Grammar book

GRAMMAR BOOKPor: Bruno Matlock Clase: 1st

Table of Contents 1. Nationalities

2. Stem-Changing Verbs (all 4 classes)

3. Para

4. Adjectives

5. Object Pronoun Placement

6. DOP (Direct Object Pronoun)

7. IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)

8. ser vs. estar (all in one page)

9. -ísimo(a), and g/c/z

10. Verbs like gustar

11. Affirmative and Negative Words

12. pero vs. sino

13. DOP/IOP/SE

14. Reflexive verbs

15. Tú commands affirmative + negative + irregulars

16. los adverbios-mente

17. deber + other modal verbs

18. past participles as adjectives

19. preterite

20. Present Progressive Tense

Nacionalidades

Mexicano Paraguayo Guatemalteco Boliviano Hondureño Chileno Salvadoreño Argentino Nicaragüense Uruguayo Costarricense Español Panameño Guineano Cubano Canadiense Dominicano

Estadounidense Puertorriqueño norteamericano Venezolano italiano Ecuatoriano Francés Colombiano Inglés Peruano Latino

Mexico Paraguay Guatemala Bolivia Honduras Chile El Salvador

Argentina Nicaragua Uruguay Costa Rica Spain Panama Guinea Cuba Canada Dominican Republic United

States Puerto Rico North

America Venezuela Italy Ecuador France Colombia England Peru Mexico

Nationality Country

Stem-Changing Verbs

E-IE (Querer) O-UE(Soñar) Quiero Queremos Sueño

Soñamos Quieras Quereís Sueñas Soñaís Quiera Quieren Sueña Sueñan

E-I(Repetir) I-IE(Inquirir) Repito Repetimos Inquiero

Inquirimos Repites Repetís Inquieres Inquirís Repite Repiten Inquiere Inquieren

Para Para is used with an infinitive verb to

express the purpose of doing something. Reasons for using Para:

P- urpose

R-ecipient

O-pinion

D-estination

D-eadline

S-tandard

Examples: • Trabajamos para ganar dinero.• We work to earn money.

• Coma las legumbres para la salud.

• Eat vegetables to be healthy.

Adjectives

Adjectives are descriptive words frequently used to describe nouns.

They can describe color, eyes, hair, height, personality, etc.

• Adjectives also need to match different things about the noun including:

• Masculine/Feminine• Singular/Plural• Adjectives that end in -o

have four forms: alto, alta, altos, altas

• Adjectives that end in -e have two forms: inteligente, inteligentes

• Most adjectives that end in a consonant have two forms: popular, populares (form plural by adding -es)

Example: la chica popularel chico popularlas chicas populareslos chicos populares

Object Pronoun Placement An “object of a preposition”

pronoun is by definition placed after a preposition, but the other two types of object pronouns and the reflexive pronouns all go in the same place. Because it is common to use more than one of these pronouns at a time, you must know what order to follow

RID A Reflexive pronoun is in front of an Indirect object

pronoun, and a Direct object is the last pronoun.

La señora Gómez enseña las lecciones. (Mrs. Gomez teaches the lessons.)

DOP(Direct Object Pronouns) The Direct object always comes before the verb in Affirmative sentences.

Yo te quiero. (I love you.)Tú me quieres. (You love me.)

In the case of infinitives and present participles you either can attach the direct object pronoun to the end of the verb, or you can put it before the first verb.

Voy a hacerla. / La voy a hacer. (I am going to do it.)Estoy limpiándola. / La estoy limpiando. (I am cleaning it.)

me (me)te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)

IOP(Indirect Object Pronoun) Me (Yo) Nos(Nosotros)

Te (Tu) Os(Vosotros) Le(El, Ella, Usted) Se(Ellos,

Ellas, Ustedes)List of Indirect Object Pronouns

My mother writes me every week.DO=letter (understood)IO=me(My mother writes me a letter every week.)She told him.DO=it (understood)IO=him(She told it to him.)

Notice that the English definition for each indirect object includes "to/for" since they always indicate where the object is going.

Ser v. Estar

Ser:            physical

description, personality and character, nationality, race, gender, profession, origin

TODO- Time Origin Date Occupation

Temporary

Similarities:Verb means to

be.

Estar:Feelings/moods/emotions, physical conditions or appearances, location of things and people.LOCO- LOcation COnditionPermanent

-ísimo(a), and g/c/z

• To intensify the meaning of adjectives. Use the suffix ísimo

• ísimo = extremely To Add ísimo to an

ADJECTIVE . . . Remove the final

vowel Add ísimo Make sure the ísimo

agrees with the noun in gender and number

Ex: ALTO --> ALT- --> ALTÍSIMO

Irregulars . . . If after taking off the last vowel, if the adjective ends in a: C -QU (the C must have a K sound) BLANCO - blanquísimo G -GU LARGO - larguísimo Z -CFELIZ - felicísimo

Verbs like GustarCommon Verbs like Gustar

aburrir to bore faltarto be lacking

agradar to pleasefascinar

to fascinate

alegrar to gladdenfastidiar

to annoy

apasionar to lovegustar

to please

apetecer to feel likehacer falta

to be missed

atraer to attractimportar

to matter

bastarto be enough

interesar

to interest

caber to fit, to fillmolestar

to bother

convenirto be better for

parecer

to appear to be

corresponderto be responsible for

picar to itch

costar to costpreocupar

to worry

disgustar to disgustquedar

to remain

doler to hurtrepugnar

to disgust

encantar to delightsobrar

to be left over

extrañar to surprise tocarto be responsible for

These verbs all have indirect objects which require an indirect object pronoun (in most cases). Sentences may begin or end with the indirect object and may or may not include the preposition “a” plus a pronoun or noun. The verb is always conjugated to match the subject noun while the person is identified by the indirect object pronoun. If the sentence begins with an indirect object, the emphasis is placed on the person.

