Grammar for Business Trainers Book

8/12/2019 Grammar for Business Trainers Book

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Pair based task Individual think task Quiz

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erbal practice task ideo task !ssessed task

Reference task Presentation taskPresentation task "ith videoca#era

$and-outs %earning ga#e


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Grammar for Business trainers """&britishcouncil&org&sg

Pre-course Quiz

How's your grammar?

Hows your grammar?'o#plete each of the sentences belo" by circling one or morealternatives (!) *)'+&

Countable and uncountable nouns1. Are you ere for !usiness or """""""""..

! holiday* pleasure' free ti#e

#. I tin$ a !as$et of """ wou%& !e a nice gift to sen&.! fruit* fruits' fruity

. (e """"" are una))y wit te new arrangements.! staff* staffs' staff,s

Pronouns*. He's !een ta%$ing to """""" for o+er an our.

! they* the#selves' the#

,. on an& """"". are going to te conference net wee$.! #e

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 2


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* I' #yself

/. I can't use my com)uter. """"" !ro$en.! Its

* It,s' It is

Articles0. iew 2ei wor$s at te os)ita%. e's """""""

! a nurse* nurse' the nurse

3. It too$ 4uite a %ong time to get tere. It was """"""""". 5ourney.! three hours* a three-hour' a three hours

6. e wor$s si &ays """""".. wee$.! the

* a' in

Verbs

Present perfect and past perfect17. Hes %ost te re)ort again. (ats te secon& time tis """"""".

! happened* has happened' had happened

11. 8e wor$ we%% togeter. 8e """""""".. eac oter for a %ong time.! have kno"n* kno"' had kno"n

3/& (e man sitting net to me on te )%ane was ner+ous !ecause e"""""".!efore.! hasn4t flo"n* hadn4t flo"n' didn4t fly

Passives



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1. (e )resentation """""".. start at 17.77am. Its 17.7am now9 an& itsti%% asnt starte&.

! is supposed to* "as supposed to

' supposed to

1*. :ur accounts """"" once a year !y eterna% au&itors.! are revie"ing* is revie"ed' are revie"ed

1,. (e meeting """" to .77)m.! postponed* has been postponed' is postponing

Modals1/. (eres )%enty of time. ;ou """"" urry.

! don4t have to* can4t

' needn4t

10. A%% staff """"" carry com)any I< car&s. It is com)u%sory.! have to* can' #ust

13. I "".. meet you at nine oc%oc$ tomorrow morning.! "ould* "ill' should

Prepositions16. I'%% !e out of te office "" =ri&ay morning.

! at* in' on

#7. P%ease fi%% "" te form.! in* up' do"n

#1. I'%% meet you "" te air)ort.! at



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* in' on

Conjunctions

##. """""". ma$ing a )rofit %ast year9 te com)any as &eci&e& to %ay off77 em)%oyees.! Whereas* !lthough' .espite

#. It's fast9 safe an& comforta!%e. It's +ery economica% """".! also* too' as "ell

#*. I'm rea%%y )%ease& Henry as """"" foun& a 5o!. He's !een out of wor$for ages.! finally* eventually' in the end

Relative structures

#,. >o%in to%& me a!out is new 5o!9 """""""""""".. +ery muc.! "hich he likes* he likes' that he likes

#/. 8at's te name of te man """"".. you !orrowe& te car from?! 77777 (nothing+* "ho' that

#0. I &on't %i$e tas$s """"". are re)etiti+e.! "hat* that' "hich



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8y are you ere?

It is i#portant that you clearly identify "hy you have co#e to this course and "hat you

hope to achieve by to#orro" afternoon "hen the course ends&

What are #y short-ter# and long-ter# goals for this course8

$o" #uch ti#e and effort a# I prepared to put into course8

$o" is #y gra##ar no"8 What are #y strong points8

What are #y "eak areas - "hy a# I here8

What do I hope to learn8

What do I e9pect to be doing on the course8

.o I have any specific proble#s that I hope this course "ill address8

8ats in it for you?

:ou "ant this course to be of benefit to you& So) it4s a good idea to think about these

;uestions before you start the course& The #ore you are sure "hat your learning ai#s

are) the #ore the trainer can help you achieve the#&

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2


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>ourse o!5ecti+es an& a))roac

:!5ecti+es

We can4t cover everything about gra##ar in a t"o day "orkshop& $o"ever) "e "ill

focus on areas of gra##ar "here Singaporean users of =nglish often differ fro#

Standard =nglish users& We also "ant to help you "ith areas of =nglish gra##ar that

you find particularly proble#atic& :ou #ay have already identified these areas on the

previous page or during your pre course assign#ent& Please let your trainer kno" if

you have any #ore ;uestions during the ne9t t"o days& Point out that "e can4t

possibly cover every activity on this "ork book& We "ill pick and choose depending on

participants4 needs

A))roac

>ur approach "ill first involve you in thinking about and discussing the #eaning of

various features of =nglish gra##ar& :our trainer "ill then help you to co#e toconclusions about gra##ar use& i&e they do the "ork?

We "ill then do practice e9ercises to help you apply these conclusions& We "ill also

continually refer back to a piece of your "riting and re-e9a#ine the gra##ar&

>ontent

In this course) "e "ill focus on three #a@or areas of =nglish gra##arA

nouns

verbs and tenses

sentence structure

If you can #aster these) then you have #astered the #ost i#portant areas of

gra##ar&

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 B


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ection 1Basic )rinci)%es an& termino%ogy

>b@ectivesA

*y the end of this section you "illA

have produced so#e data to "ork "ith as a case study

be able to identify the different parts of speech in =nglish

;our writing >ase stu&y

Cirst) "e "ould like you to do so#e "riting& :ou "ill be able to refer to this as you

progress through the course& :ou can either "rite a letter in response to the situation

described belo" or "rite a letter that is relevant to your "ork situation right no"& So

perhaps a letter you have @ust "ritten or still need to "rite&

>ontet

:ou "ork for Hi Velocity) a courier co#pany&

!n i#portant client asked for high priority docu#ents (a proposal+ to be delivered to a

co#pany) Training Direct) in Ta#pines fro# his office in the '*.& The vehicle carrying

the docu#ents "as involved in an accident "hile transporting the# to Ta#pines& In the

confusion no-one thought to ring the client and tell the# "hat happened& The

docu#ents "ere eventually delivered) but late) and your client #issed the deadline for

sub#ission of their proposal& $e only found out "hen he rang Training Directin



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Ta#pines to #ake sure it had arrived& $e did) ho"ever) #anage to get his proposal

included after it "as e9plained to Training Direct"hat had happened&

:ou have been speaking to your very angry client on the phone& $e is threatening to"ithdra" his business& Do" you have to "rite a letter of apology) and try to keep your

client) as losing hi# "ould be a big loss to your co#pany and also reflect badly on

you&

(as$

Write the letterA

!pologise for not contacting the client i##ediately

=9plain e9actly "hat happened

.escribe the steps you have taken to ensure it doesn4t happen again

!ppeal to the client to continue giving you his custo#

>ffer appropriate co#pensation

Get the# to "rite as #uch as possible& The #ore they "rite) the #ore they reveal ho"you can help the#?

