a l ly f r o mhu m a n a c t iv i t i e s,

b u t t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s ha v e h a d l e s s im p a c t th a n n a t u r a l ph e n o m e n w h o s eim p a c t h a s n o t be e n r e c o g n i z e d by th e o r th o d o x s c i e n t i f ic c o m m u n i ty

9 Gover nment a g e n c i e s h a v e f o c u s e d o n g a th e Dn g d a t a a n d l o bby g r o u p s ha v e u s e d th a t d a t a t oPU SH t he i r o w n a ge n d a s

, w hi l e t he o i l in du s tr y c a r r i e s o n l ik e t h e r e

's n o t o m o r r o w

10 T he K y o t o A c c o r d w i l l n o t s u r v i v e in i t s p r e s e n t f o r m

COPy 1u G HT 0 2 009 PEA RSO N E D U CA T ION CA N A D A 59



P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n 3 i d e n t i fy s e n t e n c e e r r o r s

U n de r l in e e a c h e x a m p le o f a c o m m a sp l i c e (C S) , f u s e d s e n t e n c e (F S) ,

da n g l in g m o di fi e r (DM),

m i s p la c e d m o d i f i e r (M M ) , s e n t e n c e f r a gm e n t (f r a g) ,

di s r u p t i v e m o d i f i e r (D i sM ) , fa u lty

c o o r din a t i o n (c o o r d), o r fa u l ty p a r a l l e l i s m Ul) i n th e fo l lo w i n g s e n t e n c e s I n the s pa c e a bo v e the

u n de r l in e d e r r o r,

w r i t e the a pp r o pDa t e s y m b o l (C S,

D M,

e t c ) Y o u w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s fo r these

e x e r c i s e s o n p a ge 12 1

11 T h e Ek a t i m in e h a s c o s t D i a M e t a b o u t $536 m i l l i o n a n d i s 70% c o m p l e t e

12 W n e n g r a di n g t he s i t e,

t w o w a y r a di o s,

w hi c h a l l o w s u r v e y o r s t o c o m m u n i c a t e f r o m a

di s t a n c e,

a r e u s e d

13 M o s t p e o p l e l i k e t o r e l a x a De r a ha r d da y's w o r k i n f r o n t o f th e T V

14 A f t e r c o m p l e t i n g the p r o je c t u n de r b u dg e t,

th e he a d e n g in e e r r e w a r de d m e w i th a p r o m o t io n

15 T he e m p l o y e e p e r s u a de d M s bo s s t o g r a n t a p a y r a i s e w i t h l o g i c a l a r g u m e n t s

16 M a n y m u n i c i p a l i t ie s c r e a t e d,

f o r th e be n e f i t o f l o c a l f a r m e r s, p o l i c y t ha t p r o v ide d fo r

m i n i m a l m o n i t o Dn g o f a n i m a l w a s t e r u n o f f

17 T h e I n t e g r a t i o n c o m p a r a t o r i s a l s o qu i t e p o p u l a r,

i t i s u s e d m o s t c o m m o n ly i n di g i t a l

m u l t im e t e r s

18 W n e n m a n u f ac t u r i n g a c a r c ha s s i s,

m a t e r ia l s n e e d t o b e s t r o n g a n d l igh t w e i gh t

19 T he o bj e c t i v e s o f t hi s a s s e s s m e n t w e r e t o a s c e r ta in w h e th e r th e c o m p le t e d w o r k i s in

c o m p l i a n c e w i t h th e p r e s c r ip t i o n s a n d th a t t h e d r a i n a g e a l o n g t h e r o a d m i gh t ha v e be e n

im p r o v e d

20 T h e l a ke w i l l be t e m p o r a r i ly dr a in e d du r i n g th e d r a w d o w n i t w i l l th e n i n c r e a s e in s i z e du r in gt he r e w e t t i n g ph a s e o f the p r o j e c t

I m p r o v e m e n t e x e r c i s e s s e n t e n c e s

T h e f o l lo w i n g 30 s e n t e n c e s m a y c o n t a in e r r o r s i n s e n t e n c e s t r u c t u r e, p r o n o u n u s a ge

, a dje c t iv e s

a n d a dv e r b s,

c o n j u n c t i o n s, p r e p o s i t i o n s

, sp e l l in g , o r p u n c t u a t i o n R e w r i t e t ho s e s e n t e n c e s

,

c o r r e c t in g t he e r r o r s I f a s e n t e n c e i s a l r e a dy c o r r e c t, w T it e c i n th e sp a c e f o l l o w i n g the s e n te n c e

Y o u w i l l f in d a n s w e r s f o r the s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a g e s 122 a n d 12 3

1 St o r m w a t e r p o n d c o n s t r u c t io n d id n o t c a u s e n e g a t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m pa c t s a n d w a sc o m p le t e d f o l lo w in g be s t m a n a ge m e n t p r a c t i c e s

60C o PY RI G H T © 2 009 PE A R SON E D UCA T ION c ANADA



2 % p" n a r e a i n c l u de s a bo u t 390 ha a n d is bo u n d by Po w e r s C r e e k to t he e a s t,

H ighw a y 9 7

4 W a t e Dn g o f th e s e s p l a n t s t w i c e w e e k ly fo r t he f i r s t t w o w e e k s,

r e du c e d to o n c e a w e e k f o rfo u r w e e k s th e r e a f t e r

, w e a th e r de p e n da n t

, w i l l e n s u r e qu i c k r o o t g r o w th

5 M y s e l f a n d a l l th e t e a m a t E SB l o o k fo r w a r d t o he a r in g f r o m y o u

6 O n e o f h i s f in e r p r o j e c t s w a s th e Pe n t i c t o n Ch a n n e l r e c r e a t io n a r e a,

he he lp e d de s ign a n d he

o v e r s e e th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s p r o je c t

7 T M s p r o p o s a l o u t l i n e s t he p r o p o s e d r e s e a r c h th a t w i l l n e e d t o be c o n du c t e d,

a s w e l l a s,

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8 B y e r e c t in g a b r e a k w a t e r w a l l,

t h e c u r r e n t s w i l l b e di v e r te d,

the r e by e l im i n a t i n g be a c h

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9 Fa c ia l e x p r e s s i o n s a r e r a i s in g o r lo w e r i n g t h e e y e b r o w s,

s qu i n t i n g , c l e n c hi n g t h e j a w

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10 PH m e a s u r e s th e a c i d i ty o r a l k a l i n i ty o f w a t e r a n d m a n y o r ga n i s m s th a t l i v e i n th e w a t e r a r e

s e n s i t i v e t o c h a n ge s i n p H

11 T he se s t e p s,

k e e p s u n e x po s u r e t o a m i n i m u m , e s p e c i a l ly be t w e e n 10 a m A n d 3 p m An d

w e a r w ide bw w we d h a t s a n d w e a r s u n s c r e e n w i th s u n p r o t e c t i o n f a c t o r o f 15 o r g r e a t e r a n d

r e a pp ly th e s u n s c r e e n f r e qu e n t ly , w i l l he lp p r o t e c t y o u f r o m the s u n

's h- r a y s

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12 Fe a r i n g the d i l u t i o n o f i t s t r a de m a r k,

r e m e m b e r i n g w ha t ha ppe n e d t o b r a n d n a m e s 1 i k e

su c h as

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, Go o gle inc

t r i e d t o p e r s u a de m e m b e r s o f the pu b l ic t o r e f r a i n f r o m u s in g"

g o o g le "a s a v e r b

13 A po s t de v e l o p m e n t /c o n s t r u c t i o n r e po r t s u m m a r i z i n g t h e de v e l o p m e n t,

o u t l in in g the degre e

o f c o m p l i a n c e w i th th e a bo v e m e a s u r e s a n d d e m o n s t r a t i n g t ha t t he SPEA is p r o te c te d w i l l

a l s o be p r o du c e d a n d s u b m i t t e d o n th e R A R da t a b a s e

14 T h e p r o p o s e d " F "s ha p e d do c k w i l l be m a de o f p e r f o r a t e d m a t e r i a l a n d c o n s i s t s o f a 1 8 m

w ide m a i n s t e m

15 N o n e o f th e s p e c i e s a r e r e c e n t ly r e p o r te d i n t h e a r e a,

a n d i t i s n o t l i k e ly th a t t he s t o r a ge o f

w o o d w a s t e o n th e s u bje c t p r o p e r ty w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t ly a f fe c t a n y o f th e s e s pe c i e s

16 T h e a v e r a g e p e r s o n s p e n d s 3 , 2 20 h o u r s s t u c k in t r a f f ic

, b u t o n ly m i n u t e s p la n n in g the i r

r e t i r e m e n t

17 C l i e n t A ha s n o t a t te n de d r e g u l a r l y , n e v e r th e l e s s

, h e c o n t i n u e s t o m a k e c o n t a c t w i th o u r

c o u n s e l l o r s

18 Sm o k i n g i s o n ly a l l o w e d in t he ga z e b o s a t th i s c a m p u s

19 B e c a u s e e a c h o f u s h a s a r e sp o n s i b i l i t y t o t he o r g a n i z a t io n

20 T r y in g th e i r v e r y be s t in t h e a p t i t u de t e s t s,

w e o bs e r v e d t h e c l i e n t s a t th e C e n tr e

2 1 I f y o u k n o w th e a n s w e r,

i t i s e a s y , h o w e v e r

, n o t e v e r y o n e k n o w s th e a n s w e r

22 A f te r s e n d in g th e m e s s a ge,

t h e fo l l o w in g s c r e e n w i l l a pp e a r

62 C o PYR IG H T 2 0 0 9 PEA RSO N E DU CA T ION CANADA



23 Spe c i a l ty N i c d ba t te r i e s h a v e a n i c he m a r k e t i n t he a r e a o f c o r d l e s s a n d w i r e l e s s t e l e ph o n e s,

e m e r ge n c y l i gh t i n g , m o de l a i r p l a n e s

, a s w e l l a s p o w e r t o o l s

24 W i th a r e l a t i v e ly l o w i nt ernal r e s i s t a n c e, a N i c d ba t t e r y c a n s u pp ly h igh s u r g e c u r r e n t s T h i s

m ak e s th e m a f a v o u r a b l e c ho i c e fo r r e m o t e c o n tr o l l e d e l e c t r i c m o d e l a e r o p la n e s,

b o a t s,

a n dc a r s

, a s w e l l a s c o r dl e s s p o w e r t o o l s a n d c a m e r a f l a s h u n i t s

25 Thi s w o r k sho p s e De s h a s t h r e e o bj e c t i v e s,

i n c lu d i n g :T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s t r a t e g i e s f o r s t r u c t u r i n g d o c u m e n t s

l earni ng h o w t o p r o o f r e a d a n d e d i t o t he r'

s d o c u m e n t sa s w e l l a s i m p r o v i n g o n e s

'e f f ic i e n c y in w r i t i n g

26 P le a s e f e e l f r e e t o c o n t a c t m y s e l f i f y o u r e q u i r e f u r th e r c l a r i f i c a t i o n

27 T hi s i s th e f i r s t t i e r o f th e a s s e s s m e n t p r o c e s s a n d i s c o m p l e t e d by th e s u p p l i e r

28 Ro u gh ly 100 p h - a c e u t i c a l s h a v e n o w b e i n g i d e n t i f i e d in Dv e r s,

l a k e s,

a n d c o a s t a l w a t e r s

thr o u gh o u t E u r o p e a n d i n n o r th A m e r i c a I n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s th a t h a v e a l a r m e d e n v i r o n m e n t a lp r o t e c t i o n a g e n c i e s

29 T he Eu r o p e a n e m e d i c i n e s A g e n c y r e c o m m e n d a ddi t i o n a l t e s t i n g o f d] u g s t o l ear n h o w th e ybr e a k do w n w he n th e y e n t e r s u r f äc e o r u n de r g r o u n d w a t e r s u pp l i e s

30 On e w o n y f o r p ha r m a c e u t i c a l c o m p a n i e s i s th a t i n c r e a s e d a m o u n t o f t e s t i n g c o u l d c o s t lytr an s la t e in t o de la y s f o r t h e r e l e a s e o f n e w dr u g s

Co py RIGHT 0 2009 PEA RSON E D U CA T IO N CA N A D A63

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e had he a r d rep o r t s tha t l ish we r e wa s h i ng up on sh or e we di dn 't se e an y thou g h , a y be the r ep or ts

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w a s m u M / r e d a n d it s m e lls l ike s u lphu r a n d d ie s e l fu e l w h ic h is a r e a lly fo u l c o m b in a t io n fo r s u re

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sa id th a t w h a d to c lm n the c a b in a n d the * to r a ge lo c he r s d o w n be lo w W ho a I s a id tha es n o t w ha t 1

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On a r e c e n t dDv e t h r o u gh a M o n t a n a m o u n t a i n Pa s s,

