Grammar book

Grammar Book

By: Antonio Capozzi

Table of Contents3. Presente -ar –er –ir 4. Stem Changers 5. Irregulars –go –zco –yo6. Saber vs conocer7. Reflexives8. ‘se’ impersonal9. Dipthongs10. Verbs like…Uir/guir11. Verbs like…Cer/cir12. Verbs like…Ger/gir13. Hace +__+ que + present/presentente14. Imperfecto 15. Preterite 16. Car, gar, zar17. Spock18. cucaracha19. Snake/snakeys20. Comparatives/Superlatives21. Futuro

Ar, Er, Ir

• Los verbos regulares en el presente

Ar-o amosas ana

Er-

o emos

Es en

e

Ir-

o imos

es en

e

Caminar-

Camino Caminamos

Caminas Caminan

CaminaComer-

Como Comemos

Comes Comen

Come

Vivir-

Vivo Vivimos

Vives Viven

Vive

Stem Changers aka Boot verbs

• The verbs change in the root• They do not change in the nosotros form or

the vosotros• E ie• O ue• U ue

Yo nosotros

Tú vosotros

El/ella/utd Ellos/Ellas/Utds

Pensar-

Penso

Pienso

Irregulars -go -zco -yo

• The “go” “zco” verbs are only in the irregulars in the yo form

• “go” verbs- caer, decir, oir, puner, hacer, tener, traer, venir

• “zco” verbs (cer/cir)- conocer, producir, conducir• y los demás – ser, ir, estar, ver, saber, dar

Yo - Conozco

Yo - Produzco

Yo - Conduzco

Yo – Tengo

Yo – Hago

Yo - Vengo

Ser- Ir-

Soy Somos Voy Vamos

Eres Son Vas Van

Es Va

Saber Vs Conocer

• Both saber y conocer translate to the English verb to know

• Both “yo” forms are irregular

Conocer- Conozco conocemosConoces ConocenConoce

Saber – Sé sabemosSabes sabenSabe

Reflexives

• Brenda se lava- se is reflexive• Reflexives also can be added on the end of an

infinitive. Such as…- Puedo verme en el espejo

‘se impersonal

• pronoun ”se” is in front of verbs to make general statements.

• ¿cómo se dice man en español?• In English it translates to either “you say” or

“one says.”

Dipthongs w/accents

• Dipthongs are the strong or weak vowels in a word next to each other.

• Strong vowel sounds are a,e,o.• Weak vowel sounds are i,u,y.• puerto, ciudad, siete, hay.

*two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable

Verbs like…Uir/Guir

Guir Uir

-Yo form only changes from Gu to G -Conseguirconsigoconsiguesconsigueconseguimosconsiguen

-Nosotros form is the only that doesn’t change.-Verbs that end in -uir (not guir) add y before o, e, and a endings-atribuir atribuyoatribuyesatribuyeatribuimosatribuyen

Verbs like…Cer/cir

• Verbs that end in a vowel + cer or cir add z before the c in the yo form only.

• Verbs that end in a consonant + cer or cir change the c to z in the yo form only.

• conducir = conduzco• ejercer = ejerzo

Verbs like…Ger/gir

• Verbs that end in ger and gir change the g to j in the yo form only.

• coger = cojo• fingir = finjo

Hace +__+ que + Present/Presentente

• The yo form is the only irregular• Hago, haces, hace, hacemos, hacen

Imperfecto

• The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.

• Yo caminaba todo los días.

Er/Ir-

íaíasíaíamosían

Ar-abaabasabaábamosaban

Ser-

eraeraseraéramoseran

Ver-

veíaveíasveíaveíamosveían

Ir-

ibaibasibaíbamosiban

Preterite

• “Snapshot” of time.• Known beginning and or ending• Trigger words: ayer, anoche, aneayer, la

semana pasada ect…

É ÍAste isteó ióAmos imosAron ieron

Car, gar, zar

• Car qué• Gar qué• Zar cé• * 1st person only “yo”

Spock

HacerIr/ser

Dar/ver

hicehicistehizohicimoshicieron

FuiFuiste FueFuimos Fueron

d/v - id/v - isted/v - io d/v - imosd/v - ieron

Cucaracha

ÉisteOimosieron“j” verbs i

Andar anduvEstar estuvPoder pudPoner pusQuerer quisSaber supTener tuvVenir vinConducir condujProducir produjTraducir tradujTraer trajDecir dij

EronEron

Snake/Snakey

• Stem changers and Y changers

Dormir-Dormi dormimosDormisteDurmio Durmieron

Leer-Leí leimosLeisteLeyó leyeron

Comparatives/Superlatives Adjective Comparative Translation Superlative Translation

bueno good mejor que better el / la mejor the best

malo bad peor que worse el / la peor the worst

viejo old mayor que older el / la mayor the oldest

joven young menor que younger el / la menor the youngest

El Futuro

• Infinitives & -

vivir = viviré

ÉÁs ÁEmosÁn

“Will factor”

Ir + a + infinitive (immediate future)