(e %etter

Photocopy their letters and return the# i##ediately& They can refer to their copiesthroughout the course& =ncourage the# to correct errors they spot as the go throughthe course content&

Eark your copy of their letters and return the# on the afternoon of day /& .on4t bother

about "riting styleF @ust focus on the gra##ar& :ou could highlight errors and get the#to correct in groups&

(a%$ing a!out grammar



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If you "ant to learn about gra##ar) then you need to kno" so#e of the #ain ter#s

that are used& nscra#ble each of the clue "ords& 'opy the letters in the nu#bered

cells to other cells "ith the sa#e nu#ber&

Grammar (ermino%ogy

Parts of s)eec

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 3/


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:our trainer "ill give your tea# t"o pieces of gra##ar ter#inology fro# the list belo"&

Prepare a short presentation on a piece of flipchart paper& !ns"er these ;uestionsA

What is a(n+ 7777778

$o" is it used8

What are so#e e9a#ples8

se your tea#4s background kno"ledgeF the dictionaries on your tableF and any

gra##ar books that you feel #ay be helpful&

3& DounsA #ake sure they or you #ention nouns- are na#es of things) people) places)activities and e#otionsF for# sub@ects and ob@ects of sentencesF co#e in countableand uncountable for#sF ing for#s

/& erbsA action "ordsF H for#s (you could give out verb "heels here+F sub@ect-verb-ob@ect

H& !d@ectivesA describe nounsF ad@ctivenoun or nounbead@ective

2& !dverbsA describe verbs) ad@ectives) other adverbs and sentences

Parts of s)eec- continue&

5& Pronouns- replace nounsF not as accurateF #ust agree "ith the verb

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 3H


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6& Prepositions- co#e before nouns

1& 'on@unctions- @oining "ords) parts of a sentence) sentences and paragraphstogether


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essential to ensure that the content is logically "ritten and all the i#portant topics are

covered&

!fter "riting the letter it is also necessary to revie" it for any spelling and gra##ar#istakes& ! letter "ith #istakes gives a very bad i#pression& :ou can do this by using

the spelling and gra##ar check in your "ord processing soft"are& :ou should also

use a good gra##ar reference book& Ti#e for planning and revie" is never "asted& It

can often #ake the difference bet"een a good and a sloppy letter&

Douns 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

erbs 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

!d@ectives 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

!dverbs 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

Pronouns 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

Prepositions 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

'on@unctions 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

!rticles 777777777777777777 77777777777777777777777

:n%ine )ractice

httpAJJ"""&;uia&co#J#cJ65


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H *oth of our pro@ect #anagers isin a #eeting right no"&

2 I understand you specialise in selling and leasing these e;uip#ents&

5 We are a"are of the proble#s and "e "ill feedbackour custo#er service staff&

6 I "ould be happy to serve you in thefuture&

1& They kno"sthe proble#s and "ill look into it&


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What has been useful so far8 Think about "hat you have learnt in this section and

record your #ost significant learning points&

ection #@sing grammar resources

>b@ectivesA

*y the end of this section) you "illA

kno" ho" to use a gra##ar reference book

have learnt about free resources available on the internet

@sing grammar reference !oo$s

Which sentence is correct8 Get the# to vote

If a member of staff is ill, he must send a medical certificate to HR.

orA

If a member of staff is ill, he or she must send a medical certificate to HR.

orAIf a member of staff is ill, they must send a medical certificate to HR.

We can use gra##ar reference books to check points of gra##ar "e are not certain

about&

%et4s check in the gra##ar bookA Walk the# through this

3 Turn to the Inde9 at the back and look up gender.



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/ %ook up the section (//1+) the nu#bers at the top of the page are not page

nu#bers) but the nu#bers of the sections appearing on those pages&

H Read through the section and decide "hich of the above sentences is correct&

They are all correct?

Practice

Do" look at the follo"ing groups of sentences) and decide "hich ones are correct&

!gain ;uote fro# the gra##ar book to support your ans"ers&

%ook under ,#easure#ent e9pressions, forA

3& It took ;uite a long ti#e to co#e to a decision& It "as a three hours #eeting?

/& It took ;uite a long ti#e to co#e to a decision& It "as a three-hour#eeting?

%ook under ,bring and take, forA

H& I4ll bring you to the airport&

2& I,ll takeyou to the airport&

%ook under ,lend and borro", forA

5& This is a really interesting bookF #ay I borro"it8

6& This is a really interesting bookF #ay I lend it8

%ook under ,;uestion tags, forA

1& The #eeting4s at ten) isn4t it8


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@sing :n%ine resources

Cro# online dictionaries "ith audio pronunciation to interactive gra##ar ga#es) the

internet is a "onderful resource for anybody "ho uses a co#puter to "rite& The

follo"ing list is @ust a sa#ple of "hat is available online& *ook#ark the ones you find

#ost useful in your Cavourites&

"""&learnenglish&org&uk

httpAJJ"""&bbc&co&ukJskills"iseJ"ordsJgra##arJ

"""&dictionary&co#"""&gra##arbook&co#

"""&englishclub&net

httpAJJnetgra##ar&altec&orgJ#ain&ht#l

httpAJJ"""&englishpage&co#

Quiz using on%ine resources

The ans"ers to these ;uestions can be found at or through

httpAJJ"""&englishpage&co#on the Gra##ar *ook page&

3& What are the co##on mo&a% +er!s8

/& What are the differences bet"een countable and non countable nouns8

H& What is the rule for a&5ecti+e"ord order8

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 3B
http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/http://www.dictionary.com/http://www.grammarbook.com/http://www.englishclub.net/http://netgrammar.altec.org/main.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/http://www.englishpage.com/http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/http://www.dictionary.com/http://www.grammarbook.com/http://www.englishclub.net/http://netgrammar.altec.org/main.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/http://www.englishpage.com/