I g r u dg in g ly f o l lo w e d a t r u c k w ho s e b a c k

po s s e s s e d t h e p e r p e t r a t o r o f t h i s c Dm e t o p la c e t he a p o s t r o phe i n the p l u r a l f o r m o f c a r ? A n d

do o r s s c r e a m e d,

" C a r'

s R V s B o a t s W e r e p a i r T he m A l l ! " in le t te r s tw o f e e t h igh W ha t

w hy , I w o n de r e d t h r o u gh c l e n c h e d t e e th a s I f o l l o w e d t he t r u c k t h r o u gh s w i r l i n g s n o w

, w e r et he m a n d a l l c a p i t a l i z e d ? T M s t y p e o f r e s p o n s e t o fa u l ty pu n c t u a t i o n a pp e a r s in th e w i t t y ,r u thl e s s e x p o s é o f m i s m a n a g e d p u n c t u a t io n i n L y n n e T r u s s

's bo o k

, E a t s

, Sho o l s & L e a v e s

5

T r u s s m a k e s a c a s e f o r p a y i n g c l o s e a t t e n t i o n t o th e pu n c t u a t io n w e e m p lo y :

A l l o u r t h o u gh t s c a n b e r e n d e r e d w i th a b s o l u t e c l a r i ty i f w e b o th e r t o p u t t h e r i gh tdo t s a n d s q u i g g l e s b e t w e e n w o r d s i n t he r i gh t p l a c e s Pr o p e r p u n c t u a t i o n i s b o t h t hes ig n a n d t h e c a u s e o f c l e a r t h i n k i n g (T r u s s

, p 2 02)

Pu n c t u a t i o n m a r k s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d t o th e w r i t te n l a n g u a ge du r i n g t h e a g e o f p Dn t i n g by p r i n ts e t te r s w h o w a n t e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e p a u s e s

, t o n a l e m ph a s i s

, a n d m u s i c a l p i t c h t h a t w e e a s i ly

u s e w h e n w e s p e a k I n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g h a l f m i l l e n n i u m, p u n c t u a t i o n m e th o d s a n d s t y l e s h a v e

c ha n g e d,

bu t t h e k e y p u n c t u a t i o n m a r k s h a v e s u r v i v e d T hi s c h a p t e r e x a m i n e s p e r i o d s,

c o m m a s,

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Co n v e n t i o n a l u s a g e p l a c e s a p e Do d,

a q u e s t i o n m a r k,

o r a n e x c l a m a t i o n p o i n t a t th e e n d o f a

s e n t e n c e :

T ha t la p t o p is y o u r s t o u s e t h is s e m e s t e r

I s t ha t y o u r la pt o p?

Yo u r la p t o p is a m a z in g ly lig ht !

Co l o n s a n d s e m i c o l o n s o f t e n a pp e a r a t t h e e n d o f in de p e n de n t c l a u s e s a s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

e x a m p l e s :

I 'v e o r de r e d a la p t o p t ha t ha s a ll t he f e a t u r e s y o u r e q u e s t e d :

a 17 "w ide s c r e e n LCD

,

a n M P c a m e r a,

3 GB RA M,

a 300 GB har d di sk dr i ve , a

n d

+ a d u a l p r o c e s s o r

T he la pt o ps w i ll be he r e T h u r s da y ; p le a s e in s t a l l n e t w o r k in g s o f t w a r e a s s o o n a s t he y a r r iv e

Yo u' l l n e e d a w i r e le s s r o u t e r : a n SMC Ba r r ic a de 2804 BR w o u ld f it y o u r sy s t e m

5 T r u s s,

L y n n e E a l s,

Sho o l s & L e a v e s L o n do n : G o th a m B o o k s,

2003

6 5Co PY RIG HT 0 2009 P EA R SO N E D U C A T I O N C A N A D A


P u N C T U A T I O N

C o l o n s a n d Se m i c o l o n s

C o l o n s p o i n t a t t h i n g s,

a s i f t o s a y ,

" h e r e , l o o k a t t h e s e w o r d s

" A s t h e e x a m p l e s a t t h e bo t t o m

o f t he p r e v i o u s p a g e i l l u s t r a t e,

c o l o n s c a n a pp e a r a t t h e e n d o f in de p e n de n t c l a u s e s H o w e v e r, a

c o l o n s h o u l d n o t b e p l a c e d a t t h e e n d o f a n i n c o m p l e t e t h o u g h t,

s u c h a s a p h r a s e o r de p e n de r ;c l a u s e

I f w e ha v e a la bo u r s t o p pa g e n e x t w e e k,

do n o t e n f la m e t he s it u a t io n by a c t io n s SUCH a sc r o s s in g t h e p ic ke t l in e s

,

s ha r in g yo u r fe e l in g s a bo u t t he s t r ike w it h r e po r te r s, o r

c o n d u c t in g c la s s e s a t a lo c a t io n o u t s id e t he Co lle g e

H i n t :

W n e n t h e l e a d i n w o r d s a t t h e e n d o f a n in d e p e n d e n t c l a u s e a r e i n c l u d in g , c o n s is t s o f ,

l ike, Ors u c T1 a s

, d o n o t u s e a c o l o n Y o u c a n u s e a c o l o n i f th e l e a d in w o r d s a r e a s To t l o w s o r t i i eTo 11o w i n g

Y o u c a n u s e a c o l o n t o in t r o du c e a q u o t a t i o n o r a n e x a m p l e :

T r u s s be lie v e s w e s ho u ld r e s is t t he e r o s io n o f s t a n da r d pu n c t u a t io n :" T he r e a s o n t o s t a n d u pf o r pu n c t u a t io n is t ha t w it ho u t it t he r e is n o r e lia b le w a y c o m m u n ic a t in g m e a n in g

·

( Tr u s s, p 20)

So m e pu n c t u a t io n m a r ks a r e o v e r w o r ke d : fo r e x a m p le,

Ly n n e T r u s s lis t s s e v e n d is c r e t e u s e s fo rt he a po s t r o phe

A f te r a n i n d e p e n d e n t c l a u s e, y o u c a n u s e a c o l o n t o i n t r o d u c e a n a p p o s i t i v e

, a w o r d o r

c o l l e c t i o n o f w o r d s t h a t r e n u n e s a n o u n o r p r o n o u n

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S e m i c o l o n s a l s o h a v e s e v e r a l u s e s :

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T he M a y ta g d is hw a s he r ha s a d is t in c t iv e,

in de pe n de n t b r a n d n a m e ; ho w e v e r,

it s r e p la c e m e n tpa r t s c o m e d i r e c t ly f r o m W h ir lpo o l

W h e n ea c h of the i tems i n a se r i es i s co m p a r a t i ve l y l on g , or i f ea c h i tem co n t ai ns co mm a s ,t he i t e m s m i gh t be s e p a r a t e d by s e m i c o lo n s r a t he r t ha n c o m m a s :

T he Ca n a d ia n O ly m p ic Cb m m it t e e'

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r u lin g h in ge d o n t he p r e s e n c e o f a s e c o n d c o m m a in th is s e n te n c e :"

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Ro ge r s m ig ht ge t its m o n e y r e f u n d e d !

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, 16 A u g 2 0 06 :

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, o n l in e la w r e v ie w

, a c c e s s e d

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Co m m a s

Co m m a s p r e c e d e n o n r e s t r i c t i v e e l e m e n t s (e l e m e n t s t h a t a r e n o t e s s e n t i a l t o th e m e a n i n g ) :T he Ro ge r s /A lia n t c o m m a c o n t r o v e r s y : w hi : b CU ST R t p _ m nl i) o n w a s t o t a lly a v o ida ble

C o m m a s d o n o t p r e c e d e r e s t r i c t iv e e l e m e n t s (e l e m e n t s e s s e n t i a l t o th e m e a n i n g) :I w a s v e r y in t e r e s t e d in t he Ro ge r s /A lia n t c o m m a c o n t r o v e r s y M a t 71e G lb be a n d / Ij a i f

re po r t e d

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Re c e n t A n t a r c t ic ic e b r e a ku ps m a y a f fe c t s e a le v e ls,

o c e a n t e m pe ra t u r e s,

a n d A n ta r c t ic w e a t he r

pa t t e r n s

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s ki l l, pa t ie n c e

, a n d e x pe n s iv e

m a t e r ia ls

The p r a c t ic e o f bu r n in g y a r d de b r is in s u bu r ba n n e ig hbo u r ho o ds ha s im plic a t io n s fo r pe o ple

w ith b r e a t h in g p r o ble m s,

fo r by la w o f f ic e r s,

a n d f o r t ho s e r e s po n s ible f o r m u n ic ipa l la n df ills

No te tha t a c o m m a a pp e a r s b e f o r e th e c o o r di n a t i n g c o n ju n c t i o n (a n d,

o r ) th a t p r e c e de s t h e la s t

ite m in a s e r i e s :

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he a da c he s , a s M rTai l,

o r bmndi Abs

I f a c o m m a do e s n o t a pp e a r be f o r e th e c o o r di n a t in g c o n ju n c t i o n in th e a bo v e s e n t e n c e,

a s, M i Tra

o r bm n d i i bis c a n be in t e r p r e t e d a s a s i n g l e phr a s e,

n o t a s t w o s e p a r a t e i t e m s

A c o m m a go e s n o t a p p e a r w i t h i n a n i t e m t h a t in c o r p o r a t e s a n d :

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b a m a /Tdgg! si o r a De n v e r sa n dw ic h

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C o m m a s m a y s e t o f f p a r e n t h e t ic a l e x p r e s s io n s :

Re s ide n t s o f So o ke (a s u bu rb o f Vic t o r ia , B C ) ha v e a »m pla ln ed a bo u t ba c kya rd bu r n ing

Re s ide n t s o f So o k ¬, a s u bu rb o f a

, B C

, ha v e c o m pla in ed a bo u t ba c kya r d bu r n ing

A t o t a l o f $148 m illio n In c a pit a l spe n ding , m a soy /Jo u snrig p r tzlec b

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C o m m a s m a y s e t o f f q u o t e d w o r d s f r o m e x p l a n a t o r y o r le a d in w o r d s :

c o m pe n sa t e pe o ple a n d t ie t he m t o the co m pa ny"

Ro s s Gr ie v e,

CEO o f PCL Co n st r u c to r s I n c,

s a fc,

' : Em lip loy iee sto c k o w n e rs hip ls a go od w ay to

H o w e v e r,

a c o m m a is n o t n e e de d w he n the qu o te d w o r ds ble n d in to the g r a m m a t ic a l s tr u c tu r eo f a s e n te n c e :

Ro ss Gr ie v e be lie v es t ha t. .

" Gm pJo yee sto c k o w n e rs hip ls a go o d w a y to c o m pe n sa te pe o ple a ndt ie t he m t o the c o m pa n y

C o m m a s m a y a p p e a r in d a t e s :

Ma r c h 28,

2008 Fr iday , Ma r ch 28

, 2008

Co m m a s do n't appe a r w he n they do n

' t ha v e t o se pa r a te n u m be r s :

Ma r c h 2008 28 Ma rc h 2008

C o m m a s w i t h n u m b e r s :

T he m e t r ic sy s t e m do e s n't r e qu i r e c o m m a s in n u m be r s th a t ha v e m o r e tha n fo u r d ig i t s :

98 429 124 6 54 190

H o w e v e r,

m a n y pe o p le s t i l l u s e c o m m a s : 5, 397 98

, 420 124

, 654

, 190

C o m m a s w i t h n a m e s , p l a c e s , a n d a d d r e s s e s :H e r e a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s o f c o m m a u s a ge w i th n a m e s

, p l a c e s,

a n d a ddr e s s e s :Ma x w e l l Sa n de s t in

, M D

Sa s ka t o o n,

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C o m m a s i n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e :

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,

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c o m p l im e n ta r y c l o s e s in le t t e r s o r f o r m a l e m a i ls r e qu i r e a c o m m a :Yo u r s t r u ly,

Sin c e r e¢y,

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H in t s Fo r I n s e r t i n g C o m m a s :

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bu t n o t e v e r y o n e t h i n k s o r b r e a t he s in the s a m e pat t erns, s o e q u a t i n g c o m m a s

to yo u r spe e c h p a u s e s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i ly u s e f u l A be t t e r s t r a te gy is t o p la c e a c o m m a w he n : y o u

w o u ld l ik e y o u r r e a de r t o m o m e n t a r i ly pa u s e

I f y o u'r e u n s u r e

, c i r c l e the p o in t w he r e y o u t h in k a c o m m a m i ght be u s e f u l

