FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
JAPANESE ELEMENTARY II
GRAMMAR EXPLANATION(Lesson 11 Lesson 20)
FU - 2009
FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
S m ... l s m chung cho vt n 10. T 11 s dng nh m s thng thng. Cc tr t s m: L nhng t c t sau s m cc vt, ngi... ( chi tit xem thm trong ti liu nh km )
-
dng m ngi (c bit m 1, 2 ngi dng , ) dng m con vt kch thc nh
-
-
dng m nhng vt mng nh giy, a, o... dng m s ln.
-
Cch dng: S m thng ng ngay trc ng t m n b ngha. (gia s m v ng t khng c tr t ng gia) Tuy nhin, vi cc t ch khong thi gian li c t mi v tr trong cu (tr cui cu) V d:
1 4
Ti mua 4 qu to. C 2 sinh vin ngi Nht. Ti hc ting Nht trong nc 2 thng.
2
3 2
1. Cc t hi cho s m T hi: - l t dng hi cho vt m bng - Cc cch m khc dng tr t s m. V d:
1) ... 2 ...
Bn n bao nhiu qut? ... Ti n 7 qu. Bn mua my ci tem? ... Ti mua 5 ci.
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
3.
V ... Nlng thi gian V l t hi cho khong thi gian Thng i km vi ng t (Ngha l: Mt bao nhiu lu ) ng sau t ch s lng, c ngha l khong V d:
Cch dng: -
1)
Bn hc ting Nht bao nhiu lu? ... Ti hc khong 2 nm.
... 2
2
T H Ni n TP H Ch Minh i bng my bay mt bao nhiu lu? ...Mt khong 2 ting.
... 4.
N V d:
Cch dng: ng sau danh t, c ngha l ch
1
5
T nh ti n trng ch mt 5 pht. Ngy ngh ch c ch nht.
2
3
FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
Cc th ca cu kt thc bi danh t v tnh t ui Khng nh Ph nh V d:
N -adj N -adj
Hin ti
Qu kh N -adj N -adj
1)
Hm qua () ma. K thi hm qua () khng n gin.
2)
1. Cc th ca cu kt thc bng tnh t ui Hin ti Khng nh Ph nh V d:
Qu kh -adj -adj
-adj -adj
1 2
Hm kia () lnh. Ba tic hm kia () khng vui lm.
4.
N1
N2
Adj
(Cch ni so snh hn, km)
ngha: N1 ~ hn N2 Cch dng: y l cu so snh hn. Trong , N1 c a ra so snh vi N2. V d:
1)
My bay nhanh hn t. Anh Tanaka cao hn ti.
2)
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
5.
N1 N2 Adj ...N1(N2) Adj ngha: N1 v N2 ci no ~ hn? ...N1 ( N2) ~ hn.
(Cch hi v ni so snh hn, km gia 2 vt)
Cch dng: Lun s dng t hi khi mun so snh gia 2 vt hay ngi. V d: Tennis v bng ci no th v hn? ...Bng th v hn. Ma xun v ma thu bn thch ma no hn? ... Ti thch ma thu hn.
1)
...
2)
...
6.
N1[] N2
Adj
(Cch ni so snh cao nht)
ngha: Trong phm vi N1 th N2 ~ nht. Cch dng: V d: Trong cc loi qu, ti thch nht to. Trong cc mn th thao, bng th v nht. y l cu so snh cao nht Trong : N2 thuc phm vi ca N1 v c tnh cht [Adj] nht trong phm vi .
1) 2)
(Cch t cu hi so snh cao nht)N [] Adj
Trong phm vi N th ci g/ni no/ai/khi no th Adj nht? V d:
1
Trong 1 nm khi no lnh nht? ... Thng 2 lnh nht. Trong lp, ai tr nht? Bn A (tr nht)
...2
An
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
1.
N
Cch th hin mong mun (mun c ci g)
ngha: (Ti) mun/ mun c/ mong c N Cch dng : - Dng ni v c mun, ham thch ca ngi ni - l tnh t ui . V d :
1)
Ti mun c my nh. Ti mun c bn b. Ti khng mun c con.
2)
3) ?