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ection ummary

In this section you learned ho" to #ake the best use of so#e resources around you tohelp you i#prove your "riting&

Eake a list of the resources you have at ho#e and "ork for "riting& Eake a list ofthose you don4t have& Which do you think should be available8

8or$$ave .on4t have

Gra##ar e9pert8

Internet access

.ictionary8

Gra##ar check

Eodel "riting8

Gra##ar book(s+

Home$ave .on4t have

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 /0


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ection ouns

>b@ectivesA

*y the end of this unit) you "illA

kno" about different types of noun

have looked at noun for#ation

>ounta!%e an& uncounta!%e nouns

Think of the "ords seat and seating& They are obviously very close in #eaning) butthere is a very i#portant gra##atical difference&

To try and "ork out the basic rules) start off by deciding "hich of the "ords fits in thesentences belo"A

3 The seatin the #iddle is reserved for the .irector

/ Seating is provided in the reception area in case visitors cannot be attended toi##ediately&

H The seatingin the boardroo# "as very co#fortable&

2 Three of the seatshad to be replaced in ti#e for the safety and health inspection&-5 Please take a seat&

6 Seatsare available for all guests&

Seatis "hat is kno"n as a countable nounF seatingis an uncountable noun&

With your trainer) "ork out the rules for using articles

aan (e CC

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 /3


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ingu%arcounta!%e nouns

a seat the seat

specific

("hich777+

P%ura%counta!%e nouns

the seatsspecific

("hich777+

seatsgeneral

(allJany777+

@ncounta!%enouns

the seating

specific

("hich777+

seating

general

(allJany777+

:n%ine )ractice

httpAJJ"""&susse9&ac&ukJlangcJsupportJe9ercisesJintJgra##arJsleep&ht#

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 //
http://www.sussex.ac.uk/langc/support/exercises/int/grammar/sleep.htmhttp://www.sussex.ac.uk/langc/support/exercises/int/grammar/sleep.htm


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Point out that generally "e don4t use LtheM the first ti#e "e #ention the noun in

a te9t but do use LtheM after that&

Get participants to look at the !rticles sections in the gra##ar bookA there are

35 pages of the#? Point out the lack of logic for a lot of article use e&g& Page 6


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Practice

>rganise the nouns belo" into t"o groupsA countable and uncountable&

>ounta!%e @ncounta!%e

!ll uncountable apart fro# LsignageM "hichdoesn4t e9ist in standard =nglish?

Good "ays to decide if a noun is countable or uncountableA

3& Try putting a nu#ber in front of the noun and an LsM on the end& .oes it look

strange8

/& Put the noun in a ;uestion "ith either L$o" #anyM (countable+ or L$o" #uchM

(uncountable+

H& If you are still unsure) check in your dictionary&


personnel infor#ation evidence research soft"are correspondence

"ording #oney luggage furniture clarification feedback

baggage lighting signage entertain#ent litter @argon

e;uip#ent e#ploy#ent ne"s #achinery advice kno"ledge

/1


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>ounta!%e noun car& game

The ai# of the ga#e is to have in your hand only cards of one typeA either countable

or uncountable& $o" is this achieved8 When your trainer says LpassM everyone has to

pass a card they do not "ant to keep to the person seated on their right& So everyone

gets rid of one card and gets a ne" one at the sa#e ti#e& :ou have to decide ;uickly

"hether you need it or not) and the procedure is repeated until so#eone thinks that all

the cards in their hand are either countable or uncountable nouns& ery optional?

When you think you have "on) yell out?

>ounta!%e @ncounta!%e

:n%ine )ractice

(n+countable nouns

httpAJJ"""&eflnet&co#Jgra##arJcncga#e&php This is a cool ga#e- it has rock#usic and guns in it?

'heck your letter& .o you have any errors "ith noun and article usage8

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 /


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Pronouns

'o#plete this tableA

Persona% )ronouns Possessi+e Def%ei+e

)ronounsu!5ect :!5ect a&5ecti+es )ronouns

ingu%ar

I #e #y #ine #yself

:ou :ou :our :ours :ourself

$e $i# $is $is $i#self

She $er $er $ers $erself

It It Its - Itself

>ne >ne >ne4s - >neself

P%ura%

We s >ur >urs >urselves

:ou :ou :our :ours :ourselves

They The# Their Theirs The#selves

=9a#pleA Ilike you :ou like me 2ybook It4s mine I cut myse%f

:n%ine )ractice

Ga#es / N H and Quiz H

httpAJJ"""&bbc&co&ukJskills"iseJ"ordsJgra##arJinterestsentencesJpronounsJ

'heck the pronouns in your letter& !re they correct8

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 /B
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/pronouns/http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/pronouns/


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ection ummary

Record "hat you have learnt in this section& $as anything surprised you8

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 H0


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ection *Eer!s>b@ectivesA

*y the end of this unit) you "illA

understand the difference bet"een past) present perfect and past perfect for#sand their uses

understand the difference bet"een active and passive for#s

be able to use #odal au9iliary verbs appropriately

be #ore a"are of standard =nglish preposition use

Present )erfect an& sim)%e )ast

=nglish has a nu#ber tenses "hich are used for the past& T"o of the #ost i#portant

areA

Present perfectA $e has been the '=> for ten years&

Past simpleA $e "as the '=> for ten years&

%ook at the pairs of sentences belo"& In each pair) one sentence uses the Present

Perfect) the other the Si#ple Past& !ll the tenses are used correctly and appropriately&

%ook at the pairs carefully) and co##ent on the differences in #eaning bet"een the#&

Then try to for#ulate a rule or set of rules to tell you "hen to use the t"o tenses&



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3 I "rote a letter yesterday& (definite past+

/ I have "ritten a proposal& (indefinite past+

H I4ve "orked "ith hi# for three years& (unfinished past+

2 I "orked "ith hi# for three years& (finished past+

5 $e fell over and cut his knee at "ork (past actionF past result+6 What have you done8 I4ve cut #y knee (past actionF present result+

(ime %ines

This is a ti#e line& With your instructor illustrate the #eaning on the ti#eline of

1. I wrote a %etter yester&ay

Do" in your groups do the sa#e thing for the rest of the sentences&

#. I a+e written a )ro)osa%

. I+e wor$e& wit im for tree years

*. I wor$e& wit im for tree years


Do"

