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SANCHO HAYES GRAMMAR BOOK Second semester TOC- slide 23
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Page 1: Grammar book

S A N C H O H AY E S

GRAMMAR BOOK

Second semester TOC- slide 23

Page 2: Grammar book

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Nationalities2. Stem changers3. Para4. Adjectives5. Object Pronoun Placement6. DOP7. IOP8. Ser vs. estar9. -isimo10. Verbs like gustar11. Affirmatives and negative words12. Pero vs. sino13. DOP/IOP/Se14. Reflexive verbs15. Tu commands, aff. and neg.16. Adverbs17. Modal verbs18. Past participles as adjectives19. Preterite20. Present Progressive

Page 3: Grammar book

NATIONALITIES

País Nacionalidad

México Mexicano

Guatemala Guatemalteco

Honduras Hondureño

El Salvador Salvadoreño

Nicaragua Nicaragüense

Costa Rica Costarricense

Panamá Panameño

Cuba Cubano

Republica dominicana Dominicano

Puerto Rico Puertorriqueño

Venezuela Venezolano

País Nacionalidad

Perú Peruano

Paraguay Paraguayo

Bolivia Boliviano

Chile Chileno

Argentina Argentino

Uruguay Uruguayo

España Español

Guinea ecuatorial

Guineano

Ecuador Ecuatoriano

Colombia Colombiano

Page 4: Grammar book

STEM CHANGING VERBSO-ue verbs

Ex. poder

puedo podemos

puedes podeis

puede pueden

E-I verbs

Ex. peder

pido pidemos

pides pidéis

pide piden

Page 5: Grammar book

PARA

Physical location

Most often used for

Recipients

Deadlines

Goals

Ex. Viajo por Santiago mañana.

Ex. La Flora es por Kara

Ex. Necesita la presentación por jueves.

Ex. Trabaja mucho por ganar mas dinero.

Page 6: Grammar book

ADJECTIVES

Nouns ending in a vowel +sEl lago los lagos

Nouns ending in a consanant + esEl arbol los arboles

Nouns ending in z -cesEl lapiz los lapices

If adj. ends in a e +sIf adj ends in a consanant +esIf adj is referred to a nationality it must match

BUT las muchachas inglesasLos muchachos ingleses.

Page 7: Grammar book

PRONOUN PLACEMENT

• Attatch the pronoun to the infinitive• Voy a comerlo• 2. Attatch the pn to a progressive• Estoy comiendolo

• attatch the prn to an affirmative command• !Comolo!

• Place the pn b4 a conjugated verb• Lo voy a comer

Page 8: Grammar book

DOP

• Put before the verb or attached to an affirmative command or a present progressive verb. • The object the verb is doing• Ex. Miro la tele La miro

Me NosTe OsLo/la Los/las

Page 9: Grammar book

IOP

• Put before the DOP and the verb• Tells to whom or for whom the verb is talking about• Ex. Doy el lápiz a Spencer. Le doy el lápiz.Me NosTe OsLe Les

Page 10: Grammar book

SER VS ESTAR

Ser Estar• Identify people To be • Physical States/

Conditions

• Used with de to show possession

• Emotional states

• Occupation• Nationalities• What something is made

of• Date• Where/ when an event

takes place• General observations• Mala= bad

• Location/ spatial relationships

• Health• Weather expressions• Ongoing expressions• Variable or changing

characteristics.• Mala= sick

Soy Somos Estoy Estamos

Eres Soís Estas Estaís

Es Son Esta Estan

Page 11: Grammar book

-ISIMO

-isimo is used to express extremes.Ex.-Rico RiquísimoFeliz FelicísimoLargo larguísimo*** g gu

cquzc

Page 12: Grammar book

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

• Usually used with an infinitive• Use pronoun before verb to show subject• Ex. Me gustan los aviones• “me” is not the subject, “los aviones”

are. Verb conjugates depending on the REAL subject not the object in front.• Ex. Me gustas tú.