Cch t cu hi v mong mun ca ai
V d :
Bn mong mun, mun c ci g? Vo ngy sinh nht bn thch g? ...Ti mun ci ng h. By gi bn mun ci g nht? ...Ti mun c my tnh.
1)
...
2) ...
2.
Cch th hin mong mun lm g N V- Th ca ng t : L th ca ng t khi b ui . V d : ngha: (Ti) thch, mun lm ~ Cch dng: - Cu ny th hin mong mun lm vic g ca ngi ni. - C th dng tr t hoc ( dng nhiu hn). Cc tr t khc gi nguyn, khng thay i. - ng t th + c coi nh mt tnh t ui . V th, cch bin i sang th ph nh hay qu kh u ging vi tnh t ui .6
FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
V d:
1
Ti mun i Nht Ti mun mua t By gi, bn mun n g? Ti ch mun n g c
2
3
...
hay khng s dng ni v mong mun ca ngi th ba. V d: Khng dng nh sau Ch : V- 3.
N (a im) N
//
ngha: i/n/v N lm ~ Cch dng: - y l mu cu s dng ni v mc ch i n/ v u thc hin hnh ng no . - ng t ch mc ch th , danh t ch mc ch l nhng danh ng t. V d:
1 (Ti i siu th () mua qun o)
2 (Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht)
3 (Anh Tanaka n Nht () hc ting Nht) Ch : Danh t trc cng c th l cc s kin nh l hi, bui ha nhc... Khi , ca ngi ni l vic xem hay tham gia vo s kin . V d:
Giang Vo (Ti i n Ging V tham gia vo L hi Hoa anh o)
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
ngha: ngha l ch no , ni no khng xc nh r ngha l ci g , 1 ci g khng xc nh r Cch dng: - c dng nh mt danh t ch a im c dng nh mt danh t ch vt, s vic - C 2 t khi ng trc cc ng t i vi cc tr t th cc tr t ny c th c lc b. Cc tr t khc vn gi nguyn 4. V d:
1
Ngh h, bn c i u khng? C, ti c i.
...
2 V tri nng nn ti mun ung g
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
1. Cc nhm ca ng t ng t trong ting Nht c chia lm 3 nhm theo cch chia sang cc th ca chng. (1) Nhm 1 Bao gm cc ng t ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc hng i V d : (2) Nhm 2 Hu ht cc ng t thuc nhm ny c dng ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc hng e. V d: Tuy nhin cng c mt s ng t ng trc ui l cc ch ci thuc hng i V d: (3) Nhm 3 Bao gm 2 ng t: (lm) (n) 2. Th ca ng t Cc ng t kt thc bng c gi l th . Cch chia ca th ph thuc vo cc nhm ng t. Cch chia nh di y: (1) Nhm 1: Ngha V (i) Cch chia V Vit V V Nghe V V V V
Vi Ung cGi Cht
()
V V
Mua NiLy, cm ly
C i i Cho mn Ni chuyn9
V V
FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
(2) Nhm 2 V (i)
Cch chiaV (e) V (e)
(3) Nhm 3 V (i)
V
Ngha n Dy Cho, tng Ng Xem C () Thc dy Mn
V (i)
V (i)
Cch chia
N N
V
Ngha Hc Thc tp Mua sm Tham quan n
Ch : Khi chia sang th , ngha ca ng t khng thay i. Th l 1 th ca ng t, dng cu thnh cc mu cu khc nhau. CC MU CU VI NG T TH 3. V Cu ni sai khin, nh v lch s
ngha: Hy lm ~, Vui lng lm ~ Cu to : ng t th thm Cch dng : Mu cu ny dng khi yu cu, nh ai lm g mt cch lch s. V d: Vui lng/Xin hy ch mt cht. 1
2
Vui lng/Hy cho ti mn quyn t in Vui lng/Hy ni chm li.
3
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
4.
V
Cch th hin thi tip din
ngha: ang lm ~ Cu to: ng t th thm Cch dng: Mu cu ny dng din t mt hnh ng ang din ra ti thi im ni. V d
1
Bn Tanaka ang hc ting Nht. By gi tri ang ma.
2
Cch th hin 1 li ngh c lm gip ai vic g Cch dng: S dng khi ngi ni ng lm g gip cho ngi nghe V d 1 Ti gi taxi cho bn nh! 5. Vth ...
