Grammar book

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Present Tense

• Stem changers

• Irregular yo

• Ser and Estar

• Verbs like gustar

• Preterite vs Imperfect

• Sunjunctive in noun and adjective clauses

• Commands

• Object pronouns

• Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

• Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns

• Subjunctive

• Irregulars

• Saber vs Conocer

• Reflexives

• “Se” imporsonals

• Dipthongs with accents

• Verbs like ger/gir, uir/guir, cer/cir

• This is all messed up, ill fix it later….

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PRESENT TENSE

Step One: Determine if the Verb is an “-ar, -er, or –ir” verb.

Step Two: Drop the ending.

Step Three: Add the correct ending in place of the –ar, -er, or -ir.

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Example:

-ar verbs

-o -amos

-as -áis

-a -an

-er verbs

-o -emos

-es -éis

-e -en

-ir verbs

-o -imos

-es -is

-e -en

Cantar (yo form) Cantar Canto

STEM CHANGERS

• Stem changer verbs are verbs that need certain vowels in the middle of the word changed .

• The stem is only changed in yo, tú, usted, and ustedes form. This is known as the boot.

• There are three types of stem changes. (I to ie, I to e, and o to ue)

• The stem change will occur in the second to last vowel in the word. For example; the ‘E’ in the word comenzar would be changed.

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Step One: Determine if the verb is a stem changer verb, if so, determine

what type of stem change it needs.

Step Two: If the verb is conjugated in the boot, change the stem, if

not, leave it be.

Step Three: Finally, drop the –ar, -ir, or –er ending and conjugate

accordingly.

I to IE

I to E

O to UE

Only change the

stem in the BOOT.

IRREGULAR YO

• Irregular yo verbs are verbs that are

normal in every tense but the yo

form. The irregular yo verbs will

have a different ending in the yo

form.

• These verbs change to either –yo, -

go, or zco.

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SER

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Ser

Description

Origin

Characteristics

Time

Occupation

Relationships

Possession

Events

Dates

ESTAR

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Estar

Health

Emotion

LocationPresent

Condition

-ing

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

Gustar- To like

Molestar-To bother

Fascinar-To fascinate

Aburrir-To bore

Importar-To be important to

Interesar-To Interest

Disgustar-To disgust

Doler(e-ue)-To inflict pain

Encantar- To love something

Quedar-To remain

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Gustar and verbs like gustar are only

conjugated in two different way based on if

the object is singular or plural. (-a or –an)

Example:

Me gusta su gato.

Me gustan sus tortugas.

NOUNS, ARTICLES, AND ADJECTIVES

Nouns

• Add S to most nouns ending in vowels to make plural

• Add ES to nouns ending in consonants to make plural

Articles

• Articles must always agree in gender and quantity

• Un, una, unas, unos, el, la, las, los

Adjectives

• The ending of the adjective will change in order to accommodate and agree with the noun it is describing. Must agree with gender and quantity.

• O, os, a, as

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PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT

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Refers to ONE specific

event or time in the past!

A continuous action in

the past!

ab

aabas

aba

abamo

sabais

aban

ARia

ias

ia

iamos

iais

ian

ER/IR

e

aste

o

amos

asteis

aron

ARi

iste

io

imos

isteis

ieron

Er/Ir

Ser

• era

• Eras

• Era

• Eramos

• Erias

• eran

ver

• veia

• Veias

• Veia

• Veiamos

• Veiais

• veian

ir

• iba

• Ibas

• Iba

• Ibamos

• Ibais

• iban

Ser & Ir

• fui

• Fuiste

• Fue

• Fuimos

• Fuisteis

• Fueron

Dar

• di

• Diste

• Dio

• Dimos

• Disteis

• dieron

Hacer

• hice

• Hiciste'

• Hizo

• Hicimos

• Hicisteis

• hicieron

SUBJUNCTIVE

In noun clauses

• main verb expresses influence, emotion, doubt, or denial

In adjective clauses

• when unknown information is trying to be found

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Ar verbs

e emos

es éis

e en

Er / ir

Verbs

a amos

as áis

a an

COMMANDS

• Tu Affirmative- simply drop the s

Irregulares- di hax ve pon sal se tan ven

• Tu Negative – put in tu form and change to opposite vowel, and add an s

Irregulares- TVDISHES

• Ud./uds. Negative and affirmative – put in yo form and change to opposite vowel

Irregulars- TVDISHES

• Mono verbs

• Let’s sit down!

• Sentemosnos!

• Sentemonos!

• Vayamos

• Vamanos

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OBJECT PRONOUNS

Indirect Object Pronouns

•Goes before the verb and shows “to whom”.

•Me, Te, Le, Nos, Os, Les

Direct Object Pronouns

•go before the verb but can sometimes be attached to an infinitve

•me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las

Double Object Pronoun

•Used when there is an IOP that goes in front of a DOP in the same sentence.

•Le, les, se

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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

• Change varying on gender, quantity, and the degree of stress

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Unstressed

Mi (s) : my

Tu (s) : your

Su (s) : your; his; hers; its

Nuestro(s)/a(s) : our

Vuestro (s)/a(s) : your

Su (s) : your; their

Stressed

Mío (s)/a(s) : my; (of) mine

Tuyo (s)/a(s) : your; (of) yours

Suyo (s)/a(s) : your; (of

yours); his (of); etc

Nuestro (s)/a(s) : our; (of) ours

Vuestro (s)/a(s) : your; (of) yours

Suyo (s)/a(s) : your; (of)

yours;

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

• Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are the same except that pronouns

carry the accent mark.

