Grammar book due december

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title

Table of Contents

1) Nationalities

2) Stem-changing Verbs

3) Para

4) Adjectives

5) Object Pronoun

Placement

6) Direct Object Pronouns

7) Indirect Object Pronouns

8) Ser vs. Estar

9) -isimo(a) and g/c/z

10) Verbs Like Gustar

11) Affirmative and Negative

Words

12) Pero vs. Sino

13) DOP/IOP/SE

14) Reflexive verbs

15) Tú commands affirmative +

negative + irregulars

16) Los Adverbios –mente

17) Deber + other modal verbs

18) Past Participles as

Adjectives

19) Preterite

20) Present Progressive

Last slide is Works Cited

Mexicano

Español

Guineano

Canadiense

Estadouniden

se

Norteamerican

o

Italiano

Francés

Inglés

NATIONALITIES

STEM-CHANGING VERBS

Duermo Dormimos

Duermes Dormís

Duerme Duermen

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugáis

Juega Juegan

Quiero Queremos

Quieres Queréis

Quiere Quieren

Pido Pedimos

Pides Pedís

Pide Piden

PARA

ADJECTIVESADJECTIVE RULES:::

When using adjectives that end in -o, you need to pay attention to the noun; it will

either be singular or plural, masculine or feminine. Then you have to match the

adjective to the noun’s.

EXAMPLE: el chico alto… la chica alta… los chicos altos… las chicas altas

When using adjectives that end in -e, it will not change depending on if it is

masculine or feminine; it will only change if the noun is singular or plural.

EXAMPLE: el chico inteligente… la chica inteligente… los/las chicos(as) inteligentes

Similarly, most adjectives that end in a consanant do not change depending on

masculine or feminine; for these, you just add -es on the end.

EXAMPLE: el chico popular los chicos populares

OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT

Can be placed at the end of

infinitive

In front of progressive tense verb

At the end of affirmative command

Can be before conjugated

verb

DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

Direct objects answer “WHAT?” or “WHOM?”

It matters if the direct object is going to be masculine (lo/los) or feminine

(la/las).

Can come immediately before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of

an infinitive.

EXAMPLE: María tiene el libro. = María has the book.

María lo tiene. = María has it.

The direct object changes gender depending on the noun.

EXAMPLE: María tiene la pluma. = María has the pen.

María la tiene. = María has it.

As you can see, the

sentence still has the

same meaning even

though they are different

genders.

INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

Indirect objects answer “TO WHOM?” or “FOR WHOM?”

Indirect objects do not have genders, but there are singular/plural

differences.

Can be used before a conjugated verb, attached to the end of an infinitive,

or between no and a conjugated verb.

EXAMPLE: Juan nos compra un regalo. = John buys us a gift.

When using le/les, it is unclear so you usually add a prepositional phrase at

the end to clarify.

EXAMPLE: Juan no le compra una olla a su madre. = John does not buy a pot

for his mom.

SER VS. ESTAR

-ISIMO AND G/C/Z

To express extremes

with adjectives, drop

the final vowel and add

the ending –ísimo

The adjective must

agree in gender and

number with the noun it

modifies

• Rico(a) riquisimo(a)

c qu

• Largo(a) larguisimo(a)

g gu

• Feliz felicisimo(a)

z c

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

Me gusta Nos gusta

Te gusta Os gusta

Le gusta Les gusta

These kinds of verbs have changing pronouns in front.

Also, the verb changes to él/ella/Ud. Form or ellos/ellas/Uds. Form

(depending on the subject)

More of these verbs are:

o Aburrir

o Fascinar

o Importar

o Interesar

o Alegrar

o Disgustar

o Faltar

o Encantar

o Molestar

o Quedar

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS

Must match gender and number

If no comes before the verb, words that follow must be negative.

However, if a negative word like nunca or nadie comes before the verb, a second

negative is not needed

PERO VS. SINO

Both

Are

Connecting

words

DOP/IOP/SE

When both pronouns begin with “l” and they are right next to each other,

change the first pronoun to “se”.

Doing this avoids the tongue-twister of “les las” or “les los” because instead

you say “se las” or “se los”.

Le lo = se lo

Le la = se la

Le los = se los

Le las = se las

Les lo = se lo

Les la = se la

Les los = se los

Les las = se las

REFLEXIVE VERBS

Reflexive pronouns are used to show that the subject of the sentence

receives the action of the verb

You conjugate it normally but you also conjugate the pronoun before it.

Karina se lava.

• Karina washes herself.

Karina lava el carro.

• Karina washes the car.

Me lavo Nos

lavamos

Te lavas Os laváis

Le lava Les lavan

Lavarse–to wash oneself

TÚ COMMANDS AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE +

IRREGULARS AFFIRMATIVE: Change to 3rd person singular form

NEGATIVE: Change to yo form and put opposite ending with added -s

• Hablo Hables

• Vuelvo Vuelvas

IRREGULAR:

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

LOS ADVERBIOS & -MENTE

+change adjective to feminine form

+add mente on end

+when you have two adverbs, the second one takes the mente

IRREGULARS:

Mucho- a lot

Muy- bad

Bastante-

quite/enough

Bien- good/well

Ya- already

Tan- so

Demasiado- too

Nunca- never

Peor- worse

Poco- little

Siempre- always

normalmenteNormal

cuidadosamenteCuidadoso(

a) lentamenteLento(a)

Normally

Carefully

Slowly

DEBER + OTHER MODAL VERBS

Deber + Infinitive

• Should/Ought to do something

Tener + Infinitive

Soler + Infinitive

• To be accustomed to something

• To have to do something

When modal verbs are used in combos: the 2nd verb is not conjugated

PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

Drop –ar ending and add –ado

Drop –er/-ir ending and add –ido

Make sure it matches in gender and number.

• EX: La puerta esta cerrada.

- The door is closed.

IRREGULARS:

PRETERITE

--car ending preterite verbs will change

to –que in order to keep the hard ‘c’

sound

Below are the ways you conjugate

verbs to the past tense (Preterite)

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Can attach a pronoun to

the end of the verb or

before the conjugated

estar

IRREGULARS:

leer leyendo

oír oyendo

traer trayendo

pedir pidiendo

servir sirviendo

decir diciendo

dormir durmiendo

venir viniendo

WORKS CITED"Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Used Together." StudySpanish. Study Languages, 2014. Web.

8 Dec. 2014. <http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/iodopro.htm>.

"Direct Object Pronouns: Part 1." StudySpanish.com. Study Languages, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.

<http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/dopro1.htm>.

Erichsen, Gerald. "Using the Preposition 'Para.'" About Education. N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Sept. 2014.

<http://spanish.about.com/od/prepositions/a/para.htm>.

"Indirect Object Pronouns: Part 1." StudySpanish.com. Study Languages, n.d. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.

<http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/iopro1.htm>.

"Past Participles as Adjectives." Images.Slideshare. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://images.slideplayer.us/2/308122/slides/slide_4.jpg>.

"Pero Vs. Sino." Enforex. Enforex, 2014. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.

<http://www.enforex.com/language/pero-sino.html>.

"Spanish Adjectives: Part 1." StudySpanish.com. Study Languages, 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.

<http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/adj1.htm>.