...Xin li. Bn gip ti nh! Ti cm hnh l gip bn nh! ...Khng, ti lm c ri.
2
...
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
CC MU CU VI NG T DNG (tip) Cch ni cho php lm g, lm g th c ngha: C th lm ~, c php lm ~, lm ~ cng c Cu to : ng t th thm Cch dng : Mu cu ny m ch mt s cho php lm g V d : c php ht thuc phng . 1. V
Ch : Th nghi vn ca mu cu ny c s dng nh mt cu xin php lm g V d :
1 ...
Ti chp nh y c c khng? ...Vng, c. Ti ht thuc c c khng? ...Xin li. Khng c. Cch ni cm on, khng c lm g
2 ... V
2.
ngha : Khng c lm ~ Cu to : ng t th thm Cch dng: Mu cu ny s dng khi mun ni khng c php lm g. V d: Khng c ht thuc y. 1
2 ...
Ti chp nh y c khng? ...Khng, khng c.
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Gii thch vn phm
3.
Cch ni v ngha khc ca ng t dng tip din Cch dng (1): - Ngoi cch dng c ni n trong bi 14 th mu cu ny cn th hin mt hnh ng no din ra trong qu kh v hin ti vn cn tip din, kt qu ca n vn hin hin trong hin ti v tng lai. - Mt s ng t lun chia th tip din mc d hnh ng thc V
hin trong qu kh:
V d:
1
Ti kt hn (, v ang c gia nh). Ti bit c Suzuki ( v ang bit). Ti c my nh ( v ang c). Ti sng H Ni (, ang v s)
2
3
4
Ch : y mang ngha s hu. Cch dng (2): - Th tip din cn c s dng biu th nhng tp qun, thi quen, nhng hnh ng c lp i lp li trong thi gian di. V d:
1FPT FPT sn xut phn mm my tnh.
2 3
CMC
Ti lm vic CMC. Ti hc trng i hc FPT.
FPT
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
1. VV2 ...V Cch ni 2 hay nhiu ng t (th hin lit k hnh ng)
ngha: Lm V1 ri lm V2,... Cch dng: - Mu cu s dng lit k cc hnh ng xy ra theo trnh t thi gian, hnh ng ng trc xy ra trc. - Th ca c cu c chia ng t cui cng. V d:
1 (Hng sng ti chy b ri tm sau n trng.)
2)
Vicom
(Hm qua ti n Vincom, gp bn v xem phim.)
2.
- adj() -adj [] N
Cch ni 2 hay nhiu tnh t vi nhau, 2 hay nhiu danh t vi nhau
Cch dng: - Khi ni 2 hay nhiu tnh t ca cng 1 ch th, nu i trc l tnh t ui th ui s c b i thay th bng , cc tnh t c th c cch nhau bi du phy ( ). (to v mi) (nh v c) (tt v r) - Khi ni 2 hay nhiu tnh t ca cng 1 ch th, nu i trc l tnh t ui th ui s c b i thay th bng , cc tnh t c th c cch nhau bi du phy ( ). (khe v tr) (ni ting v p) - Cch ni c ngha l v v vy khng s dng ni 2 cu c ngha tri ngc. - Th ca c cu c chia cu ng sau.
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Gii thch vn phm
V d:
1
C Suzuki tr v khe mnh. H Ni ng ngi v nhn nhp. Anh Rao p trai v tt bng. Hu l thnh ph yn tnh v p. Anh Tanaka l ngi Nht v l lu hc sinh
2
3)
4) Hue
5)
Ch : Ring cu trc vi danh t, khng nht thit ch s dng khi c cng chng, c th l 2 cu c ch ng khc nhau (trong trng hp ny, n s tr thnh cch kt hp 2 cu vi nhau) V d:
(Karina l tu nghip sinh cn Maria l v.) 4. VV2 Cch ni lm g sau khi lm g
ngha: Lm V1 ri lm V2 / Sau Cch dng: - Mu cu ny cng din t s lin tip ca hnh ng nhng nhn mnh hnh ng th nht kt thc ri mi n hnh ng 2. - Th ca c cu c quyt nh cui cu. V d:
1 Sau khi v nc ti s lm vic cng ty ca b.
2 Sau khi kt thc bui biu din m nhc ti n nh hng. 5. N1 N2 Adj
Cch dng: Mu cu ny dng miu t c th mt thnh phn, mt b phn ca 1 vt hoc ngi. V d: 1) Hue n Hu ngon.
