Grammar book

GramáticaCarla Gilbert

Table of Contents

Qué vs. Cuál Ser (Doctor Ped)

› Wordle Estar (Helping)

› Wordle Gustar

› Wordle Transitions Imperfecto

› -Endings› Irregulars› Triggers

Acabo de Formulas Verbs like Gustar

Reflexives› Examples

Tú Commands› Irregular

DOP placement Preterite

Qué vs. Cuál Qué

› "what" or "which."

› Used when asking definition

› most often used before nouns ¿Qué es una

ciudad?

Cuál› "what" or "which."› used to suggest a

selection or choice from among a group

› usually is used before es and other forms of ser when not seeking a definition› ¿Cuál miras?

Ser (Doctor Ped) Descriptions

› ¿Qué es? Origin

› ¿De dónde eres? Characteristics

• ¿Como es? Time

› ¿Qué hora es? Occupation

› ¿Qué Relationships

› ¿Quien es?

•Possession • ¿De quienes?

•Events• ¿Cuando/ donde es?

• Dates• ¿Que dia es hoy?

Estar (Helping) Health

› ¿Como estas? Emotions

› ¿Como estas? Location (en)

› ¿Dónde estas? Present

condition› ¿Como esta?

• ING– Present

progressive– ar- ando– er/ir- endo,

yendo

Gustar (To like)

Literally: something is pleasing Usually in two forms: gusta, gustan

› Te gusta(n): you like› Le gusta(n): he/she likes› Nos gusta(n): we like› Les gusta(n): they like

Only use gustan when what is pleasing is plural› Me gustan los bibliogafos

Gustar (to like)

Preceded by te, le, me, nos, or les; depending on who or what is being pleased.

Usually seen in two forms: gusta or gustan› Since it is literally translated “something is pleasing to

someone”, the form of gustar depends on what is pleasing.› Me gusta el bibliographo› Me gustan los bibliographos › Me gustas tu

To clarify, sometimes there is a personal “A” in front of the sentence to emphasize who likes what. › A mí me gusta…› A ti te gusta…› A usted le gusta…› A él le gusta…› A nossotros nos gusta…

Spanish Transitions

afterward = después (de)

always = siempre before = antes de (que) finally = finalmente,

por fin next = luego never = nunca now = ahora soon = pronto

again = otra vez also = también and = y too = también but = pero when = cuando then = entonces yesterday = ayer

Imperfecto

Used› Ongoing action (was/were)› Repeated action› No definite beginning or end› Time, date, age, feelings, descriptions› Interrupted activity (cuando)

Imperfect endings

-ar -ir/-er

Yo -aba -ía

Tú -abas -ías

Él/ella/ Ud. - aba -ía

Nosotros -ábamos -íamos

Vosotros -abais -íais

Ellos/ellas/ Uds.

-aban -ían

IrregularsIr Ser Ver

Yo iba era Veía

Tú ibas Eras Veías

Él/ella/ Ud. iba Era Veía

Nosotros íbamos Éramos Veíamos

Vosotros ibais Erais Veíais

Ellos/ellas/ Uds.

iban eran veían

Triggers for Imperfect

Todos los días- everyday A menudo- often A veces- sometimes Siempre- always Cada día- daily Los lunes- mondays Generalmente-generally Mientras- while De vez en cuando- occasionally Muchas veces- very often Frecuentemente- frequently

Acabar de + Infinitive

To just have finished

› Acabo de comer unas papas fritas. I just ate some French fries.

Yo Acabo de

Tú Acabas de

Él/ella/ Ud Acaba de

Nosotros Acabamos de

Ellos/ellas/ Uds. Acaban de

Formulas Hace + time + que +conjegated verb

› How much time you have been doing something Hace trienta y cinco minutos que Paula espera el autobús.

Hay + que + infinitive› What needs or must be done› Impersonal, directed at no one in particular

Hay que estudiar para sacar buenas notas. Se prohíbe + infinitive

› What is prohibited Se prohíbe fumar

Ir + a + infinitive› What someone is going to do› Conjugate ir, but leave verb in infinitive

Ella va a hablar por teléphono con Lisette.

Verbs like gustar

Faltar- to lack Facinar- to facinate Encantar- to love Importar- to matter Interestar- to interest Duele- to hurt

Reflexives A verb is reflexive when the

subject and the object are the same.› I wash myself

Subject: I; Object: myself Yo me lavo

› I wash (myself) Tú te lavas

› you wash (yourself) (informal) él se lava

› he washes (himself) Usted se lava

› you wash (yourself) (formal)

•Nosotros nos lavamos• we wash (ourselves)

•Ustedes se lavan• you-all wash (yourselves)(formal)

•Ellos se lavan• they wash (themselves)

•Use: me, te, se, os, and nos in front of verb.

Reflexive Examples Ducharse To shower oneself

Bañarse To bath oneself

Lavarse To wash oneself

Peinarse To comb oneself

Afeitarse To shave oneself

Ponerse To put on

Maquillarse To on put makeup

Secarse To dry oneself

Rizarse To curl one’s hair

Alisarse To straighten

Pintarse To paint oneself

Tú Commands Tú commands are the singular form of informal

commands. To tell a friend, family member, classmate, child, or pet to do something, use the affirmative tú command.

Affirmative Negitive• Use the 3rd person singular form and drop the ‘s’ – ex. Compra la camisa. (Buy the shirt.)•Direct object attaches to the end of the verb – ex. Tráemelo. (Bring it to me.)

• Add no in front of the verb; keep the ‘s’– ex. No compres la camisa. (Do not buy the shirt.)•The pronoun precedes the verb in negative commands – ex. No te levantes (Don´t get up) --- me, nos, te, os, lo/la, los/las

Irregular Tú Commands

Verb Translation Affirmative Negitive

Decir To say Di No digas

Hacer To do Haz No hagas

Ir To go Ve No vayas

Poner To put Pon No pongas

Salir To leave Sal No salgas

Ser To be Sé No seas

Tener To have Ten No nengas

Venir To come Ven No vengas

DOP Placement

Hook onto the verb when:1. There is an infinitive – ex. Voy a comerlo.2. Affirmative command – ex. ¡Cómelo!3. Present progressive – ex. Estoy

comiéndolo.

Preterite

Used for past tense for an action that has been completed.

Endings:

-ar -er/-ir

Yo é í

Tú aste iste

Él/Ella ó ió

Nosotros amos imos

Ellos/Ellas aron ieron