Do"

Do"

Do"

H/


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,. He fe%% o+er an& cut is $nee at wor$

/. 8at+e you &one? I+e cut my $neeF

Practice- &e!ate it

%ook at the sentences belo"& In each case) decide "hether the verb given in brackets

should be Present Perfect or Si#ple Past) and "rite it in the space provided& *e

prepared to @ustify your decisions to your tea# #ates? If you are not sure use the ti#e

line to help you as you did in the previous e9ercise&

3 I OppOO&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (kno"+ hi# all #y life&

/ EaryOOppO&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (be+ in bed "ith a bad cold all this "eek&

H I O&OppO&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (speak never+ to her since&

2 IO&OppO &&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (have not+ ti#e to do it yet&

5 Er oO&&&spOO&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (assure+ Er Dg during the site #eeting on /5 >ctoberthat it "ould be i#proved&

6 We&&&&OOpp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (already re#inded+ you that our inspection engineers needto check the packing before the e;uip#ent is shipped&

1 Ey colleagueO& spOO&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (e9plain+ our reservations about the proposal t"o"eeks ago&

< TonyO&&OppO&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (cancel+ the #eeting) so I,ll be able to see you after all&


Do"

Do"

HH


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B I O&&OOpp&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (attend+ three conferences this year&

30 WeOeitherO(take+ note of the cracks you #entioned at the #eeting on 35.ece#ber& (pp took note after 35 .ecF sp took note on 35 .ec+

:n%ine )ractice

httpAJJeolf&univ-fco#te&frJuploadsJressourcesJgra##arJ317verb7tensesJ057spast7pperfJspastNpresperf3&ht#

httpAJJ"""arks-english-school&co#Jga#esJg7presperf&ht#l

httpAJJ"""&englishpage&co#JverbpageJverbs6&ht#

Past PerfectWhat is the difference in #eaning bet"een these t"o sentences8

The patient had died when the doctor arried.

The patient died when the doctor arried.

.ra" the ti#eline for the t"o sentences belo" to sho" the difference in #eaning &

The patient had died when the doctor arried.

The patient died when the doctor arried.

If tere are not two actions or e+ents at two &ifferent )ast times9 you sou%& notuse te )ast )erfectF

Do" try this&


Do"

Do"

H2
http://eolf.univ-fcomte.fr/uploads/ressources/grammar/17_verb_tenses/05_spast_pperf/spast&presperf1.htmhttp://eolf.univ-fcomte.fr/uploads/ressources/grammar/17_verb_tenses/05_spast_pperf/spast&presperf1.htmhttp://eolf.univ-fcomte.fr/uploads/ressources/grammar/17_verb_tenses/05_spast_pperf/spast&presperf1.htmhttp://www.marks-english-school.com/games/g_presperf.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs6.htmhttp://eolf.univ-fcomte.fr/uploads/ressources/grammar/17_verb_tenses/05_spast_pperf/spast&presperf1.htmhttp://eolf.univ-fcomte.fr/uploads/ressources/grammar/17_verb_tenses/05_spast_pperf/spast&presperf1.htmhttp://eolf.univ-fcomte.fr/uploads/ressources/grammar/17_verb_tenses/05_spast_pperf/spast&presperf1.htmhttp://www.marks-english-school.com/games/g_presperf.htmlhttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs6.htm


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!ctive ohn "rote te %etter

Passive (e %etter"as "ritten by ohn&


It had been raining all morning so we cancelled the site isit.

:n%ine )ractice

httpAJJperso&"anadoo&esJautoenglishJgr&pastperf&i&ht#

httpAJJ"""&ego2u&co#JenJcra#-upJgra##arJpast-perfect-progressiveJe9ercises8default

Passi+es

We for# the passive by using the appropriate tense of the verb to be a past

participleA

They were madein !hina. "someone made them in !hina#

$ new e%tension is being built. "someone is building a new e%tension#

The company was foundedin &'(). "someone founded the company in &'()#

The sub@ect of a passive verb corresponds to the ob@ect of an active verbA

:n%ine )ractice

httpAJJnetgra##ar&altec&orgJnitsJnit7BJa303cB7603000&ht#l

The passive for# can sound rather distant and i#personal and for this reason) it

should be used sparingly& It is useful) ho"ever) "hen "eA


Do"

H5
http://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.pastperf.i.htmhttp://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.pastperf.i.htmhttp://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.pastperf.i.htmhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exercises?defaulthttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exercises?defaulthttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_9/a101c9_601000.htmlhttp://perso.wanadoo.es/autoenglish/gr.pastperf.i.htmhttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exercises?defaulthttp://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exercises?defaulthttp://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_9/a101c9_601000.html


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don,t kno" "ho perfor#ed the action e&g& *y credit card has been stolen.

don4t "ant to reveal "ho perfor#ed the action e&g& +our cheue has beenmisplaced

are #ore interested in the ob@ect than the sub@ect of the active sentence e&g&

He has been promoted.

(e )assi+e in actionF

Read the story belo"

3 $ighlight the e9a#ples of the passive& Identify "hich tense each one is

/ .ecide for each e9a#ple "hy it is being used instead of the active

2o+ing :fficeF

We had @ust #oved into our ne" offices "hen it started happening& The offices had

been renovatedfro# an old boarding school that had stood on the site for over a

hundred years&

It took #e a "hile to notice& I "ould put do"n a stapler on #y desk and then a fe"

#inutes later I "ould go to use it again and it "as not there& It "ould appear a couple

of hours later) or the ne9t day& *ut then it happened too often and #y colleagues "ere

telling #e that the sa#e "as happening to the#&

It got "orse& The things that "ere takennever reappeared as they had at first& It began

to cause proble#s a#ong the staff& =veryone "as suspicious of everyone else& I "as

getting very "orried& Trust and co-operation "ere being eroded&

Then one day I "as looking through so#e old ne"spapers that had been leftin a

cupboard& Ey eye "as caughtby an article about a pupil "ho had attended the school

that "as no" our offices& !pparently the boy had been suspectedof being aklepto#aniac& $e "as confrontedby the head#aster but denied it& The school then



32/63


called in the police& *ut before the police could do anything the boy "as foundin his

roo#) dead& $e had killed hi#self&

I kne" that no" I had discovered the person responsible for the #issing ite#s in theoffice& The proble# no" "as) "hat "as I going to do about it8?