2)
Maria c mi tc di. Bn Tanaka cao.
3)
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Gii thch vn phm
6. Cch dng: y l t hi cho cch lm, phng thc lm mt vic no v c ngha l Lm th no tr li cho cu hi ny thng s dng mu cu s 1 V d:
n trng bn i th no?
... 516 ...Ti i b khong 5 pht n bn xe bus, ln xe s 16 v xung ng trc trng. N
7.
Cch dng: - Trc y hc cc t v l t hi cho cc t v c ngha l no. - ng sau lun l mt danh t. V d:
Tanaka l ngi no? ...L ngi cao v tc mu en.
...
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Gii thch vn phm
1.
V
Cch chia v cc mu cu vi ng t ph nh dng ngn (th )
ng t i vi c gi l th (cn gi l ng t ph nh dng ngn) Cch chia : Nhm I : l cc ng t u c vn [-i] ng trc . chuyn sang th ch cn thay th [-i] bng vn [-a]. Trng hp c bit, nhng ng t c ui l th chuyn thnh . V d: Nhm II:b [-] thm V d: Nhm III: (l 2 ng t c bit nn phi nh) V d:
CC MU CU VI NG T DNG 2. V Cu sai khin, nh v, khuyn bo lch s dng ph nh hy ng, xin ng
ngha: Xin ng Cch dng: khi mun khuyn hay yu cu ai khng lm g vic g V d:
1 (Ti khe lm nn ng lo lng)
2 (Xin ng chp nh y)
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Gii thch vn phm
3.
Cch ni bt buc phi lm g Cch chia: ng t chia sang th , b + ngha: phi, bt buc phi Cch dng: - Mu cu ny biu th mt vic coi nh ngha v phi lm, bt chp hng ca ngi lm. - Ch : Mc d ng t chia dng ph nh nhng c cu khng mang ngha ph nh (thc cht l ph nh ca ph nh khng lm g th khng c) V d:
V
1 (Phi ung thuc)
2 (Hng ngy (ti) phi hc ting Nht.) Cch ni cho php dng ph nh khng lm g cng c
4.
V
ngha: khng cn cng c Cch dng: biu th s khng cn thit ca hnh vi m ng t din t. V d:
1 (Ngi mai bn khng n cng c)
2 (Chiu th 7 khng hc cng c)
M rng: p dng mu cu ny th nghi vn, ta s c cu hi, xin php khng lm g c c khng. V d:
1 (Ngi mai khng n cng c ch ?)
2 (Chiu th 7 khng hc c c khng ?)
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Gii thch vn phm
5.
N (tn ng)
Cch ni nhn mnh vo tn ng
ngha: a tn ng ln lm ch nhm nhn mnh mun din t Cch dng: v c a ln lm ch nn tr t ca tn ng c thay bng V d:
(ng hnh l y)
( Hnh l th xin ng y)
(Ti n cm tra ti nh n cng ty)
( Cm tra th ti n ti nh n cty) Tr t ch gii hn, hn nh
6.
N(thi gian)
V
ngha: chm nht, tr nht, trc (thi im) Cch dng: ch r thi gian cui m mt hnh ng hay mt cng vic phi c tin hnh. C ngha l, hnh ng hay cng vic phi c tin hnh trc thi hn c ch nh bi V d:
(Cuc hp s kt thc trc 5 gi)
(Phi tr sch trc th 7) Ch : phn bit vi tr t v tr t ch thi im chm dt mt hnh ng
(Bui tra, ti hc n 12 gi) ch thi im m mt hnh ng din ra.