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Singular

• Este/Esta: this,these

• Ese/Esa; that, those

• Aquel/Aquella: that those

Plural

• Estos/Estas: this,these

• Esos/Esas: that,those

• Aquellos/Aquellas: that,those

REFLEXIVES

Reflexive pronouns are often followed by a verb :

Example: I brush my teeth.

This goes for Spanish language as well:

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Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

•Me lavo.

•Me lavo.

POR VS PARA

Por

• Movement

• Duration

• Meaning

• Unit

• Exchange

Para

• Destination

• Deadline

• Recipient

• Purpose

• Employment

• Comparison

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TO BECOME

• hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser all mean to become.

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• Followed by a noun or adjective

• Indicate a change brought about by effort

Hacerse

• Followed by an adjective

• Indicates an involuntary physical or emotional change

Ponerse

• Followed by an adjective

• Indicates a sudden, profound changeVolverse

• Followed by a noun or adjective

• Indicate a change brought about by effort

Llegar a ser

SABER VS CONOCER

When translated to English, both Saber and Conocer mean to know; however they

are used in two very different situations.

Saber: to know a fact, or know how to do something.

In the preterit it means to learn or find out

Conocer: to know someone or something and be familiar with it.

In the preterit it means to meet someone.

Conocer is an irregular yo verb! (zco)

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“SE” IMPERSONALS

‘Se’ becomes impersonal when the subject of the

verb is unidentified, but obviously third person.

This is most commonly used when making a

general statement.

se + 3rd person singular verb

Examples:

Se habla español aquí.

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VERBS LIKE GER/GIR, UIR/GUIR, CER/CIR

Verbs that end in ger, gir, uir, guir, cer, and cir irregular yo form

verbs.

Verbs that end in ger or gir-

G to J in yo form

Verbs that end in uir or guir-

GU to G in yo form

Verbs that end in cer or cir-

C to ZC in yo form

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DIPHTHONGS WITH ACCENTS

In some cases, verbs require an accent to break up a

diphthong. The syllable with the an accent is the syllable

to be stressed when saying the word. If there is no

accent, the second to last syllable will be stressed if the

word ends in an n or s.

- Happens when a weak vowel (i/y,u) and strong

vowels come together and form on syllable.

In this case, an accent is used on the weak vowel.

Examples:

Comprendió

tenéis

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HACE+TIME+QUE+PRESENT TENSE

• This format is used to explain the

amount of time that the action took.

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Hace

Tresańos

Que

bailo

IMPERFECT

Imperfect tense is used when an action is continuous and has no

exact beginning or ending point.

*Think about it like a movie*

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Ia Iamos

Ias

Ia Ian

Aba Abamos

Abas

Aba Aban

-Ir/-Er -Ar

PRETERITE

Preterite tense is used when the action is past tense that is over

and done with.

*Think of it as a snapshot*

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To the tune of “row row row your boat”

E, I, aste, iste,

O, io-o-o,

Amos, imos, aron, ieron

El es preterito

Trigger Words:

Anteayer

Anoche

Ayer

La semanapasada

IRREGULARS

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• Que

-Car

• Gue

-Gar

• Ce

-Zar

Must have accent over e in yo form only!

SPOCK VERBS

Ser/Ir

• Fui

• Fuiste

• Fue

• Fuimos

• Fuieron

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Dar/Ver

• (D/V)i

• (d/v)iste

• (d/v)io

• (d/v)imos

• (d/v)ieron

Hacer

• Hice

• Hiciste

• Hizo

• Hicimos

• Hicieron

FUTURE

• Drop the ar/er/ir and ad ending

• Endings: É, ás, á, emos, éis, án

• Irregulars: ; caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), poder (podr-), querer (querr-), saber (sabr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener(tendr-), valer (valdr-), venir (vendr-), decir(dir-), hacer (har-)

• To express future you can also use Ir+a+infinitivie

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CONDITIONAL

• Expresses what would could or should happen or what could

happen as result of another action

• Endings: Ía, ías, ía, íamos, ías, ían

• Irregulars: caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), poder (podr-), querer

(querr-), saber (sabr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener

(tendr-), valer (valdr-), venir (vendr-), decir (dir-), hacer (har-)

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PRESENT PERFECT

• Expresses things that have just recently happened

• The present perfect is conjugated haber +

conjugated verb

• The verb endings are: -ado for –ar and –ido for er

and ir

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RELATIVE PRONOUNS

• Relative pronouns are practically conjunctions. They connect

sentences to make more interesting and complex sentences.

• que, el/la que, el/la cual, quien/quienes, cuyo

• Que refers to people or things

• El cual and la que are used in more formal sentences, but are

basically the same thing

• Quien and quienes are used for people only.

• Cuyo refers to whose

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NEUTER LO

• Use lo and a masculine singular adjective to

relay ideas. Very simple and easy,. The

adjective cant describe anything

tangible., just an idea or characteristic.

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