Page 13: Grammar book

AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS

• Used to talk about indefinite situations or things.• Positive• Algo- something• Alguien- someone• Alguno- any

• Negative• Nada- nothing• Nadie- no one• Ninguno- none

Page 14: Grammar book

PERO VS. SINO

• Pero- using but when not negating the first idea• Ex. No soy español pero hablo bien la lengua.

• Sino- saying two negating things.• Ex. No voy a estudiar español sino

matemáticas.• Sino que- used the same as sino but with two

conjugated verbs.• Ex. No vas al cine sino que come con sus

padres.

Page 15: Grammar book

DOP/IOP/SE

•When using both an IOP and DOP in third person form, use “se” instead of “le” (the IOP)•Doy la regalo a Spencer Se la doy.

Page 16: Grammar book

REFLEXIVE VERBS

• Conjugate the verb• Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated

verb• Ex.- dormirse

Me duermo Nos dormimos

Te duermas Os dormís

Se duerme Se duermen

Page 17: Grammar book

TÚ COMMANDS

Affirmative tú commands-• Change the tú form to third person form• Ex.– ¡comes! ¡come!

Negative tú commands- • Put into yo form• Change to opposite vowel• Add s• Ex. Comes !No Comas!

Page 18: Grammar book

ADVERBS

• Pick an adjective • Add mente• *if it ends in a vowel change it to an a and then add mente• Lento lentamente• Fácil fácilmente• *When there are two adjectives are being used as adverbs only use mente for the second adjective.• Corro fácil y rápidamente.

Page 19: Grammar book

MODAL VERBS

• Always used with an infinitive• Ex. No puedo nadar• Desear- to need• Poder- to be able to• Querer- to want to• Deber- should• Soler- to be accustomed to• Tener que- to have to do something• Ir+a- to go to do something

Page 20: Grammar book

PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES

•Past participles can be used as adjectives•They are usually used with estar•Ex- La puerta está cerrado.•The door is closed.

Page 21: Grammar book

PRETERITE

-é -amos

-aste asteis

-o -aron

-ar verbs

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

-Er/ir verbs

Page 22: Grammar book

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

• Tells what one is doing• Regular-• Ar- ando• Er/ir- iendo• *If it ends in a vowel and is an er/ir add –

yendo• Ex. Leer leyendo, traer trayendo

• For eI

Page 23: Grammar book

SECOND SEMESTER TOC

• 21. preterite + trigger words IYF• 22. car/gar/zar• 23. spock• 24. cucaracha• 25. snake/snakey• 26. superlatives• 27. numbers• 28. hace + time expressions• 29. future• 30. demonstrative adjectives• 31. demonstrative pronouns• 32. ordinal numbers• 33. directional terms/prepositions• 34. imperfect tense IYF• 35. possessive adjectives + pronouns• 36. reflexive pronouns and verbs

Page 24: Grammar book

PRETERITE TRIGGERS

• El dia anterior• The day before

• Ayer• Yesterday

• La semana pasada• Last week

• El fin de semana pasada• Last weekend

• El mes pasado• Last month

• El otro dia• The other day

• Anoche• Last night

-é -amos

-aste

-ó -Aron

-í -imos

-iste

-ió -ieron

Page 25: Grammar book

-CAR -GAR -ZAR PRETERITS

• -Car yo-qué• -Gar yo-gué• -Zar yo-céEx-Sacar saquéPagar paguéEmpezar empecé

Page 26: Grammar book

SPOCK

• 5 verbs- • Dar/ver

• Hacer

• Ir/ser

d/v -i d/v imos

d/v –iste

d/v –io -ieron

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste

Hizo hicieron

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste

Fue fuerom

Page 27: Grammar book

CUCARACHA

Andar- anduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber-supTener- tuvVenir- vinConducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj

-e-iste-o-imos-isteis-ieron

Drop i

Page 28: Grammar book

SNAKE/SNAKEY

Snake Verbs

Only changes in 3rd person

E-i: pedir, preferir,

competir, repetir,

server,venir

O-u: dormir and morir

Snake Verbs

Only changes in 3rd person

I-y: oir

E-y: leer, creer

Page 29: Grammar book

SUPERLATIVES

Most Least

El mas El menos

Los mas Los menos

La mas Las menos

• To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the article• When referring to an idea or concept, use the neutral article, “lo”• Irregular forms

• El/ la major• Best

• El/la peor• Worst

• El/la mayor• Oldest

• El/la menor• Youngest

Page 30: Grammar book

NUMBERS

Cien 100

Doscientos 200

Trescientos 300

Cuatrocientos 400

Quinientos 500

Seiscientos 600

Sietecientos 700

Ochocientos 800

Novecientos 900

Mil 1,000

Un millon 1,000,000

Page 31: Grammar book

HACE + TIME EXPRESSIONS

• To say how long you’ve done something use hace + time expressions• Hace + time + que + activity• Ex- Hace dos años que estudiar español• I have studied Spanish for two years

• *To say how long its been since you’ve done something use no before

Page 32: Grammar book

FUTURE

• To use the future, use the infinitive then add the correct ending• There are irregulars

é emos

ás Éis

á án

Poner pondr-

Salir saldr-

Tener tendr- Venir vendr-

Decir dir- Hacer har-

Haber habr Poder podr-

Querer querr- Saber sabr-

Page 33: Grammar book

DEMONSTRATIVESSingular Masculine

Singular Feminine

Plural Masculine

Plural Feminine

That ese Esa Esos Esas

this Este Esta Estos Estas

That (over there)

Aquel Aquella Aquellos Aquellas

*accent mark denotes pronouns which take the place of a noun

Page 34: Grammar book

ORDINAL NUMBERS

primero 1st

Segundo 2nd

Tercero 3rd

Cuarto 4th

Quinto 5th

Sexto 6th

Séptimo 7th

Octavo 8th

Noveno 9th

Décimos 10th

Último last

Page 35: Grammar book

DIRECTIONAL PREPOSTIONS

• Use almost all with de A la izquierda To the left

A la derecho To the right

Al lado By

Entre Between

Cerca Close

Lejos Far

Delante In front

Detrás Behind

Abajo Below

Arriba Above

Dentro Within

Encima On top

Fuera Outside

Debajo below

Page 36: Grammar book

EL IMPERFECTO IN YOUR FACE

• ongoing actions (was/were)• Repeated actions (used to)• No definite beginning or end• Time/date/age/feeling/descriptions• Interrupted activity (cuando)

TriggersTodos los diasA menudoA veces SiempreCada día Los lunesGeneralmenteMientrasDe vez en cuandoMuchas veces frecuentemente

Aba Ábamos

Abas

Aba aban

Ía Íamos

Ías

Ía Ían

Page 37: Grammar book

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES + PRONOUNS

Mi/ mis Nuestro/nuestras

Tu/ tus Vuestro/ vuestros

Su/ sus Su/ sus

Mio (a)/mios (as)

Nuestro(a)/ nuestros(as)

Tuyo(a)/ tuyos(as)

Vuestro(a)/ Vuestros(as)

Suyo(a)/ suyos(as)

Suyo(a)/ suyos(as)

To use a possessive pronoun:1. Use the long form of the possessive adjective2. Add el, la, los, las to the noun it replaces

1. Ex. Sus Viejas son a diferentes lugares2. Los suyos son a diferente lugares.

Page 38: Grammar book

REFLEXIVE VERBS AND PRONOUNS

• Conjugate the verb• Add the correct pronoun before the conjugated

verb• Ex.- dormirse

Me duermo Nos dormimos

Te duermas Os dormís

Se duerme Se duermen