(Ti thc dy vo lc 6 gi)
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Gii thch vn phm
NG T TH T IN (V ) & MU CU1. Th nguyn mu (th t in) ca ng t Th nguyn mu (cn gi l th t in) l th c bn (ng t gc) ca ng t, trong sch t in cc ng t c trnh by th ny. (1) Nhm 1 K hiu G1 hoc (I) L cc ng t c kt thc bi cc m sau: [-] ] [-] [-] [-] ] [-] [-] V d : (2) Nhm 2 K hiu G2 hoc (II) L cc ng t c dng [-e ] [-i ] V d: (n) (xem) Tr mt s ng t c bit: (tr v) (bit) (3) Nhm 3 K hiu G3 hoc (III) Bao gm 2 ng t:
[-] ] [-] [-]
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Gii thch vn phm
CC MU CU VI NG T TH T IN 2. N V Cch th hin kh nng
ngha: c th lm, bit lm Cch dng: a) Trng hp danh t: danh t c s dng phi c tnh ng tc (tc l nhng danh t c th ghp vi tr thnh ng t c ngha tng ng ) nh: ( gi chung l danh ng t) ... Ngoi ra, cc danh t ch v nhng kh nng nh cng c th s dng. V d:
(Ti bit/c th li xe)
(Anh Miler bit ting Nht (c th ni ting Nht)) b) Trng hp ng t: khi biu th mt kh nng c th lm c mt chuyn g th phi thm sau ng t th nguyn mu bin thnh mt nhm danh t. ( danh t ha) V d:
(Anh Miler bit/c th c c ch Hn)
(C th thanh ton/tr tin bng th) Ch : Ngha ca ng t Nng lc ( Bit c ch Hn) Kh nng
( C th gi taxi ti quy l tn)
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Gii thch vn phm
3.
N V
Cch th hin s thch
ngha: s thch (ca ti) l Cch dng : - Ni v s thch. - Khi mt danh t khng th biu hin y ngha th ta c th din t dng cch danh t ha trnh by r, c th hn V d: (S thch ca ti l hi ha) (S thch ca ti l (vic) v tranh) (S thch ca ti l (vic) ngm tranh) 4. V N S t (thi gian) Cch ni cu trc khi lm g th lm g
V2
ngha: lm V2 trc..., trc khi lm V1 Cch dng: a) ng t - Hnh ng th 2 din ra trc hnh ng th nht. - Khng thay i theo th ca ng t. Ngha l khi th ca ng t th 2 l qu kh hay tng lai th th ca ng t 1 lun th t in. V d
(Ti hc ting Nht trc khi n Nht)
(Trc khi i ng, ti c sch) b) Danh t - Thm tr t gia danh t v - Danh t ng trc l nhng danh t biu th hnh ng V d (Trc ba cm/Trc khi n cm, (ti) ra tay. (Hy n vn phng trc gi hc) c) S t (thi gian) - ng sau danh t ch s th khng cn V d
(Ti kt hn cch y 3 nm)
(Tanaka ra ngoi cch y 1 ting)22
FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
5.
ngha: mi m khng Cch dng: lun i vi ng t dng ph nh V d
( Nht, mi m ti khng th nhn thy con nga no)
(Xe but mi m khng thy ti) 6.
ngha: nht nh Cch dng: - c dng biu th s hy vng hay yu cu - thng i vi cc dng cu V V vi ngha nhn mnh s biu th V d
(Ti rt mun i Hokkaido (nht nh s i))
(Bn nht nh phi n nh ti chi y nh!)
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
NG T QU KH DNG NGN (V ) & CC MU CU Cch to ng t th : ging y nh th Ch no chia l v th thay bng v . Nhm I: Nhm II: Nhm III: CC MU CU VI NG T TH Cch th hin kinh nghim trong qu kh
V
ngha: tng (lm)... Cch dng: ni v mt kinh nghim gp, tng tri qua trong qu kh. V d:
(Ti tng ci nga)
(Ti tng nhn thy hoa anh o)
Ch : th cu vn ny khc c bn vi th cu vn mun din t mt hnh ng ch n thun xy ra qu kh. V d:
(Nm ngoi ti ci nga Hokkaido)
(Tun trc, ti nhn thy hoa anh o)
Cu hi: cu hi ca mu cu ny s c ngha l hi xem ai tng lm g hay cha V d:
(Bn bao gi i Nht Bn cha) (C, tng/C, 3 ln)
(Cha ln no)
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Gii thch vn phm
3.