, a n d la t e r c he c k t he

adv ic e p r o v i de d in a g r a m m a r ha n dbo o k (A n d r e m e m be r tha t G r a m m a r a l Wo r k p r o v ide s o n lytha t a dv ic e n e e de d t o g u ide y o u i n th is bo o k '

s e x e r c is e s the 2 14 pa ge s o f a dv ic e a n d

e x a m p le s i n th i s w o r k bo o k do n o t o f r e r the le v e l o f de t a i l t ha t y o u' l l f i n d in a g r a m m a r

ha n dbo o k )

A po s t r o p h e s

The a po s tr o phe c a m e in t o E n g l i s h i n t h e 16 th c e n t u r y ,

w he n i t s s o l e pu r p o s e w a s t o s t a n d in fo r

dr o ppe d le t t e r s (a s in Sha k e s p e a r e's u s e o f '

l i s i n s t e a d o f i t is ) Si n c e t h e n,

i t ha s be e n g i v e n

m u c h m o r e w o r k t o d o,

s t a r t in g i n t h e 17 ' h c e n t u r y w he n p r in t e r s in s e r te d t he a po s t r o phe in

s in gu l a r p o s s e s s i v e n o u n s (s u c h a s the p r i n t e r : S m is t a ke )

The se da y s,

th e a p o s t r o p h e i n d i c a t e s t h e f o l lo w i n g k in d s o f po s s e s s io n :

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Jo hn's w e dd in g t he d u c k '

s w in g Sa n d r a ?s ba n qu e t Ro ss's c a r

* P o s s e s s iv e f o r m o f p l u r a l n o u n s

pr in t e r s'

c o n v e n t io n s po lit ic ia n s' in d isc r e t io n s t he Br o w n s

' ho u se

t he Jo n e s e s' ho u s e t he Ro s s e s

'c a r

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m y fa t he r in la w s r e s po n s e Me m be r o f Pa r lia m e n t 's e x pe n s e a c a »u n t

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Jo hn's a n d Ka r la '

s w edd in g r in gs t he s t u de n t 's a n d t he p ro fes s o r s in t e r pr e t a t io n s

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s t w o do gs

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N o t e :

D o n o t u s e a p o s t r o phe s w i t h p o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n s s u c h a s m y , y o u r,

he r s,

l i is, a n d i l s

T h e a p o s t r o p he a l s o i n di c a t e s w h e n o n e o r m o r e le t t e r s ha v e be e n o m i t t e d in c o n t r a c t io n s :

a r e n' t c a n

' t d idn' t do n

' t I 'm s he

'

s

A p o s t r o p h e s a r e n o t u s e d f o r t h e p o s s e s s i v e f o r m s o f p r o n o u n s s u c h a s m y , m i n e, y o u r

, y o u r s

/ i i s,

ti e r s,

i ts,

o u r,

o u r s,

i l ie i r,

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a n d w /i o s e So,

d o n o t c o n f u s e t he f o l lo w i n g po s se ss iv e

p r o n o u n s a n d c o n t r a c t i o n s t h a t s o u n d a l i k e :

P o s s e s s i v e p r o n o u n C o n t r a c t i o n

i t s i t 's (i t i s )

y o u r y o u'r e (y o u a r e )

t h e i r th e y'r e (th e y a r e )

w h o s e w ho'

s (w ho i s )

R e c e n t p r a c t ic e h a s d i s c o u r a g e d u s in g th e a p o s t r o ph e in f o r m i n g p l u r a l s o f n u m e r a l s , y e a r s ,

a c r o n y m s , a n d s y m b o l s T h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i l l u s t r a t e c u r r e n t u s a g e a s de f in e d by the

M o d e m L a n g u a g e s A s s o c i a t i o n (M L A ) :

Ho w m a n y 5s a ppe a r in t ha t s e q u e n c e o f n u m be r s ?

I n t he e a r ly 1900 v e ry fe w m o t o r c a r s w e r e e v ide n t in Ca n a da

A t la s t «x »u n t,

23 7 / ll ps fa v o u r e d a m a jo r o v e r ha u l o f t he in c o m e t a x s ys t e m

i u s e v e ry f e w @s a n d i s i n m y w r it in g

D a s h e s

D a s h e s l e t y o u i n t e r r u p t s e n t e n c e s t o a dd in f o r m a t i o n o r t o t e m p o r a r i ly t a k e t he s e n te n c e in a

d i f f e r e n t d i r e c t i o n A d a sh c a n o p e f a t e by i t s e l f,

bu t m o r e o f te n da s he s w o r k in pa ir s A da sh is

l o n g e r t h a n a hy p h e n ; m w o r d p r o c e s s in g s o f t w a r e y o u c a n c o n t r o l th e l e n g t h o f the da sh in

m a n y w a y s F o r e x a m p l e,

i n M SW o r d c l i c k o n the i n s e r t p u l l do w n m e n u,

a n d s e le c t sym bo ls ,

w h e r e y o u w i l l f i n d da s he s a n d sh o r t c u t k e y s f o r a ddi n g th e m

H e r e a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s o f da s he s in a c t i o n :

Ca n a d ia n NH L t e a m s / \ tb r7l n a a nc To m n l ic,

E if m o n l ion,

Cb n ?a /y Va n c o u t/ e r ha v e a ll w e lc o m ed

t he s t r o n g Ca n a d ia n do lla r

W ha t c o u ld be m o r e a pp r o p r ia t e o r m o re p m !t ii!a b i : t ha n bo o s t in g t he p r o v in c ia l ro ya lt ies o n

o il a n d ga s p r o d u c t io n ?

He r P R Be s t w o r k a n a I s a y l * r f w ¢M a u s t rTCe n zy ha s r e s u lt e d f ro m ha ppy a cc ide n t s , no t

f r o m c a r e f u l p la n n in g

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d yph e n s

Hyphe n s ha v e s e v e r a l a pp l i c a t i o n s :

+ The y s e p a r a t e c o m p o u n d w o r d s s u c h a s t he f o l l o w i n g :

se lf a s s u r e d p r e s ide n t e le c t w e ll d r e s s e d t h r e e ye a r p la n a n t l go v e r n m e n t

H o w e v e r,

th e y do n o t s e p a r a t e c o m p o u n d w o r d s in p hr a s e s s u c h a s t he f o l lo w in g :po o r ly m a n a ge d p r o je c t m o s t a pp r o p r ia t e s o lu t io n a ha lf w e e k '

s w o r ka m o r e s e n s ible a pp r o a c h

T he y a pp e a r a f te r t h e p r e f i x e s a l l, e x

, q u a s i, a n d s e ¢ f :

a ll in c lu s iv e e x a r m y o f f ic e r q u a s i o f f ic ia l s e lf e m p lo ye d

T he y do n o t a p p e a r a f t e r t h e p r e f i x e s r e,

u n, a n d i n t e r :

r e v a m p u n c o n v e n t io n a l in t e r p la y

T he y a r e u s e d w h e n a p r e f i x o r s u f f ix i s a dde d t o a n u m be r o r t o a p r o p e r n o u n :

po s t 200 1 p r e Ra pha e lit e Ha r pe r like p r o Ca n a d ia n

The y a r e u s e d w he n th e v o w e l a t t h e e n d o f a p r e f i x o r s u f f ix i s th e s a m e a s t h e f i r s t l e t t e ro f t h e r o o t w o r d :

r e e n t ry a n t i in f la m m a t o r y

Pa r e n t h e s e s a n d B r a c k e t s

L ike da s he s, p a r e n t h e s e s a l l o w y o u i n t e r r u p t a s e n t e n c e t o in s e r t i n f o r m a t i o n H o w e v e r

, da s h e s

em pha s i z e s m r o u n d in g s t a t e m e n t s,

w h i l e p a r e n th e s e s p r o v ide i n t e r e s t in g a s i de s,

e x a m p l e s,

o rsho r t e x p la n a t i o n s H e r e a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s :

T his g r a m m a r w o r kbo o k ( t he hn t o f l b 1) 4oe ) is de s ig n e d t o s u pple m e n t t he 4 t h Ca n a d ia ne d it io n o f Te c hn : a / Cbm m u n ic a l rb n [a n a s ide ]

Othe r g r a m m a r w o r kbo o ks (s u c h a s Gra m m a r U rTp l qgg e o) fo c u s o n e x e r c is e s, w it h lit t le a d v ic e

o r d i r e c t io n a bo u t ho w t o c o m p le t e t he e x e r c is e s [a n e x a m p le ]

T his w o r kbo o k ha s be e n p r in t e d in b la c k a n d w h it e (t o sa v e c o s t s ) in a n 814 X 11 in c h fo r m a t(t o a c c o m m o da t e t he e x e r c is e s ) [e x pla n a t io n s]

L e ga l w r i t in g o f te n p l a c e s p a r e n t h e s e s a r o u n d a n u m e r a l tha t f o l lo w s a sp e l le d o u t n u m b e r ub ·a p e r io d o l / ve ( 5) y e a r s )

, bu t t e c hn i c a l w r i t in g do e s n o t u s e t h i s p r a c t i c e

Bpa c k e t s a l s o k n o w n a s s q u a r e b r a c k e t s ) ha v e v e r y f e w u s e s,

m a i n ly in a c a de m i c w r i t in g

u s e b r a c k e t s t o in s e r t w o r d s i n t o qu o t a t io n s Fo r e x a m p l e,

h e r e'

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"m in o r

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im po r ta n t c o n fe r e n c e c a n c o s t c o m pa n ie s t im e , m o n e y a n d c r e d ib ility

"

H e r e's h o w o n e m igh t i n c o r p o r a t e p a r t o f t ha t qu o t e in t o a s e n t e n c e :

A u t ho r Ro n n ie Mo o r e n o t e s t ha t " Ev e r yo n e m a ke s m is t a ke s [t ha t ] c a n c o s t c o m pa n ies time,

m o n e y a n d c r e d ib i lit y" 【T he c o n j u n c t io n l at i s in s e r t e d t o he lp t he s e n t e n c e no w s m oo thly ]

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c e r t a i n e x a m p l e s,

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e r r o r i n a qu o t e i s i n th e o r ig in a l do c u m e n t y o u'r e q u o t in g :

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[L ike a ll fo r e ig n w o r ds,

s ic is it a lic iz e d in t he a bo v e e x a m p le ]

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I n th e g o o d o l d d a y s o f ty p e w r i t e r s,

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t h o s e f u n c t i o n s h a v e be e n s u p e r s e de d by i t a l i c s Th e o n ly j o b l e f t f o r u n de r l i n i n g t he s e da y s is

t o e m p h a s i z e w o r d s o r p hr a s e s :

T he e a r t h 's o z o n e la y e r is in v e r y de e p t r o u b le

T he e a r t h 's s t r a t o s p he r ic la ye r o f o z o n e p r o t e c ts u s f r o m t he s u n

's ha r m f u l u lt r a v io le t ra ys

T he"

o z o n e ho le "r e fe r s t o a la gg a n d r r m n in t he n u m be r s o f o z o n e m o le c u le s

A s y o u c a n s e e i n th i s bo o k o r i n a n y bo o k,

m a g a z in e o r n e w s p a p e r,

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i t a t i c s h a v e t a k e n o v e r m a n y o f th e o the r t a sk s o n c e

a s s i g n e d t o u n de r l in i n g H e r e a r e s o m e o f t he u s e s f o r i t a l i c s

I t a l i c s g r a c e t he n a m e s o f s hip s,

a ir p l a n e s,

a n d t r a i n s :

the Or ie n t Exp r e s s tn e Tita n ic S o l n jt o FSZ Lo t a $ [t he pla n e f lo w n by Cha r les

Lin dbe r gh in t he f ir s t t r a n s a t la n t ic f light]

I t a l i c s s i g n a l the t i t l e s o f bo o k s,

m a g a z i n e s,

n e w sp a pe r s,

f i lm s,

t e le v i s i o n p r o g r a m s,

CDs,

a n d w e bs i t e s :

f e c hn ic a l Co m m u n ic a t io n Mac l ean r he Glo be A n d Ma if Co m e r Gas

Mu s ic Fo r the Ha rd o f Th in k in g t he We A the r Ne tw o r k

I t a l i c s a c c o m pa n y f o r e i g n w o r d s a n d the s c i e n t i f i c n a m e s o f p la n t s a n d a n im a l s :

la is se z fa ine a d in fin it u m c a n is lu p u s ir is v e r s ic o lo r Li nn

72 C o PY RIG HT © 2009 PEA RSON ED UCA T ION c ANADA


P u N c r u A T to N

I t a l i c s a r e u s e d f o r w o r ds,

l e t t e r s,

a n d n u m be r s r e fe r r e d t o a s w o r ds :

W o r ds like g - 1 : y a n d c o o f n o lo n ge r ha v e t he in c r o w d c lo u t t he y o n c e ha d

He r e's a h in t : t he le t t e r s a ppe a r s in t he w o r d fo u r t im e s

O u t o f r e s pe c t fo r t he g r e a t p la ye r s w ho ha d m a de t he n u m be r s 9,

