Grammar book 2013 spring

Grammar Book

Spring 2013Raquel Hynes

Table of contents reflexive verbs

por + para

to become- hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a

Future

conditional

present perfect

relative pronouns

qué vs cuál

the neuter lo

subjunctive in adverbial clauses

past subjunctive

comparisons + superlatives

Adverbs

Table of contents diminutives + augmentatives

present perfect subjunctive

uses of se

past participles as adjectives

time expressions with hacer

Future perfect

conditional perfect

si clauses

transitional expressions

pero vs. sino

passive voice

negative and indefinite expressions

Past perfect

past perfect subjunctive se

uses of the infinitive

prepositions: a, hacia, con de, desde, en, entre, hasta, sin

Reflexives

Reflexive pronouns are often followed by

a verb :

Example: I brush my teeth.

This goes for Spanish language as well:

Me Nos

Te Os

Se Se

Por vs Para

Por

•Movement

•Duration

•Meaning

•Unit

•Exchange

Para

•Destination

•Deadline

•Recipient

•Purpose

•Employment

•Comparison

To Become• hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser all

mean to become.

• Followed by a noun or adjective

• Indicate a change brought about by effort

Hacerse

• Followed by an adjective

• Indicates an involuntary physical or emotional change

Ponerse

• Followed by an adjective

• Indicates a sudden, profound changeVolverse

• Followed by a noun or adjective

• Indicate a change brought about by effort

Llegar a ser

Future

• Drop the ar/er/ir and ad ending• Endings: É, ás, á, emos, éis, án

• Irregulars: ; caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), poder (podr-), querer (querr-), saber (sabr-), poner (pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener (tendr-), valer (valdr-), venir(vendr-), decir (dir-), hacer (har-)

• To express future you can also use Ir+a+infinitivie

• Expresses what would could or should happen or

what could happen as result of another action

• Endings: Ía, ías, ía, íamos, ías, ían

• Irregulars: caber (cabr-), haber (habr-), poder

(podr-), querer (querr-), saber (sabr-), poner

(pondr-), salir (saldr-), tener (tendr-), valer (valdr-),

venir (vendr-), decir (dir-), hacer (har-)

Present Perfect

• Expresses things that have just recently

happened

• The present perfect is conjugated haber +

conjugated verb

• The verb endings are: -ado for –ar and –

ido for er and ir

9

Relative Pronouns• Relative pronouns are practically conjunctions.

They connect sentences to make more interesting

and complex sentences.

• que, el/la que, el/la cual, quien/quienes, cuyo

• Que refers to people or things

• El cual and la que are used in more formal

sentences, but are basically the same thing

• Quien and quienes are used for people only.

• Cuyo refers to whose

10

Que vs CualQué is used when asking for

definitions or general

information.

Cuál usually is used

before es and other forms

ofser when not seeking a

definition or more specific

things.

Neuter Lo

• Use lo and a masculine singular

adjective to relay ideas.

• The adjective cant describe

anything tangible, just an idea or

characteristic.

12

Subjunctive in Adverbial

Clauses antes (de) que: before

para que & a fin de que: in order that

sin que: without

con tal (de) que: provided that

en caso de que: in case

a no ser que & a menos que: unless

cuando: when

hasta que: until

en cuanto: as soon as

luego que: as soon as

después (de) que: after

mientras (que): while

Past Subjunctive

take third person plural in the preterit and add the

endings

ending “-se” may be seen replacing “-ra”

-ra -ramos

-ras -rais

-ra -ran

comparisons + superlatives

comparisons indicate that something has

more or less of a quality like –er.

superlatives indicate that something has

the most of a quality like –est.

Adverbs

formed by adding –mente to the feminine

singular form of the adjective.

Probablemente

Rápidamente

felizmente

diminutives + augmentatives diminutives indicate smallness or show affection

augmentatives indicate that something is large or undesirable

diminutives: if the noun ends in o or a, drop the vowel and add ita or ito. If the noun doesn‟t end in a vowel, add cita or cito to the ending.

Augmentatives: -azo/-aza

-ón/-ona

-ote/-ota

-ucho/-ucha

-acho/-acha

-udo/-uda

Present Perfect Subjunctive

formed by the present subjunctive

conjugation of haber + the past participle

Conjugation

haya + past participle

hayas + past participle

haya + past participle

hayamos + past participle

hayáis + past participle

hayan + past participle

Se

„Se‟ becomes impersonal when the

subject of the verb is unidentified, but

obviously third person.

This is most commonly used when making

a general statement.

se + 3rd person singular verb

Examples:

Se habla español aquí.

past participles as adjectives

as adjectives, they agree with the nouns

they describe in both gender and number

(plurals have an s added)

add –ado to –ar verbs; add –ido to –er/-ir

verbs

time expressions with hacer This format is used to explain the amount

of time that the action took.

Hace+Time+Que+Present Tense

Hace

Tresańos

Que

bailo

Future Perfect

refers to an event “will have” or “shall have”

happened

formed by the future indicative form of

haber followed by the past participle

habré + past participle habremos + past participle

habrás + past participle habréis + past participle

habrá + past participle habrán +past participle

Conditional Perfect

conjugated form of haber + the past

participle

expresses something that would have

happened

habría habríamos

habrías habríais

habría habrían

Si Clauses

They can come before or after the main

clause and often contradict the main

clause.

transitional expressions

cause and effect: por, porque, como, yaque

clarification and explanation: además (de), en otras palabras

contrast and similarity: sin embargo, aunque, igualmente

general and specific: en general, específicamente

Introduction and conclusion: en primer lugar, para concluir

pero vs. sino

Pero indicates contrast, but sino indicates

direct negation of the other cause.

Passive Voice

A common use of the passive voice is to

indicate what happened to the subject of

the sentence without saying who or what

carried out the action.

Las computadoras fueron vendidas. It is

not specified who carried out the action.

Negative Expressions

Used when referring to nobody or nothing.

nada

nadie

ningún

ninguno/a

ni

nunca

tampoco

Indefinite Expressions

Used when the subject is unknown or

unspecific

Algo

alguien

alguna vez

alguno/a

cualquier/a

Past Perfect

participles are formed by adding –ado to

“-ar” verbs and –ido to “-er/-ir” verbs

Conjugation

he + past participle

has + past participle

ha + past participle

hemos + past participle

habéis + past participle

han + past participle

Past Perfect Subjunctive Se

completed actions that had happened

before another past action

conditional constructions

hypothetical situations that could‟ve

happened, but did not happen

imperfect subjunctive of haber + past

participle

Uses of the infinitive

translated as “to + verb”

Use when the verb is being used as a

subject, object of the verb or the

preposition, or the predicate noun.

Prepositionsa to, at

Antes de Before

Con with

contra against

de Of, from

desde since

durante during

en In, on

entre between

hasta until

Par/por for

sin without

sobre about