Decir- to sayHaber- there to be/to haveHacer- to make doPoder-to be able Poner- to put,place,restQuerer-to want, loveSaber- to knowSalir- to leave, go outTener-to haveValer- to be worthVenir- to come

Parte Dos

Pret/impPreterite - words and phrases indicate specific time frames

Imperfect - words and phrases that are repetitive, vague or non-specific time frames

ayer (yesterday) anoche (last night)esta mañana (this morning)el otro día (the other day)

cada día (every day)cada semana (every week) cada mes (every month) cada año (every year)

Future/ conditionalFuture

Conditional

Future Endings -é -emos-ás -éis-á -án

Conditional Endings-ía -íamos-ías -íais-ía -ían

Irregulars

tener tendr-venir vendr-poner pondr-salir saldr-saber sabr-poder podr-haber habr-caber cabr-decir dir-hacer har-querer querr-

English: They will eat with us.Spanish: Ellos comerán con nosotros.

English: They would eat with us Spanish: Ellos comerían con nosotros

por• 1) Used to indicate motion or general location Around, through, along, by• 2) Durations of an action For, during, in• 3) Reason or motion for an action Because of, on account of, on behalf of• 4) object of a search For, in search of• 5) means by which something is done be, by way of, by means of• 6) exchange or substitution In exchange for• 7) unit of measure Per, by

Por aqui - around herePor ejemplo - for examplePor eso - that’s why/ thereforePor fin - finally

por

• Portal – idea of passing through• Portugal – general location• “por”ever – how long something lasts• Porpose – the case of something• Import/export – an exchange• Im por, pay for me – doing something in the

place of someone else• Transportation – a means of transportation

para• 1) Destination toward, in direction of• 2) dead line or specific time in the future By, for• 3) purpose or goal + infinitive In order to• 4) purpose + noun For, used for• 5) recipient of something for• 6) comparison with others or an opinion For, considering• 7)in the employ of for

Para

• Surprise Paratay – for whom something is done

• Paraguay – destination• The purpose for which something is done• Paradoname - to express an opinion• Comparason - to contrast or compare• Paramedic - to express the idea of a dead line

Por vs para• Approximate time or duration

(for, during, in, per)• Manner or means (by)• Movement (along, through, by,

via, around)• Exchange (for, in exchange for)• Cause, motivation, or benefit (for,

because of, on behalf of, for the sake of)

• Agent or cause of an action (by)• Por ciento = percent, por hora =

per hour• Por + infinitive = because of, for

reason of

• A destination (for, to)

• A purpose, goal, or objective (for, by)

• A point of view (for)

• A point of reference or comparison (for)

• Para + infinitive = in order to (verb)

ParaPor

Commands AR VERBS IR/ER VERBSUsted (Formal

form) e a

Ustedes (Plural form) en an

Infinitive Yo form Ud. Command Form

Salir Salgo Salga

Hacer Hago Haga

Poner Pongo Ponga

Decir Digo Diga

Venir Vengo Venga

Infinitive Yo form Ud. Command Form

Estar Estoy Esté

Dar Doy Dé

Ser Soy Sea

Ir Voy Vaya

Saber Sé Sepa

If the Yo form is irregular in the Present Tense, it will be irregular in the Formal & Plural command form.

With verbs that end in "Y" in the Yo form as well as Saber are very irregular

Pres. Perfects hehashahemoshan

Used with have, has, or had

He comido. I have eaten.

Has comido. You have eaten.

Juan ha pagado las cuentas.Juan has paid the bills.

Double Object PronounsGive it to meDa-me-loda’melo

Tell her itDi-le-loNO LELO!!Di’sela

Ya nos lo dijeron. - They already told it to us.

Véndamelos. - Sell them to me!

Se lo di a ella. - I gave it to her.

Direct Object Pronouns and Indirect Object Pronouns are placed either directly before a conjugated verb or attached to an infinitive

AdverbsAdd –mente to the end of a word to give it the ly feeling

Difícil = difícilmente

Some adverbs don’t always get the –mente and need to be memorized such as

bastantequitedemasiadotoomalbadlymuchoa lotmuyverynuncaneverpeorworsepocolittlesiemprealways

SubjunctiveSome common clauses that can be found that associate with subjunctive feelings

a menos que ...unless ...antes (de) que ...before ...con tal (de) que ...provided that ...cuando ...when ...conviene que ...it is advisable that ...después (de) que ...after ...dudar que ...to doubt that ...en caso de que ...in case ...

The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), whilemood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.

Se impersonalUsed to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb

1) Se vende fruta en la fruteria

When using se the verb it is always in 3rd person

1) Aqui se habla espanol

Can be used in all tenses

1) Se hizo mucho2) Se hara mucho3) Se habia mucho

Progressive w/ ir andar seguir

Ir• + ando/iendo/yendo• Is slowly but surely_____ing

Andar • + ando/iendo/yendo• Is going around _____ing

Seguir (e>i) • + ando/iendo/yendo• Is still _____ing