Bringing it a%% togeter

8ee% of =ortune

:our trainer "ill give you so#e instructions for this ga#e& It4s i#portant that you "ork

as a tea#& !ll the tea# #e#bers should agree decisions& Sentences are on page 10

.ice rules

3- %ose a turn) goes to ne9t tea#

/- /00 for correct ans"er

H- %ose a turn) goes to ne9t tea#

2- 200 for correct ans"er

5- Ban$ru)t) goes to ne9t tea#

6- 600 for correct ans"er

'heck your letter& .o you have any errors in use of past) present perfect and past

perfect tenses8



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2o&a% aui%iary +er!s

Cill in the #issing lettersA

'an S7 7 7 7 7 E7 7t Shall $7 7 7 to E7 7 7 7

W7 7 7 >7 7 7 7 to E7 7 '7 7 7 7 W7 7 7 7 De7 7 7 7

Practice

Which #odal verbs gra##atically fit in the sentences belo"8

=uture )ossi!i%ity Present )ossi!i%ity :!%igation

G.P 7777 fall ne9t year

"illJshallhave to

ought to

should

#ay

#ight

could

It 7777 be true

#ust +havepphave to

ought to

should

#ay

#ight

could

:ou 7777 "ear a tie

Eust had tohave to had to

need to needed to

ought to havepp

should havepp

De4uests Permission A!i%ity7777 you help #e8

"ould

could

can

"ill

7777 I leave early8

(#ight+

#ay

could

can

I 7777 speak 2 languages

'an could

What about L>ffersM8 Would you like (#e to+O8 Shall IJ"eO8

What about past tenses8 Inred

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 H


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:n%ine )ractice

httpAJJ"""&englishpage&co#J#odalsJinteractive#odalon&itiona%s

In your groups) e9plain the difference in #eaning bet"een these three sentences& :our

trainer "ill ask you to present your conclusions&

3& If I losemy -ob, I will goabroad (likely future+ e&g& "hat "ill you do ifO&&8!lso possibleA can) #ay) #ight) should) ought to& 'an start "ith L"henM

/& If I lostmy -ob, I would goabroad (unlikely future+ e&g& "hat "ould you do if&&8

!lso possibleA could) #ight)

H& If I had lostmy -ob, I would have goneabroad (past that didn4t happen+ e&g&

"hat "ould you have done if&&&8 !lso possibleA could have) #ight have

In your tea#s) "rite B LIfM sentencesA H of each type& nlike the sentences above)

#ake sure they are about B different topics and not #erely the sa#e topic "ritten in H

different "ays& We "ill e9a#ine all these sentences together on the "hiteboard&

What about this sentence8

If I losemy -ob, I goabroad. (al"ays happensF generally true+

'heck your letter& .id you use any conditional sentences8 !re they correct8

:n%ine )ractice

httpAJJ"""&englishpage&co#JconditionalJconditional6&ht#

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 HB
http://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal8.htmhttp://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional6.htmhttp://www.englishpage.com/modals/interactivemodal8.htmhttp://www.englishpage.com/conditional/conditional6.htm


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Pre)ositions of )%ace at9 in9 on

We generally useA

atfor a point or an event

infor an enclosed space

onfor a surface

3& >ur "ebsite address is atthe top of the page&

/& I have a #eeting in% ne9t "eek

H& There is too #uch infor#ation onthis slide

2& We4ll see you at the conference

5& :ou I. #ust have a photo onit

6& The G* building is in'ecil Street

1& I4ll be at"ork all day


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Pre)ositions of time at9 in9 on

We generally useA

atfor a precise ti#e

infor longer periods

onfor days and dates

3& We start the training day atBa#

/& What did you do atthe "eekend8

H& Inthe past) business "riters favoured a #ore for#al style of language

2& We "ill have the #eeting inthe #orning

5& We "ill have the #eeting onTuesday #orning

6& We close for t"o "eeks at'hrist#as

1& What did you do on'hrist#as day8


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Pre)ositions an& co%%ocation

%ook at these sentences& Which are correct8

3& I "ould like to re;uest unpaid leave&

/& I "ould like to re;uest for unpaid leave&

H& This is a re;uest for unpaid leave&

2& We should e#phasise on the online booking facilities&

5& We should place e#phasis on online booking facilities&

6& We should e#phasise online booking facilities&

1& %et4s have a discussion about last #onth4s sales figures


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ection ummaryThis section covered so#e aspects of the =nglish tense syste#& It4s i#possible to

cover every tense on a brief course& $o"ever) by no" you should be feeling #ore

confident in your kno"ledge of the "ay tenses "ork& :ou should also you kno" "here

to go for help if you need it?

What are you still confused about8

Which tense(s+ are you still #aking #istakes in8

$o" can your ensure that your professional correspondence is gra##atically

accurate8

ection ,

entence structure>b@ectivesA

*y the end of this section) you "illA

kno" the co#ponents of a sentence

have seen ho" to build co#ple9 sentences using con@unctions and other

linking devices

have e9a#ined the uses of relative clauses kno" #ore about punctuation and ho" it affects sentence #eaning and clarity



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If this is the start of the afternoon of day /) "hy not begin "ith the silent sentence onpage 108

8at is a sentence?

! sentence is a group of "ords that e9presses a co#plete idea (state#ent) ;uestion or

e9cla#ation+& It consists of one or #ore clauses) and usually has a sub@ect and a

verb& When "ritten) it begins "ith a capital letter and ends "ith a full stop) ;uestion

#ark or e9cla#ation #ark&

%ook at this sentenceA

The client arried&

What is the sub@ect of the sentence8 7the client7

What is the verb8 7arrived7

The basic pattern of the =nglish sentence is sub@ect verb ob@ect

*elanie wrote a report

Sub@ect verb ob@ect

Practice

:our trainer "ill divide you into three groupsA

Sub@ect group

erb group

>b@ect group

Sub@ect groupA :our task is to think of 30 "ords that can be the sub@ect of a sentence

erb GroupA :our task is to think of 30 "ords that can be the verb of a sentence

>b@ect groupA :our task is to think of 30 "ords that can be the ob@ect of a sentence

Work "ith the other t"o groups to create as #any #eaningful sentences as you can

:n%ine )ractice

Quiz %evel H

httpAJJ"""&bbc&co&ukJskills"iseJ"ordsJgra##arJsentencebasicsJ"hatisasentenceJ;uiz&sht#l

http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/sentencebasics/whatisasentence/quiz.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/sentencebasics/whatisasentence/quiz.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/sentencebasics/whatisasentence/quiz.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/sentencebasics/whatisasentence/quiz.shtml


40/63


>om)%e sentences

There are #any different "ays in "hich "e can build si#ple sentences into #ore

co#ple9 ones& We can add any of the follo"ingA

!d@ective The newclient arrived&

!dverb The client arrived late.