V V
Cch lit k hnh ng (nhng khng quan tm n th t din ra)
ngha: lc th lc th v... Cch dng: - dng khi mun biu hin mt vi hnh ng i din trong s nhiu hnh ng m ch th thc hin m khng cn bit ci no xy ra trc, ci no xy ra sau - th ca mu cu c biu th cui cu. V d:
(Ch Nht, lc th ti chi tenis, lc th xem phim.)
(Hm qua, lc th ti i mua sm, lc th nghe nhc) Ch : khng nhm vi cu vn s dng ni cu hc bi 16.
(Ch Nht, lc th ti chi tenis, lc th xem phim.)
(Ch Nht, ti chi tenis, xong ri xem phim.) cu 2 ngha l hnh ng xem phim din ra sau khi chi tennis. cu 1 khng c mi quan h v mt thi gian gia hai hnh ng. Trong rt nhiu cc hot ng din ra vo ngy ch nht s bao gm hai hnh ng chi tennis v xem phim. V s khng t nhin khi dng lit k nhng hnh ng mang tnh cht hng ngy ca con ngi nh ng dy, n cm hay i ng... A A N Cch ni tnh t vi ng t bin tnh t thnh ph t
ngha: tr nn (c) Cch dng: ch s thay i mt tnh trng hay mt iu kin.
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25
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Gii thch vn phm
1. Th vn thng thng v th vn lch s - Th lch s: l cch ni m kt thc cu lun l desu (vi tnh t, danh t) v masu (vi ng t) v cc dng phi sinh ca n (-deshita, -dewa arimasen, -masen, -mashita) . - Th thng thng: l cch ni khng c desu hay masu. Dng lun dng c bn, dng gc v cc dng phi sinh dng ngn ca cc loi t . Cch dng: Th lch s Th thng thng
a. Ngi km tui Ngi ln tui b. Ngi ngang tui Ngi gp ln u tin c. Bn thn Cp trn d. Ngi trong gia nh Mnh l nhn vin mi Trong cc s kin nghim tc (hp hnh, pht biu) Ch : (1) Trong trng hp t n m s dng th thng thng th b coi l tht l. (2) Ngi Nht i vi ngi nc ngoi hay nhn vin lu nm khi ch o, hng dn nhn vin mi th hin s thn mt ty thuc vo vn c th s dng c th thng thng. (3) T a~d, cng ty thuc vo trng hp vn c th s dng th lch s V d: a: mun gio dc con nh b: trc khi gp g bit nhau d: xng h vi b m
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Gii thch vn phm
2.
Trnh by v th vn lch s v thng thng a. Th vn lch s v thng thng ca ng t, tnh t, danh t Th lch s Th thng thng (th t in) (th ) ng t (th ) (th qu kh)masu->ru; mashita->ta; phudinh->nai-tinh tu
Tnh t -i Tnh t -na Danh t
(b )
tinh tu duoi i chi can bo desu
desu->da, deshita->datta, arimasen-> Vnai
b. Th vn lch s v thng thng ca cc nhm t ng theo sau Th lch s Th thng thng ngha Mun ung i ung Xin hy vit bo kudasai ang vit C th vit Khng cn phi vit S vit gip cho Nh vit gip Vit gip i Phi nhu dong tu i coi narimasen C th n Vkoto la danh tu(l) n C c c, vit v shimasu->suru
Bi 13 14 15 24
17 18 19
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Gii thch vn phm
Ch : Khi i nhng cu c ni vi nhau bng hay (thng s dng trong hi thoi) thnh th vn thng thng th tt c cc t lch s trong cu phi c i sang th thng thng.
3. Cu nghi vn th vn thng thng Cch dng: - b tr t ch s nghi vn l cui cu, thay vo c cao ging ch cui cu biu th s nghi vn. V d:
Ch : cng c nhng cu nghi vn th vn thng thng m khng b ch sau nh: , nhng ch c s dng gii hn trong phm vi nam gii khi ngi trn hi ngi di hoc nhng ngi qu thn nhau (nh cha hi con trai) - i vi cu nghi vn danh t hay tnh t th ch th thng thng ca c gin lc. V d: Khi m thoi thng dng - Tr t trong cu nghi vn th vn thng vn cng thng c lc b V d:
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FPT University Japanese Language Training Division
Gii thch vn phm
- Trong th thng thng, ch trong mu cu V cng thng c lc b V d
4. Th thng thng ca (pht m
u u n
)
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