Grammar book for spanish

Amelia Olton

1.Nationalities 2.Stem Changers3.Para4.Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6.Gustar7. Affirmative and Negative 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement11. Negative tu command/irregular/pronoun placement12. How to form Tu commands 13.Sequencing events14. Preterite15.Trigger Words 16.Car, Gar, Zar17. Deber+Infinitive18. Modal Verbs 19. Present Progressives 20. Adverbs

Jugar U>UE

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugaís

Juega Juegan

Pedir e>I

Pido Pedamos

Pides Pedaís

Pide Pieden

Dormir O>UE

Duermo Dormimos

Duermes Dormaís

Duerme Duerman

Pensar E>IE

Pienso Pensamos

Piensas Pensaís

Piensa Piensan

Common uses of Para: Para is often

confused with Por which is a rarely

interchanged word for for.

Where Para is used:

To mean "in order to": When used in this

way, it is followed by an infinitive.

To indicate purpose or need

With estar to mean : “to be ready to”

To mean "no later than" or "by”

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

Indirect Object Placement

1.Before the conjugated verb

2.Attached to an infinitive

3.Attached to a gerund

*The Pronouns Le and Les sometimes refer to different indirect objects. To clarify

the difference, they are accompanied by a noun, name, or pronoun.

Example:Mi madre te compró un libro. (My mother bought you a book.)

1.Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive

tense

3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command.

4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated

verb.

Singular

Me (Gusta) Nos (Gusta)

Te (Gusta) Os (Gusta)

Le(Gusta) Les (Gusta)

Plural

Me (Gustas) Nos (Gustas)

Te (Gustas) Os (Gustas)

Le (Gustas) Les (Gustas)

-Even if attached to more than one infinitive, it will remain singular.

You often need to read the sentence backwards: Me gusta el gato.

The cat is liked by me.

*The form of gustar matches the noun, not the speaker.

Algo – something

Alguien -Someone

*Algún/Alguno -some

Siempre -always

También- tampoco

*Alguno must match

the gender of the

noun they replace or

modify.

Nada-Nothing

Nadie- No one

*Ningun/ Ninguno- None, Not

any

Nunca- Never

Tampoco- Neither, either

Ningun must also match the

gender of the noun they

replace or modify.

A double negative is required in

spanish when no preceeds the verb,

except if the negative word comes

before a verb, a second verb is not

needed.

Isímo Isímos/Isímos Isímas

Added to adjectives and adverbs, Equivalent to extremely or very and is placed before an Adjective or verb .

An adjective that is ending in –n or –r are formed by adding cisímo

Adjectives that end in C,G or Z change spellingto que, gu, and c. -Feliz- Felizcisimo

Reflexive verbs are something that one does to themselves such as brushing ones teeth or hair.

Ex: Pepa se lava el pelo. - Pepa washes her hair- Ex: Me levantó - I wash my self

- Reflexive pronouns are used with or without reflexive verbs. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the act

Position of reflexives :

1.. In front of conjugated verb

2. Attached to infinitive

3. Attached to Gerund

4. Attached to infinitive

command.

Affirmative Commands

Give instructions or commands to someone by using Affirmative tu

commands of regular verbs

Caminar/ Camina/ ¡Camina en el parque!

Placement :When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of

the command

Cruza el parque > ¡Cruzalo!

Irregular Commands

Primero haz los quehaceres

First do the chores

Infinitive

Decir

Tu command

Di

Hacer haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

Formed by: Taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding the

appropriate ending.

Infinitive Yo form Negative tu

command

Hablar Hablo No Hables!

Volver Vuelvo No vuelves

Venir

Irregular (Yo Form)

Infinitive: Dar (doy) Command: No le des

mi direccion a nadie

- Dont give my adress to anyone.

Infinitive: Estar Command: No estés triste

-don’t be sad

Placement:

Pronouns precede the verb in

negative commands

1. Affirmatives : Drop the –s

2. Put in Yo form, cange vowel, add-s

3. Affirmative irregulars: Di , Haz, Ven,

Pon, Sal, Se, Ten, Ven

Irregular Commands: Tener No Tengas

Venir No Vengas

Dar/ Decir No des/ digas

Ir No vayas

Ser No seas

Hacer No Hagas

Saber/ Salir No sepas/ salgas

Used to show what events are in whatspecific order.

Primero- FirstEntonces- after luego/después-/ Por Fin then/after / FinallyAntes de/ después de- before that/ after thatPor la mañana/ tarde/ Noche- In/ during the-(

no specific time given) Los lunes etc.- on Monday, or any other day

To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, by dropping the ending (-ar) and add

one of the following:é

asteó

amosasteisaron

Examples:comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comisteis, comieron

To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following:

íisteió

imosisteisieron

Examples: viví, viviste, vivió, vivimos, vivisteis, vivieron

Un DiaUna VezA VerA NocheHace Un AñoYaEl Mes PasadoAnteayerPor Una HoraA LasDos Veces

These changes occur only in YO form.

Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu

Verbs that end in -car change c to qu

Verbs that end in -zar change z to c

Examples:

yo jugué (jugar)

yo busqué (buscar)

yo almorcé (almorzar)

The verb Deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do, use the conjugated form plus an infinitive.

Example: En vez de sacar fotos, debesayudarme.

Deber : Ought to

Debo Debemos

Debes Debéis

Debe Deben

When verbs are used in modal verb combinations, the second verb is not conjugated but rather left in the infinitive form. You would never say no puedo nado.

Deber- Should Desear- to desireNecesitar- to needPoder- can Querer- want Saber- To know Soler- Usually

To form the present participle of regular -ar verbs, add -ando to the stem of the

verb.

Hablando

To form the present participle of regular -er and -ir verbs, add -iendo to the stem of

the verb.

Serviendo

Sometimes you have to change the spelling of a word so that it agrees with the

way it is pronounced

creer: creyendo

To help describe how something is done,

use adverbs. Many adverbs in Spanish are

made by changing an adjective.

- When an Adjective ends in E, I , or Z ,

simply add mente to the end.

Examples: Adjective Adverbs

Reciente – Recent Recientemente

Frecuente- frequent Frequentemente

Facíl- Easy Facílmente

Normal- Normal Normalmente

Especial- Special Especialmente

For adjectives with o or a

endings add mente to the

feminine form. In other

words if it is in masculine

form, change to feminine.