'on@unctionJsubordinate clause The client arrived and sat down.

Prepositional phrase The client arrived for the meeting.

Participle phrase The client) haing lost his way) arrived&

Relative clause The client) who was rench) arrived&

*y co#bining the above "e can createA

The new client, who was rench, haing lost his way, arried late for the meeting and

sat down.

Practice

In pairs choose one of the sentences you created in the previous activity& *uild up

#ore infor#ation to fit the sentence and create a #ore co#ple9 final sentence

Do" go and "rite it on the board

$o" "ould you change it to #ake it easy to understand by your reader(s+8

in$ing wor&s



41/63


%inking "ords are usually con@unctions or adverbs) used to connect ideas& They fallinto four #ain categoriesA contrast Singapore is hot but *ritain is cold

se;uencing Cirst) Singapore "as part of ohoreF thenO&&

cause Singapore is hot because it4s near the e;uator

result Singapore is near the e;uator so it is very hot

additionJreinforce#ent Singapore is clean and green

Practice

'ategorise these linking "ords under the headings belo"A

>ontrast e4uencing >ause Desu%t A&&itionreinforcement

although #ean"hile because conse;uently also

ho"ever eventually as lead to #oreover

but finally result fro# thus too

nevertheless for#erly in order to as a result in addition

>n the otherhand

after due to hence further#ore

"hereas then since so as "ell

despite ne9t in vie" of therefore secondly

even so as soon as o"ing to result in another

>om)%ete te sentences !e%ow using te a))ro)riate %in$ing wor&

3& The plane eventuallyJfinallylanded at eleven) three hours late&


conse;uently also because although #oreover lead to #ean"hile toothus as eventually as a result ho"ever finally in addition hence but so

further#ore as "ell for#erly nevertheless therefore on the other hand

result fro# in order to result in due to after since secondly "hereas

in vie" of despite then another o"ing to even so ne9t as soon as

26


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43/63


In the second sentence whoreplaces the sub@ect he, and allo"s us to @oin the t"o

sentences together&

'o#plete these sentencesA

3& This is the house thatJ"hichack built& (essential infor#ation+F L"hichM is acceptable

contrary to popular belief

/& This house) "hich ack built)is no" falling do"n& (non essential infor#ation+

Do" try theseA

H& This is the #an "holoves #e? LWhoM replaces the sub@ect&

2& This is the #an "ho#J"hoI love? LWho#M replaces the ob@ectF "ho is beco#ingincreasingly acceptable

5& This is the #an "hoselove I re@ected? Possessive

Practice

'hoose an appropriate relative pronoun fro# the bo9 belo" to co#bine the pairs of

sentences "hich follo"&

a+ 'hangi lies in the east of Singapore&b+ I live in 'hangi&


"ho "here "hich that "hose "ho# "hen

2


44/63


OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO&

a+ :ou bought a ne" '.&b+ 'an I borro" the '.8


a+ This is #y colleague) Wendy&

b+ She "orks in the payroll depart#ent&


a+ I "ent to % last "eek&

b+ I #et the ne" #anager&


:n%ine )ractice

Quiz %evel b

httpAJJ"""&bbc&co&ukJskills"iseJ"ordsJgra##arJpunctuationJco##asJ;uiz&sht#l

'heck your letter& $ave you used any relative clauses8 !re they correct8

Punctuation

Read through appendi9 . and then punctuate the follo"ing e#ailA

dear sarah

it "as great to hear fro# you thanks for sending the photo of us all at the conference it

brings back #any happy #e#ories

http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/punctuation/commas/quiz.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/punctuation/commas/quiz.shtml


45/63


i# glad youve been successful in your @ob hunting and have #anaged to find such a

good position i# sure youll en@oy it as it sounds really interesting

actually ive been #eaning to e#ail you to ask if you have Sali#,s address as i see# to

have lost it and i "anted to visit hi# "hen i# in penang ne9t #onth

do you have any plans to co#e here it "ould be "onderful to see you again

"ell that4s all for no" thanks again for the photo

all the best

#ei ling

:n%ine )ractice

Ga#e level HA Putting te9ts into co#pound sentences

httpAJJ"""&bbc&co&ukJskills"iseJ"ordsJgra##arJinterestsentencesJco#poundsentence

sJga#e&sht#l

Quiz %evel '

httpAJJ"""&bbc&co&ukJskills"iseJ"ordsJgra##arJinterestsentencesJco#poundsentence

sJ;uiz&sht#l

'heck the punctuation in your letter&

ection ummaryIn this section you e9a#inedA

Sentence structure

'on@unctions

Relative pronouns

Punctuation

http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/game.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/game.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/quiz.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/quiz.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/game.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/game.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/quiz.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/interestsentences/compoundsentences/quiz.shtml


46/63


Record "hat has beenA

Interesting8

*oring8

seful

seless8

.ifficult8

=asy8

What "ill you re#e#ber forever8

What have you forgotten already8

!nd ho" "ill it affect the "ay you co##unicate8

ection />ourse De+iew

>b@ectivesA

*y the end of this section) you "ill haveA

applied the course concepts to a revie" of your "riting peer revie"ed your colleagues "riting



47/63


revisited the pre-course assign#ent and discussed the ans"ers using

kno"ledge fro# the course

;our writing case stu&y fee&!ac$

We "ill no" all revie" your letters that you "rote on the first #orning& Eake a note ofthe errors you and your colleague #ade&

Professional .evelop#ent 'entre - *ritish 'ouncil) Singapore /001ersion 1&2 5/


48/63


;our )re course assignment 4uiz &econstruction

In groups) agree on the ans"ers to the ;uiz on pages

:ou "ill then discuss the ans"ers "ith your trainer&

Question ;ouranswers

Digt orwrong

Pagereference incourse !oo$

=ina%comments

ouns1. /&H&

Pronouns 2&5&6&

Artic%es

1&


49/63


/6&/1&

8at a))ens tomorrow?

o you get !ac$ to wor$ tomorrow an& wat &o you face?

