Grammar english book

8/12/2019 Grammar english book

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G R A M M A R

T e n s e s


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ACTIVE VOICE PAST PRESENT FUTURE

SIMPLE I (buy) my firstcomputer in 1995.

(you go) shoppingyesterday?

I (play) basketballevery Sunday.

(you do) any sports?

Its cloudy. I think it(rain) .

CONTINUOUS

Form: be+ -ingUse: action in

progress

We (have) an Englishclass when we ( hear) the noise.

I (work) ! (not disturb )me now.

I (attend) the OpenOffice seminar thistime next week.

PERFECT

Form: have+ -ed/ppUse: actioncompleted

I (already leave) whenyou called for me. (wash) your handsbefore cleaning thewound?

(order) the book thruthe Amazon?

In 5 yrs time, I (finish)my studies


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ACTIVE VOICE PAST PRESENT FUTURE

SIMPLE I bought my firstcomputer in 1995.

Did you go shoppingyesterday?

I play basketball everySunday.

Do you do any sports?

Its cloudy. I think itwill rain .

CONTINUOUS

Form: be+ -ingUse: action in

progress

We were having anEnglish class when weheard the noise.

I am working ! Dontdisturb me now.

I will be attending theOpen Office seminarthis time next week.

PERFECT

Form: have+ -ed/ppUse: actioncompleted

I had already leftwhen you called forme. Had you washed yourhands before cleaningthe wound?

Have you ordered thebook thru theAmazon?

In 5 yrs time, I willhave finished mystudies


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Verb forms (1)

1. By the end of the year, she ___ with a degree in business. (alreadygraduate)

2. As soon as I ___ home, it started to rain heavily. (get)3. We ___ the chance to visit many museums in Paris last vacation.

(have)4. I ___ on this project for days without success. (work)5. I ___ hard until I pass the TOEFL. (study)

6. Next month we ___ our 5th wedding anniversary. (celebrate)7. He ___ to class this morning because he was sick. (come)8. He denied ___ it on purpose. (do)9. ___ a UFO? (see)10. Whenever I ___ to my boss, I get butterflies in my stomach. (talk)11. They ___ together for five years when they decided to get married.

(be)12. While the reporter ___ the policeman, the robber escaped.

(interview)13. She ___ extremely quiet since her husband died. (be)


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Verb forms (2)

14. She ________ a headache for several hours. (have)15. I _______ a movie when you called last night. (watch)16. Do you think it _______ tomorrow? (rain)17. Where's Tom? He said he _______ here at 4:30 PM. (be)18. If I _______ so much coffee, I wouldnt be able to sleep. (drink)19. I recommend that Bob _______ much more if he wants to pass all

his classes. (study)20. I'm really looking forward to _______ a vacation! (take)21. I'm hungry because I _______ breakfast or lunch. (have)22. He can't send e-mail because he _______ a modem for his

computer. (not get)23. By the time I got to Lucy's house, she _______ for work. (already

leave)


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Verb forms ANSWERS

1. By the end of the year, she WILL HAVE GRADUATED with a degree in business.

2. As soon as I GOT home, it started to rain heavily.

3. We HAD the chance to visit many museums in Paris last vacation.

4. I HAVE BEEN WORKING on this project for days without success.

5. I WILL STUDY hard until I pass the TOEFL.

6. Next month we WILL CELEBRATE our 5th wedding anniversary.

7. He DID NOT COME to class this morning because he was sick.

8. He denied DOING it on purpose.

9. HAVE YOU SEEN a UFO?

10. Whenever I HAVE TO talk to my boss, I get butterflies in my stomach.

11. They HAD BEEN together for five years when they decided to get married.12. While the reporter WAS INTERVIEWING the policeman, the robber escaped.

13. She HAS BEEN extremely quiet since her husband died.

14. She HAS HAD a headache for several hours.

15. I WAS WATCHING a movie when you called last night.

16. Do you think it WILL RAIN tomorrow?

17. Where's Tom? He said he WOULD BE here at 4:30 PM.

18. If I HAD DRUNK so much coffee, I WOULDNT be able to sleep.19. I recommend that Bob STUDIES much more if he wants to pass all his classes.

20. I'm really looking forward to TAKING a vacation!

21. I'm hungry because I HAVE NOT HAD breakfast or lunch.

22. He can't send e- mail because he HASNT GOT a modem for his computer.

23. By the time I got to Lucy's house, she HAD ALREADY LEFT for work.


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Reported Speech


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We use reported speech when we are saying what otherpeople say, think or believe .

He says he wants it.We think you are right.

Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now

you do!When we are reporting things in the present, future or presentperfect we don't change the tense .

He thinks he loves her.I'll tell her you are coming.He has said he'll do it.


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When we tell people what someone has said in the past , wegenerally make the tense 'more in the past'.

1. You look very nice. 2. He works in Siberia.

3. Polly has bought anew car.

4. Jo can't come for theweekend.

5. Paul called and left amessage. 6. I'll give you a hand.

1. I told him he looked very nice.2. She told me he worked in

Siberia.3. She said Polly had bought a

new car.4. She said Jo couldn't come for

the weekend.