9 q a n d 66 fa m o u s , Cro s by

c ho s e 8 7

I t a l i c s c a n a l s o be u s e d t o e m p ha s i z e c e r ta in w o r d s :

No n e o f his de s ig n s c o u ld be c o n s ide r e d g r e a t w o r k,

e q o t fo r h is w o r k o n t he Fo r d Mu s t a n g

I f y o u u s e i t a l i c s f o r p u f p o s e s o th e r t h a n e m p ha s i s i n a do c u m e n t, y o u sho u ld n o t u s e i t a l i c s t o

c e r ta in - : ; : d ; ; i n s t e a d, y o u sho u l d u n de r l in e the w o r ds o r u s e bo l d f a c e

Qu o t a t i o n M a r k s

Qu o t a t i o n m a r k s e n c l o s e s ho r t bu r s t s o f q u o t e d m a t e r i a l,

w h i c h i s o n e o f s e v e f a l u s e s f o r the s e

m a r k s T he f o l l o w i n g de s c r i p t i o n s i n c l u de a d v i c e a n d e x a m p l e s :

Qu o t a t i o n m a r k s s u r r o u n d w o r d s t ha t a r e q u o te d e x a c t ly a s the y a pp e a r i n t he o r ig in a l

d o c u m e n t :

T r u s s be l ie v e s t ha t t he c o m m a ha s be c o m e"

a k i n d o f s c a r y g r a m m a t ic a l s he e pdo g"

She a ls o s a y s t ha t,

" As w e w ill s ho r t ly s e e , t he c o m m a ha s s o m a n y j o bs Tha t it t e a r s a bo u t o n

& ngage ° (T r u s s, P 79)

q u o t a t i o n w i th o u t a c o m m a a n d

t : Xth e

f l o w o f t he

c a p i t a l A,

w hi c h i s s ta n da r d p r a c t i c e f o r q u o t in g a f id l s e n t e n c e N o t e a l s o th a t pa r t o f th a t

Qu o t a t i o n m a r k s do n o t e n c l o s e a lo n g e r q u o ta t i o n,

w h i c h i s s o m e t im e s de f i n e d a s 50

id e n t i f i e d a s lo n g e r t ha n fo u r l in e s (M L A s ty l e ) Th e s e q u o ta t i o n s a r e i n de n t e d a n d s in g le

s pa c e d,

a n d d o n o t u s e q u o t a t i o n m a r k s :

Ly n n e T r u s s m a ke s a f ie r c e c a s e fo r pa y in g a t te n t io n t o pu n c t u a t io n :

a f te r s e e in g w ha t it c a n do , I

w e s ho u ld s t a r t n o w W ho w a n t s a b la n k m a p , fo r he a v e n

's sa ke ? T he r e is m o r e a t s ta ke

r s a

73c o py r i g h t @200 9 p e a r s o n e d u c a t i o n c a n a d a


Pu N CT U A T I ON

T he a b o v e qu o t a t i o n c a n u s e qu o t a t io n m a r k s w i t h i n t he q u o t e d p a s s a ge t o de n o te w o rds

tha t L y n n e T r u s s i s qu o t in g H o w e v e r,

i f y o u r s ho r t q u o t e c i t e s a n i nt ernal qu o ta t io n, yo u

n e e d t o u s e t he f o l l o w i n g t e c hn iq u e,

w h i c h e m p l o y s r e g u la r q u o ta t io n m a r ks f o r the fu ll

M c c o u r t q u o t e a n d p a r t i a l qu o t a t io n m a r k s f o r the b i t h e q u o t e s :

Mc c o u r t c it e s Ly n n e T r u s s's c o m ba t iv e s p ir it : " T he n s he f lin g s do w n t he ga u n t le t : ' He w o u ld

be i ll a dv is e d t o r e pe a t t h is plo y o n c e m y pu n c t u a t io n v ig ila n t e s a r e o n t he lo o se' (No t ice my

m a s t e r ly u s e o f t he e llips is ) · C le a r ly , Mc c o u r t a d m ir e s T r u s s

's fe is ty n a t u r e (T r u ss

, P x iii)

R i gh t ! H a d e n o u gh ? I f s o, p r o c e e d t o t he f o l l o w i n g e x e r c i s e s

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n p u n c t u a t i o n

C i r c l e th e le t t e r o f t h e p r e fe r r e d c h o i c e in t he fo l l o w i n g p a i r s o r g r o u p s o f s e n t e n c e s Y o u w i l l

f m d a n s w e r s f o r t he s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a g e 12 5

a T hr e e p e r s o n s a t t e n d e d th e c o n f e r e n c e : G a r th B a r to n,

s h ipp i n g a n d r e c e i v in g de pa r tm en t ;

M a r c i e Jo n e s,

M a r k e t in g D i v i s i o n ; a n d R i t a K o h l m a n n, g e n e r a l m a n a ge r

b T h r e e p e r s o n s a t te n de d th e c o n f e r e n c e : G a r th B a r t o n,

s h ipp i n g a n d r e c e iv i n g depa r tm en t,

M a r c i e Jo n e s,

M a r k e t i n g D i v i s i o n,

a n d R i t a K o h h n a n n, g e n e r a l m a n a g e r

a O u r b i g ge s t c h a l l e n g e i s : h o w t o i n c r e a s e t h e b o r e s i z e w h i l e r e t a i n i n g w a l l s tr e n gth

b O u r b igge s t c h a l l e n g e i s h o w t o in c r e a s e th e b o r e s i z e w h i l e r e t a i n i n g w a l l s t r e n gth

3 a A t te n t i o n,

M r F r a n c i s

b A t te n t i o n : M T F r a n c i s

C A t te n t i o n M r F r a n c i s

a F o u r w e e k s i s a l o n g t i m e t o w a i t f o r t h e t e s t r e s u l t s : O u r c o m p e t i t i o n m i gh t w in the

m i n e r a l r igh t s in t h e in t e r i m

b F o u r w e e k s i s a lo n g t im e t o w a i t f o r t h e t e s t r e s u l t s,

o u r c o m p e t i t i o n m i ght w i n the

m i n e r a l r i gh t s in t he i n t e r im

C F o u r w e e k s i s a l o n g t i m e t o w a i t f o r th e t e s t r e s u l t s ; o u r c o m p e t i t i o n m ight w in the

m i n e r a l r i gh t s in t he in t e r im

a I w o n de r,

s ho u l d w e M r e t h e e x p e r i e n c e d c a n d id a t e ?

b I w o n de r : s ho u ld w e M r e th e e x p e r i e n c e d c a n d id a t e ?

74 C o PY R I G H T © 2 00 9 P EA R SO N ED UCA T ION c ANADA

l

2

4

5


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a M e l 's a n d D o u g

's l a p t o p s b o t h n e e d n e w ha r d d r i v e s

b M e l a n d D o u g'

s l a p t o p s b o t h n e e d n e w ha r d d r i v e s

a · W e a r e a b le t o s u p p l y d e sk t o p c o m p u t e r s

, s e r v e r s, m o n i t o r s

, Pr in t e r s, a n d m a i n t e n a n c e

b W e a r e a b le t o s u p p l y d e s k t o p c o m p u t e r s, s e r v e r s

, m o n i t o r s, p r in t e r s

, a n d m a in t e n a n c e,

a D o y o u s t i l l w a t c h H o c k e y N igh t I n C a n a d a, o r d o y o u f in d i t bo r i n g ?

b D o y o u s t i l l w a t c h B o c i Ng h I & U n a d a o r d o y o u f in d i t bo r i n g ?

C D o y o u s t i l l w a t c h H o c ke y N tg l zt l i ? C a n a d a, o r do y o u f in d i t bo r in g ?

a N o o n e n o t i c e s w h e n w e d o e x c e l l e n t w o r k,

I w o n de r i f t h e y kn o w w e'r e he r e

b N o o n e n o t i c e s w h e n w e d o e x c e l l e n t w o r k I w o n d e r i f the y k n o w w e'

r e he r e

C N o o n e n o t i c e s w h e n w e d o e x c e l l e n t w o r k ; I w o n d e r i f the y k n o w w e'

r e he r e

10 a G r a n u r i a r u s e d t o b e m y m o s t h a t e d s u b je c t bu t t ha t w a s be f o r e I t o o k th i s c o u r s e

b Gr a m m a r u s e d t o b e m y m o s t h a t e d s u bj e c t,

b u t tha t w a s be f o r e I to o k t hi s c o u r s e

C E i the r a o r b w o u l d b e a c c e p t a b l e ; y o u r c h o i c e i s a m a t te r o f p r e f e r e n c e

I m p r o v e m e n t e x e r c i s e s p u n c t u a t i o n

The fo l lo w i n g s e n t e n c e s m a y c o n t a i n e r r o r s in g r a m m a r, p u n c t u a t i o n

, a n d sp e l l i n g U n de r l in e

e a c h e r r o r a n d,

i n t he s p a c e p r o v i d e d,

c o r r e c t th e e r r o r I f a s e n t e n c e c o n t a i n s n o e r r o r s,

w r i t e C

in the spa c e p r o v i de d Y o u w i l l f i n d a n s w e r s f o r t h e s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a g e s 12 5 a n d 126

The T r a c k s t i c k h a s o v e r 1 M B o f m e m o r y i t c a n s t o r e m o n th s o f t r a v e l i n fo r m a t i o n

The T r a c k s t i c k c a n r e c o r d y o u r e x a c t r o u t e s,

w h e n y o u b ik e , M k e o r r u n

The T r a c k s t i c k ha s s e v e r a l a pp l i c a t i o n s,

e m p l o y e e m o n i t o r in g , v e h i c l e t r a c k i n g ,

s pe e d

c o n t r o l, pho t o t o u r s

, p u b l i c s a f e t y , l a w e n f o r c e m e n t

CEO Her nan H e s s e s a y s th a t t h e T r a c k s t i c k I I o f l e r s :" U p gr a de d fe a t u r e s a n d a c c u r a c y

c o m pa r e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l de v i c e

COpy RIGHT 0 2009 PEA RSO N E D U C A T I O N C A N A D A

75

6

7

8

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p u NCT UA T ION

5 The de v ic e r e c e iv e s s ig n a l s f r o m 24 o r b i t in g Sa t e l l i t e s,

tha t p r e c i s e ly c a lc u la te s it s posi i on

o n th i s p la n e t

6 The p r o pe r ty is o w ï r e d by Nor t her n T e n t V a c a t io n s,

a n d t he p r e s ide n t c a r lo D e v a le r o, the

a ppr o v a l s a s f e qu i r e d f o r de v e lo pm e n t

7 D o n' t w o r r y a bo u t the c o n di t io n o f i t '

s t f a n s m is s i o n ; the r e s t o f the c a r i s i n r e a l ly g o o d

sha pe

8 The p r o po s e d w ha r f v Dl l be the s a m e le n gth a n d a ppe a r a n c e i t w i l l u s e t he s a m e m a t e r i a ls

a s the the a dja c e n t w ha r f

9 She o r c he s t r a te d,

a n d w r o t e,

a m a j o r u pda t e o f a m a i n t e n a n c e m a n u a l

10 Sho r t ly a f te r he gr a du a t e d w i th a e n g in e e r i n g d ip lo m a he de v e l o p s a p r o c e s s f o r e v a lu a t in g

t he qu a l ity o f c o n c r e t e a s i t i s po u r e d

11 P r o m i n e n t s c i e n t i s t s,

su c h a s H e n r i Ca s s e l l e ha v e qu e s t i o n e d t h e p o p u l a r be l i e f s a bo u t

g lo ba l w a m r i n g

12 A r t B u m s' de s ign s w o n the G r a n by A w a r d fo r h igh de n s i ty h o u s i n g p r o je c t s t h i s y e a r

13 W e l l,

the i r the o n e s w ho o w n the f i sh in g r igh t s s o w e sh o u ld ba c k o f f

14 Th e C a n a d i a n do l la r a s s t r o n g a s i t i s h a s hu r t u s E x p o r ts th a t a r e p a id i n u s Do l l a r s

15 Th e L e a f s p o s t 2005 r e g u la r s e a s o n r e c o r ds l e a v e a l o t t o be de s i r e d

16 The r o c k e t bu r s t in t o f la m e s u po n r e e n t r y in t o th e e a r th 's a t m o sp h e r e

17 G e n e r a t i o n Y w o r k e r s a r e n o t a l l th a t d i f fe r e n t l r o m a n y o t he r "

g e n e r a t i o n"

o f w o r k e r s ;

a c c o r d in g t o w o r kp l a c e a n a ly s t B a r ba r a M o s e s

18 M s gr a m m a r w o r kbo o k [w hi c h s u pp l e m e n t s y o u r Te c l i n i c a l C o m m u n i c a t i o n t e x t bo o k ]

p r o v ide s hu n dr e d 's o f e x e r c i s e s

19 T he Sp a n i s h s a y , ha s ta m a ñ a n a a n d tha t s

'e x a c t ly ho w . fe e l a bo u t w a n t i n g t o m o r r o w t o be

he r e n o w !