! pile of paper"ork8

/0 voice#ail #essages8

50 e-#ails8

Is going for training really "orth it "hen you4ve got so #uch to catch up on8 $o" "illyou be able to put "hat you4ve learned into action "hen you4ve got so #uch "ork8

We all face these proble#s) but there are "ays of #aking things "ork& %et the *ritish'ouncil give you a fe" tips& It4s ti#e #anage#ent?

When you get in to "ork set aside a couple of hours to catch up on your

#essages and e-#ails&


50/63


!ction plan

Goa% 8at I wi%% &o 2eto& How By 8en1

#

*



51/63


52/63


httpAJJnetgra##ar&altec&orgJnitsJnit7BJa303cB7603000&ht#l

'onditionals

httpAJJ"""&englishpage&co#JconditionalJconditional6&ht#

Eodal verbs

httpAJJ"""&englishpage&co#J#odalsJinteractive#odal


53/63


for#&!d@ective .escribes the noun or pronounA a successful #eeting!dverb .escribes "hen) "here or ho" so#ething happensA it finished yesterday/ he

ca#e hereF they "orked uic0ly

!rticle sed before nouns) these are the "ords a1an (indefinite+and the (definite+!u9iliary verb The verbs be, hae anddoare used "ith other verbs to for# tenses)

passive and continuous for#s) ;uestions and negativesA I am readingF he

has "rittenF it doesn2t "ork'lause Group of "ords containing a sub@ect and a verb& It #ay be a sentence or

only part of a sentence&'onditional ! sentence consisting of t"o clausesF a condition "hich usually includes the

"ords if, unless orwhenand a resultA If you wor0 hard, you will succeed.'on@unction !lso kno"n as ,linking "ords,) these are "ords "hich @oin other "ords)

phrases) sentences or paragraphsA tea and coffeeF they played tennis eenthough it "as raining&

'ontinuous

for#

!lso kno"n as the ,progressive for#, this suggests an action is in progressA

They are discussing the #atter no"&Gerund -ing for# of a verb used as a nounA I en@oy traellingInfinitive The base for# of the verbA be, write, go. It can be used "ith or "ithout to3 I

asked hi# to meet #eF you #ust be;uiet&Intransitive

verb

! verb "hich does not take an ob@ectA the rain fell& In this sentence there is

no ob@ect& 'o#pare "ith ,transitive, verbs&Eodal verb Group of verbs including can, could, will, would, may, might, must and

should used "ith other verbs to e9press ideas such as ability) possibility)

obligation) prohibition etc&Doun Da#e of a person) place) ob@ect or ideaA child, room, table, imagination.



54/63


>b@ect The person or thing affected by the verbA They shook hands. 'o#pare "ith

,sub@ect,&

Passive for# Tells us ho" the sub@ect is affected by the action of the verbA The report was

written by #e& 'o#pare "ith ,active for#,&Past participle sed in perfect tenses and passive for#sA I have wor0ed F it has been done&Phrasal verb !lso kno"n as ,#ulti-"ord verbs,) these are verbs used "ith adverbs or

prepositions to create a ne" #eaningA the plane too0 off/ he gae up

s#okingPossessive Sho"s "ho or "hat so#ething belongs toA my bookF Peter2s penF this is

yours.

Present

participle

The ,ing, for# of the verbF I sa" hi# leaing.

Preposition Words like at, on, in, from, through, etc) used before nouns or pronouns to

sho" ti#e) place) #ove#ent) etcA "e "ent into the roo#F the #eeting is at

three o,clock&Pronoun Takes the place of a nounA Ey ne" boss started today) she2s very nice&Question tag Phrases like is it4, are they4, or haen2t you4 "hich are added to the end of

state#ents to for# ;uestionsA :ou "ork here) don2t you4Relative

clause

sed to identify so#eone or so#ething) or to give #ore infor#ation about

the#A The #an I spo0e to "as very friendlyF Ey boss) who is rench, is in

Paris at the #o#ent&

Si#ple for# *asic for# of a verbA he runs t"ice a "eek (present si#ple+F It started last

"eek (past si#ple+Sub@ect Perfor#s the action of the verbA She spoke to hi#F cars are e9pensive in

Singapore& 'o#pare "ith ,ob@ect,&Tense Cor# of verb "hich tells us about "hen an action or event took place (past)

present or future+A he lies here (present si#ple+F he lied here (past

si#ple+&Transitive verb erb that takes an ob@ectA $e made a #istake& In this sentence ,a #istake,

is the ob@ect of the verb ,#ade,& 'o#pare "ith ,intransitive verb,&

erb .escribes an action or stateA he swims "ellF they en-oyed the sho"&

A))en&i > Parts of s)eec

Three little "ords you often see

are !RTI'%=SA a) an) and the&



55/63


56/63


howeer eentually as lead to moreoer

but finally result from thus too

5eertheless formerly in order to $s a result In addition

on the otherhand

after due to hence furthermore

whereas as soon as since so as well

despite then in iew of therefore another

een so ne%t owing to result in secondly

A))en&i J (e tense system - Acti+e +oice

Past Present =uture

Past sim)%e

I cameto Singapore in&''6.

Refers to actionJeventco#pleted at a specifiedti#e in the past&

Present sim)%e

I startwor0 at 7'.77.The sun risesin the east.

Refers to currentactionsJevents or those"hich are ,al"ays, true&

'8i%%' future

I willmeet you at theairport tomorrow at nine.

Refers to future fact)intention) prediction orspeculation&

Past continuous

I was readingthe report

when I first heard thenews.

Refers to an action "hichtook place over a period ofti#e at a kno"n ti#e in thepast&

Present continuous

8e are workingon two

new products at themoment.

Refers to an action inprogress no"&

=uture continuous

He will be workingin 9:

ne%t wee0.

Refers to an action "hich"ill take place over aperiod of ti#e in the future&

Past )erfect

I didn2t answer the phoneas I hadalready locked

the door.

Present )erfect

I have livedhere forseen years.

=uture )erfect

5e%t year, we will havebeenin business for

twenty years.