5. He told me Paul had calledand had left me a message.6. He said he would give me a

hand.


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Indirect questions

"What time isit?""Why hasn't hecome?"When will yoube arriving?"

"What wereyou doing?"

He asked me what time itwas.She wondered why he hadn'tcome.He wanted to know when wewould be arriving.

They questioned him aboutwhat he had been doing.


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Yes/no questions are reported with

if or whether .

Do you want a ride?

Are you coming?

Will you be herelater?

Mike asked me if Iwanted a ride.They wanted to know ifI was coming.

She asked mewhether I would behere later.


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Reported Speech : if the introductory verb is inthe PAST

Present becomes Past

Past becomes PastPerfect

Will becomes WouldThis becomes That

Here becomes There

Now becomes Then


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Indirect questions

1. Who built that enormous bridge? (I wonder...)2. What's Brazil like? (I want to find out...)3. Did Benjamin Franklin write 'Poor Richard's Almanac'? (I can't

remember ....)4. How do you do it? (Can you tell me ...)5. Who did you meet at the party? (I'd like to know ...)

6. How long have you been waiting for me? (I wonder ...)7. What happened to them? (Nobody cares ...)8. How important is that meeting to the company? (Can you tell me ...)9. When was the film produced? (Nobody remembers ...)

10. Have they flown an ultralight too? (I don't know ...)11. What is it called in English? (I can't remember ....)12. Should people be allowed to smoke in public places? (I'd like to

know ....)


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Indirect questions- Answers

1. I wonder who built that enormous bridge.2. I want to find out what Brazil is like.3. I can't remember if Benjamin Franklin wrote 'Poor Richard's

Almanac 4. Can you tell me how you do it.5. I'd like to know who you met at the party.

6. I wonder How long you have been waiting for me.7. Nobody cares about what happened.8. Can you tell me how important that meeting is to the company.9. Nobody remembers when the film was produced.

10. I don't know if they have flown an ultra light too.11. I can't remember what it is called in English.12. I'd like to know if people are allowed to smoke in public places.


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Conditionals


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1a. General truth

If demand is increased, prices alsoincrease.

If supply is increased, prices fall.

IF + PRESENT PRESENT


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2. Unreal/unlikely in thePRESENT

If I were rich, I would travel aroundthe world.

If I won the lotto, I would givesome of the money to charity.

IF + PAST WOULD+INFINITIVE


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3. Unreal in the PAST

If you had come to the facultymeeting yesterday, you would havemet the new head of the department.If I had studied more, I wouldhave finished my studies.

IF+PAST Perf WOULD Have DONE


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Conditionals exercises 1

1. If I (be) stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.2. If we'd seen you, we (stop).3. If we meet him tomorrow, we (say) hello.4. He would have repaired the car himself if he

(have) the tools.5. If you (drop) the vase, it will break.6. If I hadn't studied, I (pass) the exam.7. I (not go) to school by bus if I had a bike.

8. I won't travel to London if I (not get) a cheapflight.

9. We'd be stupid if we (tell) him about our secret.


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Conditionals - exercises 210. If you go out with your friends tonight, I

(watch) the football match on TV.11. I would buy these shoes if they (fit).12. She (come) to our party if she had not been on

holiday.

13. If it had been a home game, our team (win)the match.14. I (earn) a lot of money if I get that job.15. It (not surprise) me if he did not know the

answer.16. If we had listened to the radio, we (hear) thenews.

17. If she (not hurry), we will miss the bus.


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Conditionals - exercises 3

18. If our team (win) the match, they would havemoved up in the league.

19. If he (try) harder, he would reach his goals.

20. If you had switched on the lights, you (not fall)over the chair.


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Conditionals Answers to exercises

1. If I were stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.2. If we'd seen you, we would have stopped .3. If we meet him tomorrow, we'll say hello.4. He would have repaired the car himself if he had had the tools.5. If you drop the vase, it will break.6. If I hadn't studied, I would not have passed the exam.

7. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I had a bike.8. I won't travel to London if I don't get a cheap flight.9. We'd be stupid if we told him about our secret.10. If you go out with your friends tonight, I will watch the football match on TV.11. I would buy these shoes if they fitted.12. She would have come to our party if she had not been on holiday.13. If it had been a home game, our team would have won the match.14. I will earn a lot of money if I get that job.15. It would not surprise me if he did not know the answer.16. If we had listened to the radio, we would have heard the news.17. If our team had won the match, they would have moved up in the league.18. If she does not hurry, we will miss the bus.19. If he tried harder, he would reach his goals.20. If you had switched on the lights, you would not have fallen over the chair.


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Indefinite Articles: a (n) (1)

"A" or "an" signal that the noun modified is

indefinite, referring to any member ofa group , e.g.

"My daughter really wants a dog for

Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don'tknow which dog because we haven't found thedog yet.

"Somebody call a policeman!" This refers toany policeman. We don't need a specificpoliceman; we need any policeman who isavailable.