20 On 10 Ju n e,

2 004 a B r i t i s h A i r w a y s B o e in g 777 s u f ï e r e d a s e r i o u s f u e l l e a k a s i t t o o k o ff r o m he a thr o w a i r p o r t

76 C o PY R I G HT 2 0 0 9 PEA R SO N E D U CA T I O N C A N A D A


ï i dPu N CT U A T IO N

21 L a c k o f do c u m e n t a t i o n [o r p o o r do c u m e n t a t i o n ] c o s t s y o u r c o m p a n y m o n e y

22 The t o t a l c o s t o f a s i n g l e c a l l a n s w e r e d by a he lp d e s k t e c hn i c ia n i s $20 o r m o r e de pe n d i n g

o n the l e n g th o f th e c a l l

t 3 Im l o v a t i a r e po r t s o n t h e c o s t s o f d i s t r i bu t i n g p o o r ly w T i t t e n do c u m e n ta t io n o n the i r w e b s i t e

24 The R e g i o n a l A qu a t i c s M o n i t o r i n g P r o g r a ]ï r (r a m p ) i s a n i n du s t r y f u n de d mul

sta k e ho lde r i n i t i a t i v e

25 The A t ha ba s c a r i v e r h a s h i gh y e a r t o y e a r f lu c t u a t io n s in i t s f lo w pat t erns

26 : T d be s h o c k e d i f w e te a m e d th a t t h e c a u s e o f t he f l o o d i n g w a s o n e o f t he v a l v e s i n s t a l l e d

la s t w e e k " Sa id R o g e r D e s r o c h e s M a n a g i n g D i r e c t o r

27 U n c o n s c i o u s b i a s m a y c a u s e s o m e d o c t o r s t o m o r e l i k e ly r e c o m m e n d kn e e r e p l a c e m e n t

su r ge r y t o m e n t h a n t o w o m e n a c c o r d i n g t o a r e c e n t s t u dy

28 Co m pa r e d w i t h m e n,

w o m e n h a v e t h e s u r g e r y w h e n th e i r a r thD t i s i s a t a m o r e a d v a n c e d

st a ge,

t h i s p e r ha p s e x p la in s w hy w o m e n t e n d t o do m o r e p o o r l y t ha n m e n a f te r k n e e

r e p la c e m e n t

29 The w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e A t h a ba s c a r i v e r in th e f a l l,

2005,

w a s b e t t e r t h a n i n t he p r e v io u s

y e a r

30 On M a r c h 2 5 2 00 8 T h e G l o b e a n d M a i l c a i T i e d a s t o r y a bo u t B io v a i l s in v o l v e m e n t i n a

s e De s o f f r a u d s t h a t d i s t o r te d r e p o r t s o f ear ni ngs, a n d r e v e n u e

31 The U S Se c u r i t i e s a n E x c h a n g e C o r n m i s s i o n s a id B i o v a i l e x e c u t u i v e s w e r e"

o b s e s s e d w i th

m e e t in g q u a r te r ly a n d a n n u a l ear ni ngs g u i da n c e"

a n d,

e n ga ge d in a"

c o r r u p t s t r a t e gy" t o do

SO

32 I n the U n i t e d St a t e s Si r i u s Sa t e l l i t e R a d i o I n c Ha s t a k e n o v e r i t s Dv a l X M s a t e l l i t e r a d i o

ho ld in gs i n c w h i c h m e a n s t h a t t h e C a n a d i a n s u bs id i a De s w i l l a l s o m e r ge

33 M o n tr e a l s w a t e r * o n t d i s t r i c t o n c e a b u s t l i n g s c e n e o f sh ipp i n g a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g h a s

pr o m i s e s t o r e j u v e n a t e t h e a r e a

77

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p u N CT UA T IO N

34 T he C a n a d ia n fa s h i o n in du s t r y i s n o t c e n t e r e d in o n e lo c a t i o n r a the r i t s f o u n d in W in n ipe .

o f Fa r W e s t a n d V a lha l l a Pu 】' "

35 Se v e r a l m e d ia n e t w o r k s in c l u d i n g t r a d i t io n a l m e d ia c o m p a n i e s l i ke F o r be s I n c Ar e tr y in g to

p l a c e m e n t

36 Ea c h o f the c o n s u l t a n t s w T o t e a r e po r t a bo u t R i v e r be n d D a m s p r o je c t e d c o s t o v e m u n s

37 I n th is bo o k the t e r m"

gr a i n m a t i c a l "r e fe r s t o e f fe c t i v e w e l l f o r m e d p hr a s e s a n d s e n t e n c e s

38 R o l l o v e r r a te s f o r SU V s a r e n e a r ly tw i c e tha t o f s e da n s,

a n d 30 p e r c e n t h ighe r t ha n tha t o f

p ic k u p t r u c k 's

39 B r i c k w a l l s c a n w i ths t a n d c o n s ide r a b ly h ighe r t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a n c o n c r e t e bo a r d w a l ls

40 Su n di n s c a r e e r a s a T o r o n t o M a p le L e a f a pp e a r s t o be e n d i n g w h i c h i s r e a l ly t w o ba d

: : D . .

' t . X p e c t y 0 m c e l l u l . ph ' "', t o r e c e i " " " " : gn a > s i n t h e f a r nor t her n A r c t ic

42 A c c o r d in g t o R e n e Co r be i l s r e p o r t t h e b r i dg e i s n o l o n g e r s a f e bu t w e k n e w t ha t

43 B l o gg i n g ha s r e a l a dv a n ta g e s f o r c o m p a n y's t ha t p o s s e s s c l e a r g o a l s a n d a w o r k f o r c e w ho

's

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s a m p l i n g o f c a p i ta l i z e d w o r d s a n d phr a s e s :

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1 D e l a y th e r e v i s i o n / e d i t i n gl p r o o f r e a di n g p r o c e s s a s lo n g a s po s s ib l e,

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t h o u s a n d ye a r s bu t w h e r e s t he c o n n e c t io n ? O n e ha s to p r o v e c o r r e la t io n ; n o t j u s t t im in g I m e a n yo u

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I n s c ho o l, y o u m a y h a v e be e n r e w a r de d fo r u s i n g t he bigge s t w o r ds y o u c o u ld f i n d

, bu t

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n o t the b igge s t w o rd= l

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e x a c t

m e a n i n g n e v e r t o s ho w o f f B i g m in ds u s e l i t t le w o r ds ; l it t l e m i n ds u s e

b ig w o r d s"

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© t he G u n n in g M u e lle r C le a r W r it in g In s t itu te,

a c c e s s e d a t

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V o c A B U L A R Y A N D ST Y L E

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s y l la b le s (W r i t e u s e in s t e a d o f u t i l iz e,

o r m is l e a d i n s t e a d o f p r e v a r i c a l e )

R e m e m be r t ha t s o m e a n s t he s a m e a s a c c o r d in g ly , tha t s ta r t o r be g i n c o u ld r e p la c e a c l i v a re

a n d t ha t g u m e a n s the s a m e a s a c q u i r e

W e'r e ta lk in g a bo u t p l a i n l a n gu a g e

, t he r a l ly i n g c r y a w o r ldw ide m o v e m e n t t ha t t r ie s t o

m a k e gov er nment do c u m e n ts,

le g a l s t a t e m e n t s,

s c i e n t i f ic de s c r ip t io n s,

bu s in e s s d is c lo s u r e sa n d t e c hn i c a l r e p o r t s e a s y t o r e a d a n d u n de r s t a n d

G r a m m a r a t W o r k : w hy u s e p la in la n g u a ge ?

P la in la n gu a ge r e s u lts in e n d p r o d u c ts tha t m e e t re a d e r s'

n e e d s P la in la n g u a ge is ac o u r te s y to y o u r r e a d e r s te ll in g the m w ha t the y w a n t to kn o w q u ic k ly a n d c le a r lyP la in la n g u a ge d o e s n

' t j u s t ha pp e n It is p la n n e d Pla n n in g in c lu d e s u n de r s ta n d in g thes u bje c t

, d e t e r m in in g w ha t yo u w a n t to a c h ie v e w ith the d o c u m e n t a n d k n o w in g w ho a ll the

r e a d e r s a r e in s id e a n d o u ts ide yo u r o r g a n iz a t io n! )

J u d it h W h it e h e a d V a n ke l le rs Ed ito r ia l a n d W r it in g S e rv ic e s

Th e P r a c t i c e E x e r c i s e s o n p a g e 10 1 p r o v ide y o u w i th a c ha n c e t o c ho o s e p la in l a n gu a geal t ernat i ves fo r p o m p o u s p hr a s i n g I f y o u'r e in t e r e s t e d in l earni ng m o r e a bo u t p l a in l a n g u a ge

,v i s i t th e s e o n l in e r e s o u r c e s :

T he U S Se c u r i t i e s a n d E x c ha n ge C o m m i s s io n ha s p l a c e d i t s P l a i n E n g l i s h H a n dbo o k a tm m : / /w w w s em v /q dm a n dbo g k p df (hi gh ly r e c o m m e n de d l)

um * / / wwvpl ai nengl i sh c o u k /

B r i t i s h w r i t e r s ha v e l e d the w a y i n t he f i ght a ga in s t p o m p o u s, g a r b le d w r i t in g :

I n t h e U S,

B i l l C l i n t o n a n d A I G o r e p r o m o t e d p la i n E n g l i s h T h e i r e f f o r t s ha v e l e d t ot h i s i n i t ia t i v e : h t td : / /w w w. p la i n la n m a g e

i g o y

A v o i d o v e r r e l i a n c e o n j a r go n

E v e r y l in e o f s t u dy a n d w o r k ha s i t s sp e c ia l i z e d v o c a bu la r y , i t s j a r g o n Su c h t e r m s s a v e t im ea n d p r o m o t e u n de r s t a n di n g ,

a s lo n g a s t he t e r m s a r e u n de r s t o o d by t he r e a de r,

n o t j u s t by thew r i t e r E v e n t h e n, j a r go n c a n be o v e r u s e d an d c a n g e t dowwi ght s i l ly Fo r e x a m p le

, aC a n a dia n e n g in e e r in v e n t e d the te r m

, m o d u la r v e r t i c a l r e ta i n i n g de v i c e, w hi c h he p r o m p t lyr e du c e d t o the a c r o n y m M V RD

, fo r o bv io u s r e a s o n s Ca n y o u g u e s s w ha t he m e a n t in phr a s e ss u c h a s

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sr igh t ; h e tho u g ht "w a l l "

w a s t o o s im p le a w o r d fo r a n e du c a t e d p e r s o n t o u s e

O n the o t he r ha n d, j a r g o n t e r m s l ik e SA I L (t he St a n fo r d A r t i f i c ia l I n t e l l ig e n c e L a b) h a s av e r y s p e c i f i c m e a n i n g f o r p e o p le in a r t i f i c ia l in t e l l ige n c e r e s e a r c h T he s e da y s

, y o u c a n k e e pu p s p e c i a l i z e d v o c a bu l a r ie s th r o u gh s u c h s i t e s a s C o o l J a r g o n o f t he D a y (w he r e I f o u n d thes a i l t e r m i o r j o n st or ms l i s t o f c o m p u t e r j a r go n a t ht tp :/ / w w w i onst l ni i Hcom/ g lo s s a r v

94Co PY RI GHT 2 0 0 9 P EA R SON E D U C A T ION C A N A D A


V o c A B U L A RY A N D T E X T

Ple a s e a v o i d u s e l e s s j a r g o n o f t he ty p e is y s t e m E x a m p l e s i n c l u d e s y s t e m a l iz e d

in Ph i l ip B r o u gh t o n s bu z z w o r dp r o g r a m m i n g W e c a n

't r e p r o d u c e M s s y s t e m he r e

, b u t y o u c a n f in d i t a t t he s e s i t e s :

n e r a t i o n ha r dw a r e a n d ba l a n c e u i n c r e m e n t a l

h tm / /w w w a c r o n y m f i n d e r c o m / bu z z g e g a s phm : / / w w w c o w w t i t i n g o n de m @ d c o m / b u z z w o r g g e n e rh g r

: h@l

H o n e y w e l l ha s ta k e n th e s y s t e m a t i c bu z z w o r d p r o j e c t o r a s t e p f u r the r T he S

W r i t i n g C o n c i s e ly

B u sy w o r k p l a c e r e a d e r s a p p r e c i a t e c o n c i s e, r e a d a b le d o c u m e n t s t ha t d o n