57/63


%ooks back at the pastfro# the past&

%ooks back fro# thepresent and connectspresent "ith past&

%ooks back fro# the future&

Past )erfect continuous

They had been talkingforthree hours when I arried&

%ooks back at an action inprogress in the past&

Present )erfectcontinuous

He has been workingonthat report all morning&

%ooks back at an action"hich "as recentlyco#pleted or is still inprogress&

=uture )erfectcontinuous

8e will have beenworkingtogether fore%actly fie years by theend of ne%t month&

%ooks back at an action inprogress fro# a futurepoint&

A))en&i = Punctuation

The purpose of punctuation is to #ake the #eaning as clear as possible& The "rongpunctuation #ark can so#eti#es cause #isunderstanding or confusion&

>a)ita% %etters(also called upper-case letters+ begin a sentence Thank you for your letter ofO

for people,s na#es ohn) Er *ro"n) Suriaty

for na#es of places Singapore) %ondon) !sia) 'ecil Street

for na#es of organisations *ritish 'ouncil) =uropean 'o##unity

for days) #onths) festivals Eonday) !pril) %unar De" :ear

=u%%-sto)

co#es at the end of co#plete sentencesA a co##a is not strong enough

cannot co#e at the end of a dependent clause standing by itselfA If the

outstanding amount is not paid.is incorrect

In general) punctuation "ith abbreviations is o#itted no"adays&

Question mar$

Cairly obvious) co#es at the end of a ;uestion - but re#e#ber that a reported ;uestionis no longer a ;uestion) has state#ent sub@ect-verb "ord-order) and therefore takes no;uestion #arkA;$re you going to :ondon ne%t wee04


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emi-co%on

This is the least understood punctuation #ark& It is #uch closer to a full-stop than to aco##a) and can never be substituted for a co##a& So#eti#es there is a choice

bet"een full-stop and se#i-colon& ! se#i-colon is usedA

to @oin t"o closely related sentences3 I wrote the letter/ =ohn posted it.

to separate long ite#s in a listA Her responsibilities include line management of si%staff/ annual budgetary control/ sourcing and ordering of supplies/ and the designand implementation of the promotional plan.

>omma

! co##a in "riting represents a brief pause in speech& So#e people like plenty ofco##as - others don,t? :ou have considerable freedo# in the use of co##as)e9cepting the seven i#portant rules given hereA

! co##a by itself can never be used bet"een t"o independent clauses orsentences (see se#i-colon+&

! co##a is usually used "hen a dependent clause precedes an independentclause) but not "hen the independent clause co#es firstA co#pare $lthough itwas raining, he went for a wal0. "ith He went for a wal0 although it was

raining.This is because "e naturally pause "hen saying the first sentence)

but not the second&

While t"o co##as can be used as brackets bet"een sub@ect and verb) oneco##a can never go bet"een a sub@ect and its verb 3 *r :im, the President ofour company, is >? years old.*utA *r :im, the President of our company is >?years old.(The second e9a#ple has a different #eaning& It #eans that youare telling Er %i# the age of the President&

'o##as are used in horizontal lists) "ith an optional (and !#erican+ co##abefore Uand43 He spea0s rench, @erman, Ho00ien ",# and *alay.'o##as areunnecessary in vertical lists&

'o##as are used after linking "ords at the beginnings of sentencesA inally,he managed to pass his driing test. %inking "ords in the #iddle of sentenceshave co##as before and afterA He still can2t drie, howeer, as he hasn2t got acar.

'o##as are necessary "ith non-defining relative clauses (clauses "hich giveunnecessary or e9tra infor#ation+& 'o#pareThe man who is sitting oerthere is my uncle. "ith 8inston !hurchill, who lied to be '7, was inParliament for oer >7 years.

'o##as are used to introduce direct ;uotes but are not used in reportedspeech& 'o#pareA The director said, 2It will mean oertime for most of thestaff.2 "ith The director said it would mean oertime for most of the staff.

>o%on



59/63


! colon is used "hen one sentence leads into) or points directly to"ards)anotherA He loo0ed out of the window3 the s0y was cloudy and oercast.

! colon is used to introduce a listA 8e hae offices in fie countries3 $ustralia,=apan, 9orea, Singapore, and Thailand.


60/63


A))en&i G 2onster sentence

(e car a& come &own te roa& an&

crosse& te 5unction wen se su&&en%y

saw er !roters son in is 2ancester

@nite& sirt )%aying foot!a%% a%ong te

narrow )a+ement !ut se was 5ust in time to

stam) er foot on te !ra$e wen te !a%%!ounce& off te )a+ement an& e ran into

te roa&.



61/63


A))en&i H 8ee% of fortune

(e &e%i+ery a& arri+e& %ast wee$

(e meeting was )ost)one& as te c%ients f%igt a& !een

&e%aye&

(ey a& teste& te &rug for years !efore it came onto te

mar$et

e a& to ta$e a !rea$ !ecause se a& !een wor$ing too

ar&

I a+e ne+er seen im !efore

(e mar$eting manager re)orte& tat sa%es a& risen o+er te

%ast 4uarter

(e em)%oyee was &ismisse& !ecause e a& sto%en 1777

from te )etty cas

(ey were &iscussing te new )ro5ect for tree ours wen I

arri+e&

(an$ you for te %etter wic I a& recei+e& yester&ay

(ey a& ne+er !een tere !efore

e sai& tat se was tere %ast year

I a& met my us!an& wen we were at uni+ersity togeter



62/63


A))en&i I ;ou +etF

:ou have @ust got back fro# overseas and your assistant has "ritten this e#ail on your

behalf& :ou need to vet it&

Taking into account everything you have learnt so far) correct the #istakes&

Bi!%iogra)y

ome !oo$s we recommen& are

Eichael S"an) Practical Cnglish sage, >9ford niversity Press)3BB5

Ray#ond Eurphy) Cnglish @rammar in se "Intermediate#, 'a#bridge

niversity Press) 3BB2



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Eartin $e"ings)$danced @rammar in se) 'a#bridge niversity Press)

3BBB

%eech) 'ruickshank N Ivanic) Cnglish @rammar E sage, Pearson =ducation)

/003

.avid 'rystal) Discoer @rammar) Pearson =ducation) 3BB6

Patricia T& >4'onner) 8oe is I) Riverhead *ooks) 3BB6

Peter Strutt) *ar0et :eader3 Fusiness @rammar and sage, Pearson

=ducation %td) /000

oan Waller N Rebecca Pang) Intermediate Fusiness Cnglish S0ills, %ong#an

Group (Car =ast+ %td) 3BBH

%o" =e %ing N !da# *ro"n) Cnglish in Singapore,EcGra"-$ill =ducation

(!sia+) /005

!da# *ro"n) Singapore Cnglish in a 5utshell) Ti#es Eedia) 3BBB

!da# *ro"n) Cnglish :anguage *yths) EcGra"-$ill =ducation (!sia+) /00H

Grammar for Business Trainers Book

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