 Me agrada su visita. (I am pleased by your visit.)   •    ¿Os interesaría ir al cine? (Are you interested in going to the movies?)   •    A nosotros nos molesta el ruido. (We are bothered by the noise.)   •    A muchas mujeres les encantan los cuentos de amor. (Many women really like love stories.)

Affirmative and Negative Words

Algo Something Nada Nothing Ni Neither,

Nor Siempre Always Nunca Never Nadie None Alguien Someone Alguno Some Ninguno Not any

Alguno and ninguno must match the gender and number of the noun they replace or modify. Note that alguno changes to algún when used before masculine singular nouns.Similarly, ninguno changes to ningún when used before masculine singular nouns.

Alguno de ellos. (One of them.)Un hombre está lavando su coche. (A man is washing his car.) Algunos de los muchachos. (One of the boys.)Algunos hombres están lavando el coche. (Some men are washing the car.)

Examples

Pero v. Sino

We use "pero" to join two contrasting idea when the second phrase does not negate the first. Instead, you can think of it as adding on to the first idea. See below:

No soy española, pero hablo bien el idioma.(I'm not Spanish, but I speak the language well.) Hace frío, pero también hace sol. (It's cold out, but it's also sunny.) Estudiar no es divertido, pero es necesario. (Studying isn't fun, but it's necessary.)

We use sino, on the other hand, is used generally in negative sentences in which the second phrase negates or corrects the first. The equivalent in English would be "but rather" or "but on the contrary". Hoy no voy a estudiar biología, sino matemáticas. (Today I'm not going to study biology, but rather math.)

Pero Sino

Similar: BUT

DOP/IOP/SE me (me)

te (you-familiar)lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)

nos (us)os (you-all-familiar)los, las (them, you-all-formal)

The Direct object always comes before the verb in Affirmative sentences.

Me(Yo)Te (Tu)Le(El, Ella, Usted)Nos(Nosotros)Os(Vosotros)Se(Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes)

Notice that the English definition for each indirect object includes "to/for" since they always indicate where the object is going.

The 'se' form of the indirect object pronoun can either refer to a third person singular or plural when both (direct and indirect object) pronouns are used.

Passive “se”: Levantarse, Despertarse( To wake up)Reciprical “Se”: Mirarse, Verse(To look, to see)

DOP IOPSE

Reflexive Verbs

A.K.AMIRROR VERBS

Reflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate that a person is performing the action toward or for him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish. Many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well.Me ducho cada mañana. (I

shower (myself) every morning.)Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself).)Se hablaba.  (He was talking to himself.)Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.)

Tu Commands Affirmative, Negative, Irregulars

• Commands that give order or advice

• It is formed by taking

the tu form of the verb

and dropping the “S”

AffirmativeDi, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten ven ( Decir, Hacer, Ir, Poner, Salir, Ser, Tener, Venir)TVDISHES

Des/Digas, vayas, seas, hagas, estes, sepas, tengas, vengas (Same Verbs)

Negative• Command

s that give order or advice.

• Telling somebody not to do something

• Fromed by putting into the yo form changing the vowel and adding an “s”

IRREGULARS

Los adverbios-mente

When two or more adverbs

modify the same verb

the last one takes the -

mente

Mucho- a lotMuy- veryMal-badBastante-quite/enough Ya-alreadyBien-good Deasiado-too Nunca- neverPoco- little Peor-worse Siempre- always

Irregular adverbs

1. Add- mente to the end of the verb to create adverbs.2. If it ends in a –o it always changes to the feminine (a).1. Reciente

(recently)2. Frecuente

(Frequent)

EXAMPLES

1. Receintemente (recently)

2. Frecuentemente (Frequently)

Modal Verbs Modal Verbs should be conjugated

and placed in front of a non-conjugated, or infinitive, verb.

Should be used with an infinitive all the time.

Modal verbs Examples: Desear- to need

Ellos desean dormir. Deber-Ought to

Tú debes quitar la ropa.

Past participles as Adjectives Drop –ar ending and add –ado Drop –er or –ir ending and add

-ido

Even though th

ey end in -o

they

change to

modify

the noun,

because

they are

adjectives!

Examples:La puerta está cerrada.

The door is closed.

Preterite A definite time in the past. Has a beginning and/or ending. Las expressiones para el uso (trigger

words) Ayer, Anoche, El año pasado, La semana

pasada, Ante ayer

-Ar verbs- É -

amos- Aste -

asteios- Ó -

aron

-Er Verbs- Í -imos- Iste -

isteís- Ió -ieron

-Ir Verbs- Í -imos- Iste -

isteís- Ió -ieron

Present Progressive Tense

Spanish –ing’s

Estar

-AR -ER/IR

Irregulars

-AND

O

- IENDO

- YENDO/ Vowel Change

IRR

EG

ULA

RS

Verbs

LeerOir

TraerPedirServirDecir

DormirVenir

Irregular Present

Participle

Works Cited

http://ww2.d155.org/cls/tdirectory/JOrgler/Shared%20Documents/Acc.%20Spanish%20II%20-%202nd%20Semester/Adding%20isimo%20to%20adjectives.pdf

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/adj1.htm

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/foreign-languages/spanish/spanish-ii/pronouns/pronoun-placement\

http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/40

http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/85