't w a s t e the i r t i m e T h i s

w e'r e go i n g t o s e e h o w t o t r i m u n n e c e s s a r y w o r d s w i t hi n s e n t e n c e s

w o r k bo o k de m o n s t r a t e s o n p a g e s 50 a n d 5 1 t ha t s h o r t s e n t e n c e s m a ke r e a d i n g e a s i e r N o w

A v o i d u n n e c e s s a r y w o r d s i n p h r a s e s

M a n y p h r a s e s c a n b e s im p l i f i e d w i th n o l o s s i n m e a n i n g :

I+*o l d y Co n c is e :a n in n u m e r a ble n u m be r o f t in y v e in s c o u n t le s s t in y v e in sa t t h is po in t in t im e

n o wbr i gh t g r e e n i n c o l o r

g r e e n (o r,

b r i gh t g r e e n )a b s o lu t e ly c o m p l e t e c o m p l e t edu r i n g t he t i m e th a t

w h e n,

du r i n gc o m p le t e ly f r e e f r e e

Se e t he P r a c t i c e E x e r c i s e s o n p a g e f o r m o r e p h r a s e s th a t y o u c a n t r i m

A v o i d u n n e c e s s a r y q u a l i f i e r s

Mof oype r s o n a lly ,

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v e r y u n iqu e

o w i n g t o the fa c t th a t

Co n c is e :

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u n iqu e

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U s e a c t i v e v e r b s i n s t e a d o f l i n k i n g v e r b s

I a m o f t he o p in io n t ha t

The r e a r e n o t m a n y pe o ple w ho c a n

p r e se n t a re po r t o n t h is s u bje c t in s o

pr ec is e a m a n n e r

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Co py RIG HT © 2009 PEA RSO N E D U C A T ION C A N A D A95

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A v o i d t h e r e i s , t h e r e a r e , a n d i t i s c o n s t r u c t io n s

WiJva y T he r e is a s ho r t in the c a ble t ha t c a n in te r fe re w it h s ig n a l s plit t in g

Cb n c nse : A s ho r t in t he c a ble c a n in t e r fe r e w it h s ig n a l s p lit t in g

Wi t i m) T he r e a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s w hy w e c a n n o t h ir e t h is c a n d ida t e

Cbn c (se : Se v e ra l r e a s o n s p r e v e n t o u r h ir in g t h is c a n d ida t e

WiJv isy : I t is n e c e s s a r y fo r t he m t o c ha n ge t he s t u dy m e t ho dCb n c & e : T he y m u s t c ha n ge t he s t u dy m e t ho d

P l a c e a c t i o n i n v e r b s ; a x e e x t r a v e r b s

I n t he f o l lo w i n g e x a m p le s th e r e a l a c t io n l i e s bu r i e d in a n o u n o r a dj e c t i v e

Wo l a jk G iv e m e a c a l lCiJ n c r se : Ca ll m e

WiJm y Pr o v ide a r e c o m m e n d a t io n fo r

Cb n c & e : Re c o m m e n d

M+i Jru ) Ra lph is a m a n w ho e n jo ys a t a s k t ha t is c ha lle n g in gCb n a se : Ra lph e n jo y s a c ha lle n g in g t a s k

P\ i] m k T he t e c h n o lo g is t ha s t he j o b o f t r a n s la t in g t he e n g in e e r s de s ig n s in t o w o r k in g p la n s

tHe r e,

t he a c t io n is p la c e d in t he o bje c t ]Cig n o se : T e c h n o lo g is t s t r a n s la t e e n g in e e r in g de s ig n s in t o w o r kin g p la n s

A v o i d u n n e c e s s a r y p r e p o s i t i o n s

WiJm y : u n o : r t he im p r e s s io n t ha t

CiJn c ise : be lie v in g t ha t

Wi? ra j) 4 a t t h e p r e s e n t t im e

Ct »n c is e : n o w

Wi?ra !r J rT t he e v e n t t ha t

Co n c is e : i[f

WiJ ra jv T he e d it o r o f t he c o m pa n y n e w s le t t e r re c e n t ly r e c e iv e d a n a w a r d f lor w r it in gCiJ n c isie : T he c o m pa n y n e w s le t te r e d it o r r e c e n t ly r e c e iv e d a w r it in g a w a r d

G r a m m a r a t W o r k : d o n' t w a s te w o r ds

W n e n w r it in g a bu s in e s s p la n

A v o id u n n e c e s s a ry ja rgo n

E c o n o m iz e o n w o r d s

U s e s ho r t c r is p s e n te n c e s a n d bu lle t po in ts

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s e c t io n s e tc

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s P la n W r i te Bu s i n e s s P la n n e r w e bs \\ e,

a tm m w m w bu s i n e s s j p la n w a f e c o m / bu s in e sm a n w he n ht m

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V o r A t l l n A Ry A N D T I x r

W r i t i n g C l e a r l y

T hi s w o r k bo o k 's

" B a s i c G r a m m a r"

s e c t i o n i l l u s t r a t e s

+ M a k e e ie a c h p r o n o u n r e fe r t o o n e e a s i ly ide n t i f ie d a n t e c e de n t (pa g e 19)

t e c hn iq u e s tha t m a k e c o n n e c t io n s c le a r :

the s e , o r tho s e (p a ge s 19 20)

phr a s e i m m e d ia t e ly a f te r a r e fe r e n c e p r o n o u n SUCH a s rh i f Rau l

U s e t he r igh t p r o n o u n c a s e (p a g e s 20,

2 1, a n d 22)

M a k e s u bje c t s a n d v e r bs a g r e e (p a g e 29)

t e c hn iq u e s s u c h a s th e f o l l o w in g :

c ha p t e r s ho w s ho w t o c r e a t e c le a r,

r e a da ble s e n te n c e s u s in gW r i t e s t r a i gh t f o r w a r d SV O a n d SV C s e n t e n c e s (pa ge s 50 5 1)K e e p s u bje c t s a n d v e r b s t o g e t he r (p a ge 54)A v o i d o v e r l o n g s e n t e n c e o p e n e r s (p a ge s 53 54)A v o i d f a u l ty c o o r di n a t i o n (p a ge 5 7)A v o id f a u l t y p a r a l l e l i s m (p a g e 58)

c o n v e y i n g y o u r e x a c t m e a n i n g

F in a l ly , th e

C ° Pu n c t u a t i o n"

c ha p t e r s ho w s ho w c o m m a s a n d o the r p u n c t u a t io n a r e s o i m po r ta n t in

Y o u s h o u l d a l s o a v o i d a m b i g u o u s p h r a s i n g s u c h a s

Mo s t s t u de n t s w i ll pa r ty o n Fr ida y n ig ht

D o e s the a bo v e s e n t e n c e m e a n th a t t he s t u de n t s w i l l g o t o a p a r ty th i s F r i da y n ight, o r do th e y"

pa r ty"

e v e r y F r i d a y n igh t ? A n d w h o a r e"

m o s t s t u d e n t s" ? M o s t o f t he s t u de n t s a t a p a r t i c u la r

c o l l e g e o r u n i v e r s i ty , o r s t u d e n t s i n g e n e r a l ? A n d w o u l d t ho s e s t u de n t s be a t C a n a dia n s c ho o l s

,

o r i s t he w r i t e r r e f e r r i n g t o a l l N o r th A m e r i c a n s t u de n t s ?

H e r e a r e s o m e p o s s ib l e m e a n i n g s t ha t th e w r i t e r ha d in m i n d :

Mo s t s t u de n t s w ho m I kn o w pa r ty e v e ry Fr ida y n ightMo s t o f t he s t u de n t s in m y do r m a r e go in g t o Fr ida y n ight '

s pa r ty a t Ne v in Ha llMo s t Ca n a d ia n u n iv e r s ity s t u de n t s r e la x a t Fr ida y n ight pa r t ie s

Y e s,

I k n o w t ha t the c o n t e x t i n w hi c h the s e n t e n c e a pp e a r s c o u ld p r o ba b ly he lp a r e a de r ge t s o m e

se n s e o f t he w r i t e r's i n t e n de d m e a n in g ,

bu t w hy s ho u l d the r e a de r be fo r c e d t o e n ga ge i n

de t e c t i v e w o r k ? A m b i g u i ty w o r k s w e l l in p o e t r y it he lp s e n r i c h the bo u n ty o f po s s ib le

m e a n in gs tha t bo u n c e o f f e a c h o the r bu t a m b igu i ty is a de f i n it e"

n o n o" in t e c hn i c a l w r i t in g

Co n s ide r the s e s t a t e m e n t s :

A ll s t e e l is p r o n e to r u s t [u n de r w ha t c o n d it io n s ? Fo r e x a m p le , do e s s t ee l r e ba r r u s t w he n it '

s

e n c a s e d in c o n c r e t e ? A n d do e s"

a ll s t e e l" in c lu de s ta in le s s s t e e l?]

Se t u p the m o n ito r in g s t a t io n a t t he c o r n e r o f 8 th St r e e t a n d Mo n ro e

【 Tha t in t e r se c t io n ha s fo u r po s s ible s e t u p lo c a t io n s SE,

SW,

NE,

a n d NW ]

Co py RIGHT 2 0 0 9 PEA R SON E D U C A T I ON CA N A D A

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W r i t e r e a d a b l e p a r a g r a p h s

M o s t o f t he pa r a g r a p hs w e w r i t e a r e s ta n da r d bo dy pa r a g r a phs t ha t p r o v ide i n tb r m u t io n

de s c r ip t io n, a n d a n a ly s i s T e c hn i c a l s u bje c ts c a n be c o m e r a the r de n s e w i t h d e t a i l s o c lc l l r

p a r a g r a ph d e v e l o p m e n t i s e s s e n t ia l H e r e a r e fo u r c r i t ic a l a s pe c t s o r r e a da b lc par agmphs :

E a c h p a r a g r a p h m u s t de a l w i t h o n ly o n e s u bj e c t o r a s pe c i li c a s pe c t o f n s u bJe c t

E a c h p a r a g r a ph r e qu i r e s a t o p ic s t a te m e n t t ha t ide n t i f ie s t hc pa r a g r a ph s t o p ic a n d s ig n a l s t he

p u r po s e o f the p a r a g r a ph T ha t t o p ic s t a t e m e n t m ig h t r e qu i r e o n e s e n te n c e Tw o s e n t e n c e s o r

p e r ha p s j u s t p a r t o f a s e n t e n c e (Pa g e s 158 160 i n the 4' h Ca n a d ia n e d i t io n u f 11 c / rn i c u l

C o m n zu n i c a t i o n d i s c u s s t o p i c s ta te m e n t s )E a c h pa r a g r a p h s ho u ld u s e t he pat t er n th a t be s t s u i ts i t s c o n te n t a n d pu r po s e ! x u m p lc s o t

pat t er ns t ha t s u i t t e c hn ic a l t o p i c s a pp e a r o n p a g e s 162 16 7 i n Te c /m i c t t / ( o m m u n i c t r l i r m

T r a n s i t i o n a l w o r d s a n d p hr a s e s l i n k ide a s w i t h in a pa r a g r a ph4

I n t h e f o l lo w i n g p a r a g r a ph,

t he t o p ic s t a t e m e n t is u n de r l i n e d a n d the t r a n s i t io n s u r e ho ld t : d

Fo r t he T e x t En r ic hm e n t Sit e (T ES) t ha t w ill a c c o m pa n y t he 4 t h Ca n a d ia n e d it io n o f T e c hn ic a l

Co m m u n ic a t io n, L o ro p o se a n e w J o b Se a r c h se c t io n t hm c lu de s s o m e o i l a n a s o m n i; ¬ IV

fe a t u r e s P : rg p rjJ U SV p _ t ed / i ra t i : n 3l in c lu de s a n a pp lic a t io n pa c ka g e,

bu t t ha t pa c ka ge n o w fo r m s t he

ba s is f o r a n e x e r c is e t ha t a s ks s t u de n t s t o e v a lu a t e t he a pp lic a n t 's le t te r a n d r s u m O t be r n e w

m a l i : r (j / w o u ld in c lu de a lis t o f o n lin e r e s o u r c e s fo r j o b s e e ke r s , a s a m p le "

c o m p l ia n c e m a t r ix " f o r a

s pe c if ic j o b s e a r c h, a n d a hype r lin ke d e le c t ro n ic j o b s e a r c h po r t f o lio t ha t in c lu de s s t r e a m in g v ide o

I M p a t t i : u l 9/ iy e t c rle d a b o u t M e e i : c i r o m : p o r f l b l ¢o be c a u s e n o o t he r T ES t ha t I 'v e s e e n ha s t h is

k in d o f b u s in e s s w r it in g s a m p le

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s a p a r a g r a p h t ha t do e s n t r e a l ly ha v e a n e f fe c t i v e t o p i c s t a t e m e n t, p a r t ly be c a u s e i t

t r ie s t o c o v e r t w o t o p ic s I t a l s o la c k s t r a n s i t i o n s a n d i t s e e m s t o w a n de r o f f t o p i c

