GRAMMAR BOOK COCO CREIGH
GRAMMAR BOOK
COCO CREIGH
TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Preterite2. Trigger Words3. Car/Gar/Zar4. Spock Verbs5. Cucaracha 6. Snake7. Snakey8. Imperfect9. Trigger Words10. Irregulares11. Preterite vs. Imperfect12. Ser vs. Estar13. Verbs Like Gustar14. Comparatives/
Superlatives15. Transition Words16. Future17. Trigger Words
18. Irregulars19. Por20. Para21. Demonstrative
Adjectives22. Demonstrative Pronouns23. Conditional 24. Irregulars25. Perfect Tenses26. Present27. Past28. Present Perfect
Irregulars29. Subjunctive Perfect30. Tan y Tanto31. Impersonal se32. Saber vs. Conocer33. Los Mandatos
34. Informal/ Formal35. Affirmative36. Negative37. Irregular38. DOP & IOP Placement39. Nosotros Commands40. Mono Verbs41. Subjunctive42. Irregulars43. Trigger Phrases44. Impersonal Expressions45. Expressions of Emotion46. Conjunctions of time47. Demonstrative
Adjectives 48. Demonstrative Pronouns
PRETERITE
a completed action in the past (snap shot)
AR e aste o amos aronER/ IR i iste io imos
ieron
TRIGGER WORDS
el dia anterior- the day beforeayer- yesterdayla semanapasada- last weekel fin de semanapasada- last weekendel mespasado- last monthanoche- last nightya- alreadyanteayer- day before yesterday
CAR/GAR/ZAR
those tend to have changes to their ends in conjugation in subjunctive form
car quegar guezar ce this one does it for habit not
becuase it has to for pronunciation
SPOCK VERBS
the verbs Ir (to go) and ser (to be) are conjugated the same way
fui fuimosuiste fuisteis fue fueronthe verb hacer (to make or do) is conjugated
differently from the rest of the “Spock” verbshice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hizo
hicieronthe verbs dar (to give) and ver (to see) are
also conjugated the same way
CUCARACHAandar- anduvestar- estuvpoder- pudeponer-pusquerer-quissaber- suptener- tuvvenir- vinconducir- condujcroducir- produjtraducir- tradujdecir- dijtraer-traj
Eisteimosisteisieron“j” verbs drop the “I”- eron
SNAKE VERBS
stem changers in the preteriteonly change in the 3rd person
ex. dormirdurmió
SNAKEY VERBS
stem changers in the preteritechange only in the 3rd personY is added
ex. leer-leye
IMPERFECT
actions repeated habituallyactions that “set the stage”another past actiontelling timestating agemental statesphysical statesto describe characteristics of people, things, or
conditionsAR aba abas aba ábamosaban
ER/IR ia ias ia iamos ian
TRIGGER WORDS
a veces- sometimesmientras- whilecadadía- everydaya menudo- oftenmuchas veces- many timestodos los días- everydaysiempre- alwaysfrecuentemente- frequently
IRREGULARS
decir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr
PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT
preterite
irregulars- ir, ser, verno definite beginning or end
imperfect
irregulars- spock, cucarachadefinite beginning or end
SER VS. ESTAR
serD-descriptionO-originC-characteristicsT-timeO-occupationR-relationshipP-physical characteristicsE-eventD-date
estarH-health E-emotional L-location P-physical appearance I -ando N -ando G -ando
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
show emotions about somethingpronouns go before verb
ex. Me gusta chicas.if object is plural, add n
ex. Les encantan las chicas.me te le nos les
COMPARATIVES/ SUPERLATIVES
show a relationship between two things
comparatives use que, superlatives de
TRANSITION WORDS
aunque- even thoughtambién- alsomientras- whilea pesar de- inspite of por lo tanto- thereforesin embargo- nevertheless
FUTURE
used to tell what “will” happenadd endings to infinitive
ex. hablaréé ás á emos án
TRIGGER WORDS
mañanaen el futuroen el díapróximoen el añopróximo
IRREGULARS
decir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr
é ás á emos án
POR
passing through- portalgeneral rather than specific location-
portugalhow long something lasts- poreverthe cause of something- porposean exchange- import/exportdoing something in place of someone
elsea means of transportation
PARA
for whom something is done- surprise paraty
destination- paraguaypurpose for which something is done-
parachuteto express an opinion- paradon (me)to compare/contrast- comparasonidea or deadline- paramedic
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
describe a nouneste- thisese- thataquel- that one over there
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
describe a nounesto- this matter, this thingeso- that matter, that thingaquello- that matter/thing over there
CONDITIONAL
expresses probability, possibility, or conjecture
“would”ía ías ía íamos ían
IRREGULARS
same as future irregularsdecir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr
PERFECT TENSES
helping verb + past participlethere are three main perfect tenses:
present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect
portray an action or state as completed and not in progress, from a different point of view
PRESENT
present tense of haber w/ past participle
“has” or “have”ex. He comido.
