Grammar booki

Libro de GramaticaEspañol 2

Sra. Linares

Nazaret

Table of Contents1. nacionalidades 14. verbos reflexivos

2. stem-changing verbs 15. Tú comandos afirmativas+negativas+irregulares

3. para 16. los adverbios-mente

4. adjetivos 17. deber+ otro verbos modales

5. obejto colocación pronombre 18. participios pasados como adejtivos

6. pronombre de obejto directo 19. pretérito

7. pronombre obejto indirecto 20. presente progresivo

8. ser vs. estar

9. ísimo(a) y g/c/z

10. verbos como gustar

11. palabras afirmativas y negativas

12. pero vs. sino

13. DOP/IOP/SE

Nacionalidades1. Guatamalteco/a

2. Panameño/a

3. Cubaño/a

4. Mexicano/a

5. Salvadoreño/a

6. Costarricense

7. Dominicano/a

8. Colombiano/a

9. Guineano/a

10. Nicaragüense

11. Puertorriqueño/a

11. Venezolano/a

12. Ecuartoriano/a

13. Peruano/a

14. Paraguayo/a

15. Chileno/a

16. Boliviano/a

17. Argentino/a

18. Español/a

19. Uruguayo/a

20. Hondureño/a

21. Guineano/a

Stem Changing Verbs

o ue

u

ue

i

ie

e

i

Nosotros and Vosotros forms never change in stem.

Jugar

juego

juegas

juega

jugamos

jugaís

juegan

Parameans for or in order to

added to infintive to express the purpose of doing something

mainly indicates purpose or destination unlike it's similar counter preposition, por, which is more commonly used as ''for''

also used as personal reaction

ex. 1. Necesito un zapato para mí mamá,2. Estudia para dentista, 3.Salimos para Londres

para infinitivepurpose of

doing something

Adjetivos• if adj. or n. ends in a consonant then add ''es'' to make it plural

• if adj. or n. ends in a vowel add ''s'' at the end to make it plural

• if a n. ends in a ''z'' then change it to ''ces'' to make it plural

• change form based on if the word being described is masculine or feminine

Obejto Colocación Pronombre

RULES

attach the pronoun to the progressive tense

attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

attach the pronoun to the infinitive

put the pronoun in front of a conjugated verb

HEADING

List item

List item

List item

Direct Object Pronouns• obj. that directly receives the

action of the verb

• what? or whom?

• usually replaces name of the DO with a pronoun.

• in an affirmative sttement with one verb, DOP comes immediately before the conjugated verb.

IOP

• tell where the DO is going; to whom/what or for whom/what

• if the sentence possesses an infinitive then the IOP can come before the

conjugated verb or attached directly to the end of the infinitive.

• ex. comprarle, te gusta nadar, mirarles

Ser vs. Estar• both mean "to be"

• estar is more permanent and ser is temporary

• ser talks about what something is estar talks about how something is

• estar- position, location, condition, action, emotion

• ser- proffession, occupation, date , characteristic, origion, relation, time

-ísimo• USED TO EXPRESS EXTREMES WITH ADJECTIVES(EX.

FELIZ FELICÍSIMO)

• DROP THE FINAL VOWEL AND ADD ÍSIMO

if adjective ends in g,c,or z then there are spelling changes

g gu

c qu

z c

Verbs like Gustar

requires a DOP

Gusta

Gusto

Gustan

Gustaron

Gustar+infinitive

aburrir- to bore

Affirmative & Negative Words

when talking about an indef. or neg. situation you use an affirmative or negative word

must match gender

if no is before the verb then everything else must be negative, must be a double negative.

Pero vs. Sino• both are for "but" , but are not interchangeable

• sino is for when the next phrase contrasts the first phrase completely

• pero is for when the 2nd phrase further explains the original and does not negate the 1st phrase.

DOP/IOP?SE

IOP

me

te

nos

os

le

les

DOP SE

me me

te te

nos nos

os os

Lo,La se

Los,Las se

Verbos Reflexivospronoun+reflexive object+verb

yo me lavo

lavarse reflexive form

Tú Commands

Affirmative

tù form and drop the ''s''

di,haz,ve,pon,ven,sal,sé,ten

Negative

take yo form and change ending if a to e if e or i then

to a

no digas,no hagas,no vayas,no pongas,no salgas,

no seas,no tengas, no vengas

Los Adverbios(-mente)for adj. with -a or -o ending, add mente to the feminine form

if there are 2 adv. add mente only to the 2nd one

Deber+otro verbos modales

used when there are two or more verbs

other verbs isn't conjugated

ir, poder, deber, tener

ir + a + infinitive is going to do something

Past Participles as Adjectives

drop -ar and add -ado

drop -er or -ir and add -ido

corrido

cantado

Pretérite

-ó -aron

-aste -asteís

-ar verbs

-é -amos

Present Progressiveestar + ando/ iendo/ yendo

describes current action

pronoun can go b4 conjugated form of estar or be attached to participle

E to I stems have vowel change in stem

irregulars -er / -ir change to yendo instead of iendo

http://spanish.about.com/od/prepositions/a/para.htm

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/adj1.htm

http://www.brighthubeducation.com/learning-spanish/32857-indirect-and-direct-object-pronouns-in-spanish/

www.senorjordan.com

https://share.ehs.uen.org/node/8275

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/dopro1.htm

http://slideplayer.us/slide/151964/