Grammar book

Grammar BookBy: Cameron Shockey

Table of Contents1) Nationalities2) Stem Changers3) Para4) Indirect object Pronouns5) Object Pronoun Placement6) Gustar7) Affirmative and Negative Words8) Superlative 9) Reflexives10) Affirmative tū Commands/Irregular/Pronoun Placement11) Negative tū Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement12) Sequencing Events 13) Preterite14) Trigger Words15) -car, -gar, -zar16) Deber + Infinitive17) Modal Verbs18) Present Progressive19) Adverbs

Nationalities

Stem Changer

duermo dormimos

duermes

dormis

duerme duermen

Dormir o ue Pedir e i

pido pedemos

pides

pedis

pide piden

Pensar e ie

pienso pensamos

piensas

pensais

piensa piensan

Para Para means “for” Indicates the recipients of an item -Compro el regalo para tu mama Indicates a purpose - Vamos al resturante para comer Indicates an implied purpose -Tengo dinero para(comprar) algo

Indirect Object Pronouns Indirect Objects are nouns that tell to

whom/what or for whom/what Indirect Object pronouns replace or

accompany indirect objects

me nos

te os

le les

Object Pronoun Placement Attach the pronoun to the infinitive Attach the pronoun to a progressive

tense Attach the pronoun to an affirmative

command Place the pronoun before a conjugated

verb

Gustar Gustar means “to like/enjoy” No goes before the IOP You can’t separate the IOP from gustar

gusto gustamos

gustas

gustaís

gusta gustan

Affirmative and Negative Wordsaffirmativ

e

Algo(something)

Alguien(someone)

Alguno(some/any)

Negative

Nada(nothing)

Nadie(nobody)

Ninguno/a(none)

Superlatives The suffix –ísimo, ísimos, ísima, ísimas are added to adjectives

and adverbs It’s equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb

malo → malísimo muchas→muchísimas difícil→ dificilísimo

Adjectives and adverbs ending in c,g,or z change spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively rico→ riquísimo larga→larguísima feliz→felicísimo

Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –císimola joven→ jovencísimo trabajador→ trabajadorcísimo

Reflexives Reflect on yourself The subject is also the object The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are all in the same

formEX: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la noche.

me nos

te os

se se

despierto despertamos

despiertas

despertais

despierta despiertan

+

Affirmative tū Commands/Irregular/Pronoun Placement

Affirmative tu Commands1) drop the “s”- di, haz, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven

Irregulars

TenerVenir Dar/DecirIrSerHacerEstarSaber/

Salir

Pronoun Placement1) Infinitive2) Gerund (ing)3) Before Congugated

Verb4) Affirmative command

Negative tū Command/Irregular/Pronoun PlacementNegative tū Command1) Put in “yo”2) Change vowel ar→e er,ir→a3) Add the “s”

IrregularNo tengasNo vengasNo des/digasNo vayasNo seaNo hagasNo estesNo sepas/salgas

Pronoun Placement1) Infinitive2) Gerund (ing)3) Before Congugated

Verb4) Affirmative command

Sequencing EventsPrimero entonces Luego/

despuesPor fin

first then after finallyAntes de Despues de

before after

Por la manana Por la tarde Por la noche

In/during the morning In/during the afternoon In/during the night

Los lunes, martes, miercoles, jueves, viernes, sabado, domingo

Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays Sundays

Pretéritear:

-éhablé

-amosHablamos

-asteHablaste

-éHabló

-aronhablaron

comier/ir:

-íComíEscribí

-imosComimosEscribimos

-isteComisteEscribiste

-ióComióescribió

-ieronComieronescribieron

Trigger Words

-car, -gar, -zarTocar

-Toque

-Tocaste

-Toco

-Tocamos

-Tocaron

Jugar

-Jugue

Jugaste

Jugó

Jugamos

jugaron

Comenzar

-Comencé

-Comenzaste

-Comenzó

-Comenzamos

-Comenzaron

Deber + Infinitive

debo debemos

debes debéis

debe deben

Deber (should ought to)

The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do, use a congugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb.

Examples:Debo barrer el suelo. I should sweep the floor.Debes limpiar la cocina. You should clean the kitchen.Deba sacar la basura. He should take out the trash.

Modal Verbs When verbs are used in modal combinations, the

second verb is not conjugated but rather left in the infinitive form

You would never say “no puedo nado.”Deber-shouldDesear-desireNecesitar-to needPoder-can, could, mightQuerer-want, would like toSaber-know, know how toSoler-usually, used to

Present Progressive

•When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, change the –iendo to –yendo to form the present participle.

•When you use pronouns with the present progressive, you can put them in one of two places, -put pronoun before the conjugated form of estar-or attach them to the end of the present participle Estoy

esperandoEstamos esperando

Estas esperando

Estāis esperando

Esta esperando

Estan esperando

Verb Irregular Present Participle

LeerOírtraer

LeyendoOyendoTrayendo

PedirServir

PidiendoSirviendo

DecirDormirvenir

DiciendoDurmiendoviniendo

Adverbs•When an adjective ends in e,l, or z, simply add –mente to the end•When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the second one uses the –mente ending•For adjectives ending in with –o or –a, add -mente to the feminine form

Adjective Adverb

reciente recientemente

frecuente frecuentemente

normal normalmenteAdjective Adverb

cuidadoso cuidadosamente

rapido Rapidamente

lento lentamente

Irregular Adverbs

mucho A lot

Muy very

Mal bad

Nunca Never

Poco Little

Peor Worse

siempre Always