Sm o ke c a n c o n t a in s e v e r a l t y pe s o f pa r t ic le s Fir e s e x po s e d t o a bu n da n t o x yg e n b u r n a t h ig h

t e m pe r a t u r e a n d w it h s m a ll a m o u n t o f s m o ke p r o d u c e d Sm o ke pa r t ic le s m ig ht be m o s t ly c o m po s e do f a s h

, o r e v e n c o n de n s e d a e r o s o l o f w a t e r High t e m pe r a t u r e s p r o d u c e n it r o ge n o x ide s Su lf u r

c o n t e n t y ie lds s u lf u r d io x ide Ca r bo n a n d hyd r o g e n a r e a lm o s t c o m ple t e ly o x id iz e d t o c a r bo n d io x ide

a n d w a t e r Fir e s b u r n in g w it h la c k o f o x yg e n c a n p r o d u c e m a n y c o m po u n d s T he se a r e o ft e n t o x icW he n c a r bo n do e s n

' t a »m p le t e ly bu r n,

it p r o d u c e s c a r bo n m o n o x ide Nit r o ge n c o n t a in in g m a t e r ia lsc a n y ie ld hyd r o ge n c ya n ide , a m m o n ia , a n d n it r o ge n o x ide s Fir e s a r e o f t e n da n ge r o u s t o f ig h t

T h e fo l l o w i n g e d i t e d v e r s io n n o w in c lu de s t w o p a r a g r a ph s,

e a c h w i th i t s o w n t o p i c E a c h

p a r a g r a p h h a s a t o p i c s t a t e m e n t (u n d e r l in e d) t ha t s a y s w ha t t h e p a r a g r a ph i s a bo u t E a c h n o w

in c l u de s u s e f u l t r a n s i t i o n s ( in i ta l i c s) tha t l in k e v e r y th i n g t o ge t he r

t he m a ke u p o f s m o ke de pe n d s o n the fu e l a n d o n t he a v a ila ble o x yge n :

f i r e s e x o o s e d Yo a bu n da n t

o x y g e n l « o a t lM i l l t e m De r a t u r e s a n d w it h s m a l l a mo u r o f m m p r o d u c e d : s m o ke pa r t ic le s a r e

m o s t ly c o m po s e d o f a s h,

o r e v e n c o n de n s e d a e r o s o l o f w a t e r H ig h t e m pe r a t u r e s a ls o p r o d u c e

n it r o ge n o x ide s a n d s u lf u r c o n t e n t y ie ld s s u lf u r d io x ide I n t ho s e ho t f i r e s, c a r bo n a n d hyd r o ge n a r e

a lm o s t c o m p le t e ly o x id iz e d t o c a r bo n d io x ide a n d w a t e r

Fir e s b u r n in q u r it h la c k o f o x y q e n c a n g r o d u c e ma n i o o u Ns M a n u f t he m t o x ic Fo r a ta m pA :w he n c a r bo n do e s n

' t c o m ple t e ly bu r n,

it p r o d u c e s c a r bo n m o n o x ide A i : sio , n it r o ge n c o n t a in in g

m a t e r ia ls c a n y ie ld hyd r o g e n c ya n ide,

a m m o n ia,

a n d n it ro ge n o x ide s Ti el efoni e t he se ty pe s o f f ir e s

a r e o f t e n da n ge r o u s t o f ight

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V o c A B U L A R Y A N D T E X T

H e r e a r e s o m e t r a n s i t i o n a l w o r d s a n d p h r a s e s :

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th e r e fo r e,

f u r the r m o r e, a l s o

, f o r in s t a n c e

n e w id e a w o r d s t hu s,

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, c o n s e qu e n t lys u m m a r y w o r d s a s a r e s u l t

, a t l a s t,

f i n a l ly , i n c o n c lu s i o n

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, y e t, n e v e r th e l e s s

, o t he r w i s e, a l t ho u gh

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l i n k c a u s e a n d e f t e c t w o r d s t ha t c a u s e d,

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th a t p r o d u c e d, c o n s e q u e n t lyr e f e r r i n g w o r d s th e y ,

t he s e,

tho u gh, n o t o n e

, a l l bu t t w o, w i tho u t e x c e p t io nr e s t r i c t i n g a n d q u a l i fy i n g w o r d s p r o v i de d

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n e v e r

W r i t in g St r o n g P r o s e

C le a r,

c o n c i s e w r i t in g h e lp s c o n v e y y o u r c r e d ib i l i ty t o t he r e a d e r, a s do t he t e c hn i c a l c o n t e n t a n d

the o v e r a l l s t r u c t u r e,

a n d th e v i s u a l p r e s e n t a t io n o f y o u r do c u m e n t N o w,

he r e a r e s o m e o the rfa c to r s th a t h e lp c o n v e y t h a t s e n s e o f a u t h o r i ty n e e de d f o r y o u r r e a de r t o t a k e y o u r do c u m e n tse r i o u s ly

U s e t h e a c t i v e v o i c e

D o n' t w r i t e

,

" Th e r e p o r t w a s w r i t t e n by m e"

W r i t e,

" I w r o t e th e r e p o r t,

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w h i c h i s sh o r t e r a n d m o r e p o w e r f in i

Th e d i f f e Re n e e be t w e e n a c t i v e a n d p a s s iv e v o i c e c a n b e m o r e d r a m a t i c a l ly sho w n i n a l o n ge r

pa s s a ge,

s u c h a s t h e s e g e o t e c hn i c a l r e c o m m e n da t i o n s concerni ng t he f o u n da t io n de s ign o f ap r o p o s e d ho c k e y a r e n a (I t a l i c s i d e n t i fy th e p a s s i v e v e r b s )

Pa s s i v e v o i c e , w o r d y a n d a n n o y i n g b e c a u s e i t 's n o t e a s y t o r e a d :

As in d ic a t e d in Se c t io n 4 1,

/ ! $f Locommenosdt hat t he e n t i r e bu i ld in g b e To u n d ad o n a m in im u m

1 0 m e t e r th ic k la ye r o f g r a n u la r f i ll p la c e d a n d c o m pa c t e d a s s pe c if ie d in Se c t io n 4 2 I f t he

a bo ve / $ c a v n i§d O u C t he n t he p r o po s e d a r e n a c a n b e s u op o r l gd by s p r e a d a n d/ o r s t r ip fo o t in gs

a n d o i : S ¢ n e d u s in g a n a l lo w a ble be a r in g p r e s s u r e o f 14 5 kpa

f o r t he he a v ie r c o lu m n lo a d s,

l ! j $ r 9 c o w ww e n o ad t ha t t he s e p i le s a r e s t : pp o r t ed w it h p ile s e n d

be a r in g o n be d r o c k I ! l f a n l is p a l ied t ha t t he p i le s c o u ld r a n ge f r o m a bo u t 2 0 m e t e r s t o in

e x c e ss o f 15 m e t e r s w it h in t he c e n t e r a n d w e s t s ide o f t he p r o po s e d bu i ld in g lo c a t io n,

r e s pe c t iv e ly Ho w e v e r,

l i J f r e c o m m e n o ?d t ha t a dd it io n a l bo r e ho le s b e onr i (kdt o c o n f i r m t he

a c t u a l p ile le n g t h

[124 w o r ds ]

A c t iv e v o ic e , m o r e c o n c is e a n d m o r e r e a d a b le :

As Se c t io n 4 1 in d ic a t e s,

w e r e c o m m e n d fo u n d in g t he e n t ir e bu ild in g o n a t le a s t 1 0 m e t e r o f

g r a n u la r f i ll, p la c e d a n d c o m pa c te d a s s pe c if ie d in Se c t io n 4 2 T he n

, s p r e a d a n d/ o r s t r ip k Jo t in g s

c a u u u E t he p r o po s e d a r e n a , if de s ig n e d fo r a n a llo w a b le be a r in g pr e s s u r e o f 14 5 kpa

We r e c o m m e n d s u ppo r t in g t he he a v ie r c o lu m n w it h p ile s t ha t o n be d r o c k T he s e p ile s g u ld

r a n g e f r o m a bo u t 2 0 m e t e r s in t he c e n t e r o f p r o po s e d bu i ld in g lo c a t io n t o m o r e t ha n 15 m e t e r s

a t w e s t s ide Ho w e v e r,

a dd it io n a l bo r e ho le s s ho u t l b e oni H(Edt o c o n f ir m t he a c t u a l p ile le n g t h

[94 w o r ds ]99

Co PYRIGHT 0 2009 PEA RSO N E D U CA T I ON C A N A D A

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I n th e a bo v e e d i t e d v e r s io n,

u n de r l i n e d w o r ds i n d i c a t e th e a c t i v e v o i c e N o t ic e t h a t t he e d i t e d

v e r s i o n r e ta in s o n e c a s e o f p a s s i v e v o i c e,

t o e m p ha s i z e w h a t i s do n e r a t h e r t ha n w h o s h o u ld

d r i l l t h e ho l e s (W n o d r i l l s th e h o l e s i s i r r e le v a n t a t t h i s p o i n t )

R e s e r v e t h e p a s s iv e v o i c e f o r s p e c i a l m e a n i n g s

A l t h o u gh y o u s ho u l d w r i t e in th e a c t i v e v o ic e w he n e v e r p o s s i b le, y o u

' l l f in d t he p a s s iv e

v o i c e u s e f u l w he n y o u w a n t t o e m ph a s iz e w ha t ha ppe n e d,

r a t he r t ha n w ho m a de i t h a p p e n,

o r

i f y o u d o n o t w a n t t o o f f e n d th e r e a de r :

T he p r o je c t ha s be e n c o m p le t e d o n t im e,

a n d o n bu dge t

T he r e m e d ia t io n w o r k ha s n o t be e n c o m p le t e d a c «x »r d in g t o t he t e r m s o f t he c o n t r a c t

P r o v i d e s p e c i f i c f a c t s a n d f i g u r e s w he n t he y'r e r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t a n a r g u m e n t o r t o

i m p r e s s t he r e a de r

D o n t Mi me : T h is p r o po s a l w i l l be n e f it t he Cit y o f Jo hn s o n v i lle 's w a t e r s y s t e m

Wme : I m p le m e n t in g t he w a t e r t re a t m e n t m e t ho d s d e s c r ibe d in t h is p r o p«»s a l w il l r e m o v e t he

t h r e a t o f a C ry pt o s po r id iu m o u t b r e a k in t he C ity o f Jo h n s o n v i lle 's w a t e r s y s t e m

D o n t M/ r i fe : A h ig h w a t e r t a b le c a u s e d t he c la y t o s w e l l a n d c r e a t e a la r ge b r o ke n m o u n d in t he

ba s e m e n t f lo o r

M/ t e : W he n t he w a t e r t a b le r o s e t o w it h in 4 5 m e t e rs o f t he s u r fa c e,

t he c la y be c a m e s w o lle n,

r e s u lt in g in a r o u g hly r e c t a n g u la r m o u n d 7 4 m e t e r s lo n g , 1 73 m e t e r s w id e

, a n d 82

m e t e r s h igh in t he c e n t e r o f t he ba s e m e n t f lo o r T he c e n te r o f t his m o u n d is c r a c ke d

a lo n g its lo n g a x is (Se e Fig u r e 2 )

4 U s e d i r e c t p h r a s i n gR e a d e r s a pp r e c i a t e s e n t e n c e s th a t g e t t o th e p o in t a s q u i c k ly a s p o s s i b l e Y e s

, m a n y s e n t e n c e s

n e e d t o b e g i n w i th a t r a n s i t i o n a l w o r d o r p i u a s e,

b u t t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s o p e n w i t h

s u p e r f l u o u s o r a w k w a r d p h r a s e s :

I n d ir e c t p r e p o s i t io n a l ph r a s e a n d s u bs e q u e n t p a s s iv e v o ic e :

F r o m t he p r e v io u s a s s e s s m e n t s c o m ple t e d (Se c t io n 3 3 1) , po t e n t ia l bo t t le n e c ks w e r e ide n t if ie d,

a n d in s o m e c a s e s,

a s s ig n e d im p ro v e m e n t p r io r it ie s [19 w o r ds ]

M o r e d ir e « :

T h e p r e v io u s a s s e s s m e n t s (Se c t io n 3 3 1) id e n t if ie d po t e n t ia l bo t t le n e c ks a n d,

in s o m e c a s e s,

a s s ig n e d im p r o v e m e n t p r io r it ie s [ 16 w o r ds ]

I n d i r e c t p r e po s i t io n a l ph ra s e a n d s u bs e q u e n t p a s s iv e v o ic e :

W it h t he m e t ho d s de s c r ibe d a bo v e,

a n d ha v in g a n in s pe c to r o n s it e d u r in g c r it ic a l p r o d u c t io n

pe r io d s,

da m a g e w i ll be m in im iz e d [19 w o r ds ]

Mo r e d ire c t :

T he s e m e t ho ds,

m o n it o r e d by a n o n s it e in s pe c to r d u r in g c r it ic a l p r o d u c t io n pe r io d s,

w i llm in im iz e da m a ge [14 w o r ds ]

10 0 C o PY R IG H T 2 0 0 9 PE A R SON E D UCA T I ON C A N A D A

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V o c A B UL A RY A N D T F XT

P r a c t ic e s e s s i o n 1 id e n t i f y w o r d y p h r a s i n g

U n de r l in e w o r dy ph r a s e s a n d c i r c l e u n n e c e s s a r y w o r d s i n e a c h o f the fo l lo w in g se n t e n c e s

Y o u w i l l f in d a n s w e r s fo r t he s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a ge 13 1

R e t u n l tha t s p e c t r o m e t e r t o th e p e r s o n n a m e d G o r do n B u m s w he n y o u ha v e f i n is he d u s in g i t

W i l l the r a t e pa y e r s m a k e p a y m e n t o f t he de v e l o pm e n t c o s t s fo r the p r o po se d r iv e r s ide t r a i l

sy s t e m ?