he has ha hemos han
PAST
“had”ex. habíavivido
había habías había habíamoshabían
PRESENT PERFECT IRREGULARS
hemospuesto- we have puthan escrito- they have writtenhe abierto- I have openedha muerto- she has diedhan visto- you all have seenha dicho- you (formal) have saidhas vuelto- you have returnedhemoshecho- we have done
SUBJUNCTIVE PERFECT
compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb
TAN & TANTO
tan
forming comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs:tan + adj(adverb) + como
tanto
forming comparisons of equalities with nouns:tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
IMPERSONAL SE
verbs always 3rd person and followed by a direct object
se + 3rd person singularex. Se hablaespañol.
SABER VS. CONOCER
saber
to know factsinformationhow to do something something by heart
conocer
to know to be familiar with peopleplacesthings
LOS MANDATOS
used to directly address someone and give them an order
can be formal or informalcan be nosotroscan be affirmative or negative
INFORMAL/FORMAL
informal
use the present indicative Ud. form in the affirmitive
use the present subjunctive tú form in the negative
formal
use the present subjunctive forms
AFFIRMATIVE
the affirmative tú commands are not based on the subjunctive
there is however, a list of verbs that are irregular in the affirmative tú command form that you must learn.
NEGATIVEto make a sentence negative, place the word "no" before the verbalgo (something)nada (nothing)alguien (somebody)nadie (nobody)algún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (some, something)ningún (-o, -a, -os, -as) (no, none)siempre (always)nunca (never) jamás (never, ever)también (also)tampoco (neither, not either)o . . . o (either . . . or)ni . . . ni (neither . . . nor)
IRREGULARS
decir-dirhacer-harponer-pondrsalir-saldrteneqr-tendrvaler-valdrvenir-vendrpoder-podrquerer-querrsaber-sabrcaber-cabrhaber-habr
DOP & IOP PLACEMENT
placed before verbanswer the questions of who? & what?
placed before verb answer the questions of to whom? & for whom?
NOSOTROS COMMANDS
used when speaker is included, used to express lets + verb
opposite nosotros endingex. Comamosallí.
for negative, just add no before verb
MONO VERBS
with affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –seex. Sentemos + nos = sentémonos
but with negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verbex. No nossentemos
SUBJUNCTIVE
used to express everything but certainty and objectivity
start w/ “yo” form of present indicative, drop the –o ending, and addthe following endings
for stem-changers, formula applies but no stem change in nosotrosex. Piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen
for –ir stem changing verbs, the formular applies except nosotros changes to o:U, E:Iex. Durmamos, sintamos, pidamos
IRREGULARScar, gar, zarsTvdishes
ex. dardédesdédemosdenex. estarestéestésestéestemosesténex. irvayavayasvayavayamosvayanex. serseaseasseaseamossean
TRIGGER PHASESa menosque…antes que…cuando…dudarque…en cuanto…es buenoque…es imposibleque…es maloque…quererque… sin que… negarque… hastaque… en raroque… es mejorque… es posibleque… esperarque…
IMPERSONAL EXPRESSIONS
triggers of the subjunctive
EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTIONS
Verbs/expressions of will or want which express an order, a need, a piece of advice, or a desire:
aconsejar que to advise decir que to tell dejar que to let allow desear que to desire that es hora que it's time that es importante que it is important that es necesario que it is necessary that esperar que to hope that
CONJUCTIONS OF TIME
present Subjunctive - incompleted actionsa menos queantes de quecon tal de quedespués de quehasta quemientras quetan pronto como
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
describe a nouneste- thisese- thataquel- that one over there
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
describe a nounesto- this matter, this thingeso- that matter, that thingaquello- that matter/thing over there