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Grammar Book Cristina Coleman 1 st period
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Grammar Book

Cristina Coleman

1st period

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Table of Contents!1. Present Tense (ar/er/ir)

2 Stem Changers

3 Irregular „yo‟ verbs

4 Saber vs. Conocer

5 Reflexives

6 „Se‟ impersonal

7 Dipthongs with accents ?

8 Verbs Like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir

9 Hace + time + que + presente/preterite

10. Imperfecto

11. Preterite(car/gar/zar, Spock, cucaracha, snakey), etc)

12. Comparatives

13. Superlatives

14. Future Tense (and irregular)

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Presente -ar, -er, -ir

-ar

o

as

a

amos

áis

an

-er

o

es

e

emos

éis

en

-ir

o

es

e

imos

ís

en

I

You

He/She/It

We

Them

You all

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Stem changers

• Stem changing verbs change inside the boot.

e -> ie Perder -> Pierdo

e -> i Pedir -> Pido

o -> ue Dormir -> Duermo

u -> ue Jugar -> Juego

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Irregulars -go, -zco, -oy

-GoOigo (oir)

Hago (hacer)

Pongo (poner)

-Zco

(cer/cir)

Conozco (conocer)

Conducir

Producir

-OySer

Estar

Dar

Ver

Saber

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Saber vs. Conocer

Saber is used when you know facts.

- Names of books, music, titles, etc.

Conocer is used when you know people.

- Names, families, etc.

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reflexives• Me

• Te

• Se

• Nos

• Os

• Se

These can hook onto infinitives.

“El tiene que lavarse.”

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'se' impersonalSe + verb (in 3rd person singular) + singular direct object

Ejemple: Se habla inglés en Inglaterra.

Se + verb (in 3rd person plural) + plural direct object

Ejemple: Se venden zapatos en las zapaterías.

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Ser vs. EstarSER

‘ser’ refers to a permanent condition, mood, or physical

characteristic.

Conjugations:

Soy

Eres

Es

Somos

Son

“Me llamo Cristina! Soy de Atlanta.”

“El chico es muy estupido.”

Estar‘estar’ refers to a temporary

condition, mood, or physical appearance.

Conjugations:

Estoy

Estás

Está

Estámos

Están

“Estoy muy cansado.”

“Lorena estáhumilde y simpatica.”

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Dipthongs with accents• These are in the present tense.

•Work on this one!!!!!

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hace + time + que + present tense

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verbs like -uir/-guir, -cer/-cir, -ger/gir

• uir/guir: in present tense, verbs ending in –uir have a ‘y’ except for ‘nos’and ‘vos’. Constuyo

Construyes

Construye

Construimos

Construis

Construyen

Ger-Gir

In present tense, ‘yo’ switches from ‘g’ to ‘j’.Cojo

Coges

Coge

Cogemos

Cogeis

Cogen

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Preterite

• Known beginning and/or end.• Past tense• “snapshot” of time.

• E• Aste• O• Amos• Aron

IIsteIoImosieron

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Regular Conjunctives

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irregular conjunctive

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Imperfecto!

• Imperfecto is a form of

past-tense.• -AR imperfect.

• Aba

• Ábamos

• Abas

• Abais

• Aba

• Aban

• -ER/IR Imperfect

• Ía

• íamos

• Ías

• ías

• Ía

• Ían

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Preterite : car/gar/zar

Car

Qué

Aste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Gar

Gué

Gaste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

Zar

Aste

Ó

Amos

Asteis

Aron

These only change in first person!

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Preterite: Spock Verbs

Ir/Ser

Fui

Fuiste

Fue

Fuimos

Fueron

Dar/Ver

D/V I

D/V iste

D/V io

D/V imos

D/V ieron

Hacer

Hice

Hiciste

Hizo

Hicimos

Hicieron

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Cucarachas-é

-iste

-o

-imos

-ieron

-(“I” verbs -i)

Andar : anduv-Estar : estv-Poder : pud-Poder : Pus-Querer : Quis-Saber : Sup-Tener : Tuv-Venir : vin-

Conducir : conduj-

Producir : produj-

Traducir : traduj-

Decir : dij-

Traer : traj-

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Preterite: Snakes & Snakey

• Snakes and Snakeys are in the past tense.

• Snakeys are used when three vowels are in a row. You replace ‘i’ with ‘y’.

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trigger words

• Words that elude to the use of a preteriteterm.

• ayer

• anoche

• anteayer

• la semana pesada

• cada dia

“Ayer, yo comí muchas fresas para la cena.”

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Comparatives:used to compare one thing to another.

Equality: ‘tan’ + adjective/adverb + como

Inequality: mas/menos + adj/adv/noun + que

*When using numbers, use ‘de’, not ‘que’.

Tan = so

Tanto = so much

Tantos/as = so many

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SuperlativesEl/la/los/las +

Noun +

Adjective +

De =

Esta es la mujerMasBonita

De todas

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El Futuro.

• Ir + a + infinitive = the immediate future!

– “Voy a caminar”-I’m going to walk”.

However, if you “will” do something, there’s a selection of endings

that refer to the future.

-é-ás-á-emos-án

“Simpre te amaré.” = I will always love you.

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Irregular Future

• Decir Dir- to say• Haber Habr- to be, to have (helping verb)• Hacer Har- to make, do• Poder Podr- to be able• Poner Pondr- to put, place, set• Querer Querr- to want, love• Saber Sabr- to know a fact, how• Salir Saldr- to leave, go out• Tener Tendr- to have• Valer Valdr- to be worth• Venir Vendr- to come

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Preterite vs. Imperfect (not yet)