So m e , t ho u gh n o t a l l

, a i r t o x i n s c o m e f r o m a bs o l u t e ly n a t u r a l s o u r c e s s u c h a s burni ng fo r e s t

f i r e s a n d t he w e a r i n g a w a y o f s o i l e r o s io n

T he N i s s a n M a x im a SE s po r t s s e da n a u t o m o b i l e tha t I ha v e fo r s a l e is s i lv e r i n c o lo u r

T he r e a r e s e v e r a l a v i a t i o n r e l a t e d bu s in e s s e s t ha t l e a s e la n d a n d fa c i l i t ie s f r o m Y V R

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n 2 r e d u c e w o r d i n e s s

I n t he spa c e p r o v i d e d be s i de e a c h ph r a s e,

w r i t e a s i m p l e r v e r s i o n o f the phr a s e Y o u w i l l f in d

an s w e r s f o r th e s e e x e r c i s e s o n p a g e 13 1

f e w e r in n u m be r

fo r t he r e a s o n t ha t

go e s u n de r t he n a m e o f

s u r r o i m d o n a l l s ide s

i f c o n di t io n s a r e s u c h th a t

sm a l l i n s i z e

in v ie w o f t he f a c t t ha t

I pe r so n a l ly f e e l

it i s o f te n the c a s e tha t

r e pe a t a g a i n

i t w o u ld a ppe a r th a t

f i n a l c o n c lu s i o n

l e n t i c u l a r i n c ha r a c t e r

e qu a l ly a s go o d

o v a l i n sha pe

e x hi bi t e d go o d g r o w th

p r i o r t o

the f i sh i n qu e s t i o n

s e r v e s the f u n c t io n o f be in g

it i s po s s ib l e tha t the c a u se i s

pr o c e e d ahe a d

10 1

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V o c A B UL A R Y A N D ST Y L E

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n 3- i d e n t i f y e m p ty j a r go n a n d p o m p o u s p h r a s i n gU n de r l in e a l l e m p ty j a r go n a n d p o m p o u s phr a s e s I n the spa c e p r o v i de d a bo v e e a c h l in e

, w r it e

s i m p l e r o r m o r e fa m i l ia r w o r ds o r phr a s e s Y o u w i l l f in d a n s w e r s fo r the s e e x e r c i s e s o n pa g e

I a m in a g r e e m e n t w it h y o u r p r o po s e d s o lu t io n t o t he o v e r t im e p r o b le m,

w h ic h s e e m s in c r e a s in g ly

v e x a t io u s t o bo t h m a n a ge m e n t a n d t he u n io n,

be c a u s e t he c u r r e n t w a y o f a l lo c a t in g o v e r t im e w o r k i s

u n f ai r t o e m p lo y e e s a n d i s n o t i n k e e p i n g w i th o v e r a l l m a n a ge m e n t po l ic y H o w e v e r,

I a m n o t

e n a m o u r e d w i t h t he p r o je c t e d c o s t s o f y o u r p r o po s e d a pp r o a c h,

w h ic h a p pe a r s bu r de n s o m e f Dr o u r

c o m p a n y Th e r e f o r e,

i t i s m y c o n s ide r e d o p in io n t ha t a r e w o r k in g o f t he o v e r t i m e pa y s c a le w i l l be

n e c e s s a r y , p a r t ic u la r ly be c a u s e w e a r e i n a he a v y de bt lo a d s i t u a t io n a t th e m o m e n t

P r a c t i c e s e s s i o n 4- id e n t i f y pa r a g r a p h i n g t e c h n i q u e s

1 U n de r l i n e th e t o p i c s ta t e m e n t in th e fo l lo w i n g p a r a g r a phD o e s tha t s t a t e m e n t c o v e r th e p a r a g r a ph '

s c o n t e n t ? Y e s N o

D o e s i t s ign a l th e p a r a gr a ph '

s pu r p o s e ?Pa i t ly Pa r t lyY e s N o

I f n e c e s s a r y , im p r o v e t he p hr a s i n g o f the t o p i c s ta t e m e n t

, i n t he sp a c e a bo v e i t

C i r c l e the t r a n s i t io n a l w o r d s in t hi s p a r a g r a ph I f n e c e s s a r y , a dd t r a n s i t io n a l w o r d s i n th e

s p a c e s a bo v e t he l in e s

St r i k e a l in e t h r o u gh (l i k e t M s ) a n y e r r o r s in s p e l l in g , g r a n u n a r,

o r p u n c t u a t io n,

a n d w r i t e t hec o r r e c te d v e r s io n o n t he l i n e a bo v e t he e r r o r

Y o u w i l l fi n d a n s w e r s f o r t hi s e x e r c is e o n p a ge 132

Y o u' l l l i k e o u r f lo o r s A q u a l ity ha r dw o o d f lo o r a dds w a r m th

, e le g a n c e

, a n d in c r e a s e s t h e v a l u e o f

y o u r h o m e I t s t r e n g the n s a n d s t a b i l iz e s the in he r e n t s t r u c t u r e o f y o u r h o m e B e c a u s e o f e a s e o f

m a in t e n a n c e,

a n d ha r dn e s s,

w o o d f lo o r in g a l lo w s y o u t o ha v e the he a l th ie s t o f l i v in g e n v i r o n m e n t s

A l s o,

hy po a l le r ge n ic O u r c o m pa n y o f f e r s a f u l l r a n ge o f w o o d s pe c ie s,

c o lo u r s, s i z e s

, a s w e l l a s

f i n i she s t o m e e t t he n e e d s o f the m o s t di scerni ng w o o d f lo o r in g bu y e r Ea c h f lo o r w e de l i v e r r e f le c t s

t he m a n y y e a r s o f d e v e lo pm e n t in s t a t e o f t he a r t p r o du c t io n, o u r Pr e m iu m f in i s h is t he m o s t w e a r

r e s is t a n t f in is h o n t he m a r k e t

102 Co PY R IG HT © 2009 PEA R SO N ED U C A T I O N CA N A DA

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V o c A B L】L A RY A N D T E X T


T he fo l lo w in g s e n t e n c e s m a y c o n t a in ph r a s i n g th a t is w o r dy , o v e r r u n w i th j a r go n

, p o m p o u s,

w e a k,

im pr e c i s e , Of in d i r e c t I f s o

, i m p r o v e t he phr a s i n g in the s p a c e s p r o v ide d

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an d 133

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The r e p o r t w i l l r e v i e w w a s t e w a t e r m a n a ge m e n t i s s u e s fo r th e c o m m u n i ty a n d m a k er e c o m m e n da t i o n s f o r f u r th e r p r o g r e s s i n m i t iga t i n g n u t r i e n t l o a d i n g t o a r e a l a ke s f r o mw a s t e w a t e r di sc h a r ge s

The fo l l o w in g i s a s u m m a r y o f th e p r o g r e s s t o d a t e o f o u r p r o je c t

thr o u gh N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s C a n a da

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I n the fo l lo w i n g m e m o I w i l l de s c r ibe t he a c t i v i t i e s o f th e p r o po s e d w o r k sh o p s e r i e s

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11 T he w r i t in g i n s t r u c t o r s a r e a s s e s s in g pa r t i c ipa n t s'

w r i t in g c o m pe te n c ie s a n d a r e u s i n g t he i r

e d u c a t io n, e x p e r ie n c e

, a v a i la b le c o m pu te r r e s o u r c e s A n d o p t i m u m pe da g o g ic a l p r a c t ic e s tu

p r o v id e a s s i s t a n c e t hr o u gh o n s i t e c o u n s e l l in g to t he m a jo r i ty o f pa r t ic ipa n t s t ha t ha v e

dy s f u n c t io n a l ba r r ie r s t o e f f e c t i v e c o m m u n ic a t io n

12 I n c o n c lu s io n,

w i t h t he r e c e n t i m p r o v e m e n t s in d r a in a ge c o n t r o l a l o n g W e s t S i t k u m R o a d

t he m a jo r i ty o f the r e c o m m e n da t io n s o f t he 1996 a s s e s s m e n t a r e c o m p le t e d,

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s e d i m e n t a t io n t o lo c a l w a t e r do m e s t ic w a t e r s u pp l ie s i s m i n i m i z e d

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14 A fe w o f t he p la n t s pe c ie s w e r e u n a v a i la b le a t t he t im e o f p l a n t in g a n d w e r e s u bs t i t u t e d w i t h

m o r e o f t he a v a i l a b le s p e c ie s

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16 W a t e r q u a l i ty m o n i t o r i n g in R i c hm o n d C r e e k u p s t r e a m a n d do w n s t r e a m t he p r o po s e d o u t fa l ls i t e s h o u l d t a k e p la c e

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17 B o t h sp e c i e s ha v e a p r e k r e n c e f o r c o l de r w a t e r a s i s l i k e ly t o o c c u r i n t hi s l a k e

18 O u r m o r tg a g e s o f t w a r e a u t o m a t ic a l ly c a lc u l a t e s t he e f l e c t s o f r i s in g i n t e r e s t r a t e s, y o u r

i n c o m e,

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c o o r din a t in g w i th f lu c t u a t in g p r o p e r ty v a l u e s, p r o pe r ty

t a x e s,

c o m p a r e s t o y o u r p r e a pp r o v e d c r e di t r a t in g , p a y m e n t s c he d u le s,

t he n r e qu e s t s qu o t e s

f r o m 18 C a n a di a n le n de r s

19 T h e s t u dy a r e a i s n o t w i t h i n c lo s e p r o x i m i ty t o th e F r a s e r Ri v e r

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, i t r e a l ly c u sh i o n s the f o o t

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, C o r k i s de f i n i t e ly e a s y t o c le a n A l ight c l e a n i n gw i th a da m p m o p w i l l be m a in t a i n i n g i t

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r e a d e r c a n e a s i ly m o v e f r o m o n e p a f a g r a p h t o t he n e x t

I m p r o v e t he s e n t e n c e s t r u c t u r e a n d phr a s i n g w he r e n e c e s s a r y

C o r r e c t e r r o r s in g r a n u n a r,

s p e l l i n g , p u n c t u a t io n,

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17 B o x ty p e c o n c r e t e c u lv e r ts w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d w i th a c o n c r e t e s k i r t (F i g u r e 15) do w n s t r e a m o f

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t r a n s d u c e r a n d a t e m pe r a t u r e r e c o r de r Th e da t a l o gge r s a r e h o u s e d i n p r o t e c t iv e c a s in g s

16 M y in s t r u c t o r's fa c i l i t a t i v e r o l e p r o v ide s l earni ng o pp o r t u n i t ie s

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t hr e e t r a de s p r o g r a m s,

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r o u t i n e ly i n s i t u a t i o n s l i ke t l?e s e :

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c o n t r i bu f i n g a r t ic le s t o e m p l o y e e n e w s l e t t e r s

de s c r i b i n g a p r o du c t t o e m p l o y e e s o r c u s t o m e r s

w r i t i n g p r o c e d u r e s a n d i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r e m p l o y e e s o r c u s t o m e r s

j u s t ijy i n g [o m a n a ge m e n t a r e q u e s t j o r Ji m d i n g o r p e r s o n n e le d i t i n g a n d r e v i e w i n g d o c u m e n t s w r i t t e n by c o l l e a g u e s

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T he C o l l e ge n o w i n c lu de s s e v e r a l d i p lo m a p r o g r a m s :

a c o m p r e he n s iv e Bu s in e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o g r a m i s o jTe r e d a n n u a l ly ;

thr e e t r a de s p r o gr a m s w i l l be o l le r e d a s de m a n d r e q u i r e s ;

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