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Indefinite Article: a(n) (2)

The indefinite article is used to indicatemembership in a group:

I am a teacher. (I am a member of a largegroup known as teachers.)Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a member ofthe people known as Irish.)Seiko is a practicing Buddhist. (Seiko is amember of the group of people known asBuddhists.)


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Definite article: the

It is used before singular and plural nounswhen the noun is specific or particular. Itsignals that the noun is definite, that it refersto a particular member of a group, e.g.

"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talkingabout a specific dog, the dog that bit me."I was happy to see the policeman who saved mycat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman'sname, it's still a particular policeman because it isthe one who saved the cat.


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Geographical use of the

Do use the before:names of rivers, oceans and seas : the Nile,the Mediterranean, the Agean

points on the globe: the Equator, the NorthPole geographical areas: the Middle East, theWest deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: theSahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest,the Iberian Peninsula


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Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns

The can be used with uncountable nouns, orthe article can be omitted entirely. "I love to sail over the water" (some specific body

of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water). "He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some

specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlierthat day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (anymilk).

A/an can be used only with countable nouns. "I need a bottle of water." "I need a new glass of milk."


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A/n vs The

a + singular noun beginning with aconsonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; adog an + singular noun beginning with a

vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; anidiot; an orphan The definite article is used before

singular and plural nouns when thenoun is specific or particular.


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Omission of Articles

Some common types of nouns that don'ttake an article are:

Names of languages and nationalities :Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian ( unless youare referring to the population of the nation :"The Spanish are known for their warmhospitality.")Names of sports : volleyball, hockey, baseball

Names of academic subjects : mathematics,biology, history, computer science

Articles (1)


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Articles (1)

1. This coat was designed by ___ famousNew York artist.

2. Can you tell me how to get to ___ bankfrom here?3. ___ city museum is closed today.4. He is one of ___ smartest people I know.5. I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at

this restaurant.6. ___ milk is good for you.7. Would you like to see ___ movie?8. ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.9. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's

test!10. Do you have ___ dictionary that I can

borrow?


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Articles - ANSWERS


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Articles - ANSWERS

1. This coat was designed by A famous New York artist.2. Can you tell me how to get to THE bank from here?3. THE city museum is closed today.

4. He is one of THE smartest people I know.5. I recommend you eat THE apple pie at this restaurant.6. Milk is good for you.7. Would you like to see A movie?8. AN apple a day keeps THE doctor away.9. I can't believe I failed THE yesterday's test!10. Do you have A dictionary that I can borrow?11. Albert Einstein was A famous scientist.12. Einstein was born in -Germany in 1879.13. Einstein won THE Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.14. Einstein left his country and lived in THE States until he died in 1955.15. Einstein is known for his theory of - relativity.16. Roentgen was A German physicist who discovered x-rays, revolutionizing medical diagnosis.17. Roentgen won THE 1901 Nobel Prize.18. Mandela was born in South Africa.19. Mandela was THE first President elected in - South Africa after THE/- Apartheid was revoked.20. Mandela was imprisoned for - nearly 30 years for his anti-apartheid activities.

21. Mother Teresa was A Roman Catholic nun.22. Mother Teresa became famous for her hard work with THE poor.23. She was THE founder of A order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.24. Mother Teresa lived in - Calcutta, India.25. Mother Teresa received - her Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.


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Make or Do ???? 1

I have to ___ a telephone call. She didn't ___ her best so she felt sad. It was the first time she didn't ___ the beds. She was late so she didn't ___ breakfast for

them.

He ___ the assignment, but forgot to bring it toschool. He has to ___ the housework before he can go. There are so many decisions to ___. Did you ___ a reservation for tonight? Did he ___ the doctor's appointment yet? He was busy ___ the food shopping.


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Make or Do ???? 2 He ___ a lot of research. The people wanted to ___ peace. The children are ___ to much noise. It was a pleasure ___ business with you. I must ___ my homework before I go to bed.

Why does he always ___ a promise and thenbreak it? A famous movie star is going to ___ an

appearance here tonight. I will ___ the dinner dishes.

You can ___ the dinner. You are going to have to ___ some changes

here.


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Make or Do ???? 3 Can you tell me how much money he ___?

Can you ___ me a favour and lend me somemoney? She spends too much time ___ her hair and

nails. I think he is trying to ___ trouble for you.

Hurry up and ___ a decision. I don't know why he's not ___ progress with his

English. Good students hate ___ spelling mistakes.

She'll have her hair ___ before she goes to theparty. Don't ___ so much fuss over having to type the

report again.


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Make or Do ???? 4 They ___ fun of her because she couldn't

pronounce the word correctly. Could you please ___ me a favor? Those two companies don't like to ___ business

with each other. It won't ___ her any harm to stay up a little

later. They ___ a great effort to get what they

wanted. To ___ him justice, we must admit that his

intentions were good. After a few drinks, he often ___ a scene in the

bar. ___ the most of your stay in Paris visiting the

famous museums.


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Make an appearance an appointment breakfast a decision dinner an effort fun of sth fuss about sth a mistake money

noise peace progress promise a reservation a scene a telephone call the beds the most of trouble


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Do an assignment my best

business the dishes me a favour my hair

harm homework

housework justice research shopping

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